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76-513: The game has a number of unusual features. In trick play, players are allowed to trump instead of following suit even if they could. The title refers to the possibility of winning all four game points for high, low, jack and game for holding (later winning) the highest and lowest trump in play and the jack of trumps and for winning the greatest number of card points. All fours is among the oldest extant card games in England. Its first known description

152-461: A burlesque writer may account for the neglect with which the rest of his poems have been treated. Their excellence was not, however, overlooked by good critics. Coleridge praises the purity and unaffectedness of his style in Biographia Literaria , and Wordsworth ( Preface , 1815) gave a copious quotation from the "Ode to Winter". The "Retirement" is printed by Walton in the second part of

228-559: A Whore , For so she was; and since there are Such, I could wish them all as fair. Pretty she was, and young, and wise, And in her Calling so precise, That Industry had made her prove The sucking School-Mistress  of Love : And Death, ambitious to become Her Pupil, left his Ghastly home, And, seeing how we us'd her here, The raw-bon'd Rascal  ravisht her. Who, pretty Soul, resign'd her Breath, To seek new Letchery in Death. William Oldys contributed

304-652: A life of Cotton to Hawkins's edition (1760) of the Compleat Angler . His Lyrical Poems were edited by J. R. Tutin in 1903, from an original edition of 1689. Cotton's translation of Montaigne was edited in 1892, and in a more elaborate form in 1902, by W. C. Hazlitt , who omitted or relegated to the notes the passages in which Cotton interpolates his own matter, and supplied Cotton's omissions. Benjamin Britten set Cotton's The Evening Quatrains to music in his Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings in 1943. Andrew Millar ,

380-440: A pipe of tobacco to give them the strength to wield their rods. For a trout river, he says, a rod of five or six yards should be long enough. In fact, "longer, though never so neatly and artificially made, it ought not to be, if you intend to fish at ease". Though he used a light line of carefully tapered horse-hair, Cotton's rod, of solid wood, was heavy. His description of the sport differs from modern fly-casting, which began with

456-413: A plain suit card, players must either follow suit or trump unless they cannot follow suit, in which case they may discard. A player with no trumps or counting cards left and who is losing the current trick, may throw in his hand, face up, leaving his partner to continue alone. At the end of the deal, teams score for High , Low , jack and Game as usual. Low goes to the team dealt the lowest trump. In

532-453: A player who can follow suit to a plain suit lead is nevertheless allowed to play a trump. At the end of the round scoring points are awarded as described in the table. The jack point is not awarded if no player held the jack of trumps. The Game point is only awarded if one party has won more card points in tricks than any other. The scoring points accrue strictly in the order given in the table, preventing ties in case more than one team reaches

608-415: A point for highest : holding the highest trump; lowest : holding the lowest trump at the start; jack : winning the trick containing the trump jack; and game : winning the most card points in tricks based on the values described above. Game was usually 11, although Cotton says that players may play to a total of anything from 7 to 15 points. Cotton describes a variation called running all-fours played to

684-477: A savage and mountainous landscape. The friend, who will be taught fly-fishing, expresses doubt as to whether they are still in Christendom: They come at length to the sheltered valley in which stands Cotton's house and fishing hut. It is the first description of paradise in fishing history. "It stands in a kind of peninsula, with a delicate clear river about it." There Cotton and his friend breakfast on ale and

760-476: A score of 31 points and in which the dealer scored the value of the trump turn-up e.g. 3 points for turning a king. The following rules for classic all fours are based on Arnold (2010), supplemented where stated by Parlett (2008): The aim is to be the first player to 7, points being awarded for gift, high, low, jack and game . A standard, 52-card, English pattern pack is used with cards ranking in their natural order (aces high). The card values are as shown in

836-497: A trick that contains the Five of trumps immediately scores 5 points. The game is played for 61 points, ideally scored on a cribbage board. For determining the winner of the Game point, The Five of trumps is also worth 5 points. All other trumps and non-trumps have their usual card values. This trick-and-draw variant was also known as French fours , French loo or Spanish all fours . Trumps

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912-428: Is Cotton's epitaph for "M.H.", a prostitute (spacing, spelling and capitalisation as originally printed) : Epitaph upon M.H In  this cold Monument  lies one, That I know who has lain upon, The happier He : her Sight would charm, And Touch have kept King David  warm. Lovely, as is the dawning East , Was this Marble's frozen Guest; As soft, and Snowy, as that Down Adorns

988-585: Is a subsidence basin formed between the Caribbean and South American plates , and is bounded on the north by the coast ranges of Venezuela and the Northern Range of Trinidad, and bounded on the south by the Guayana Shield . This Guayana shield supplied fine-grained clastic sediments , which with the subsidence, formed a regional negative gravity anomaly and growth faults . Oil and gas discoveries from

1064-497: Is a Game very much play'd in Kent, and very well it may since from thence it drew its first original; and although the game may be lookt upon as trivial and inconsiderable, yet I have known Kentish Gentlemen and others of very considerable note, who have play'd great sums of money at it..." His rules, which are not complete, are as follows. The game was called all fours from its four point-earning feats: highest, lowest, jack and game . It

1140-465: Is a North American descendant of all fours. Two or more players play individually or in equal-sized teams, seated alternatingly. Default play rotation is clockwise in most areas. Players cut for first deal. Cards rank as in Whist and have certain numerical card point values as shown in the table. In each deal up to 4 scoring points are distributed among the parties. The game is won by the party that first reaches

1216-458: Is also found within the church. Trinidad Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago . The island lies 11 km (6.8 mi) off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is the southernmost island in the West Indies . With an area of 4,768 km (1,841 sq mi), it is also

1292-410: Is awarded to the eventual owner. Choosing the trump suit by leading to the first trick is known as pitching . That trump is determined by pitching rather than by turning up a card from the stock is the key difference between Pitch and classic all fours/seven up. Around the middle of the 19th century among American players an innovation spread, allowing the eldest hand to "sell the trump", i.e. auction

1368-433: Is determined randomly before the deal. Each player receives only 3 cards. The remaining pack is used face up for drawing after each trick. Placing it face up ensures that revokes can be noticed. The point for low goes to the player who wins the lowest trump in a trick. If the stock is kept face down as usual this variant is known as Shasta Sam . Charles Cotton Charles Cotton (28 April 1630 – 16 February 1687)

1444-464: Is diversified, based to a large extent on oil and natural gas . It is one of the leading gas-based export centers in the world, being one of the top five exporters of liquefied natural gas and the largest onshore natural gas well was recently discovered in southern Trinidad. This has allowed Trinidad to capitalize on the biggest mineral reserves within its territories. It is an oil-rich country and stable economically. The Venezuela Tertiary Basin

1520-455: Is led, players must play a trump if possible; otherwise may discard. If a card of a side suit is led, players must either follow suit or trump. If they cannot follow, they need not trump however. In Yorkshire, all fours is still a popular pub and league game for four players in two teams of two. The gist of the rules is as follows: A standard pack is used; aces are high. Deal and player are clockwise. Players receive cards to decide first dealer;

1596-662: Is marked by a fault extending from the El Pilar Fault System in Venezuela. South of this fault is the Northern Basin, or Caroni Syncline , consisting of Tertiary sedimentary rocks unconformably overlying Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. South of this basin is the Central Range, consisting of Upper Tertiary sedimentary rocks lying unconformably atop Lower Eocene and Paleocene rocks. South of this range

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1672-399: Is not described in detail, except that it seems players had to follow suit, but could renege on doing so if they had a trump. According to McLeod, elder led to the first trick and players had to follow suit or trump, but could not discard unless they could not follow. The higher trump won or, if none were played, the higher card of the led suit. The trick winner led to the next. Players scored

1748-571: Is the Naparima Plain , a thrust belt of Oligocene and Lower Tertiary beds. Hydrocarbon bearing anticlines include those associated with Pitch Lake , Forest Reserve, Point Fortin, Penal, Barrackpore, and Balata Fields. The Los Bajos Fault is a wrench fault , with Lower Pliocene displacement of 6.51 miles, bordered on the north by the Siparia syncline, and on the south by the Erin syncline. Finally,

1824-586: Is the highest point in Trinidad. It is part of the Aripo Massif and is located in the Northern Range on the island, northeast of the town of Arima . As of the 2011 Trinidad and Tobago Census, the population was 35.43% Indian , 34.22% African , 7.66% mixed African and East Indian, and 15.16% mixed race . Venezuela has also had a great impact on Trinidad's culture, such as introducing the music style parang to

1900-543: The Compleat Angler . He was a Derbyshire man who loved the Peak District and wrote a long topographic poem describing it: his father had moved there from the south of England, to live on his wife's estates. In Cotton's day, in the decades after the Civil War, the inaccessibility of good fishing spots was physical as well as legal. The opening chapters of his section of the Compleat Angler draw Cotton and his friend across

1976-528: The Essays of M. de Montaigne (1685–1686, 1693, 1700, etc.), has often been reprinted, and still maintains its reputation; his other works include The Scarronides , or Virgil Travestie (1664–1670), a gross burlesque of the first and fourth books of the Aeneid , which ran through fifteen editions; Burlesque upon Burlesque, ... being some of Lucian's Dialogues newly put into English fustian (1675); The Moral Philosophy of

2052-610: The New England states, Pedro , and California jack , also known as ligh-low-jack. Modern descendants include don and phat , developed in Britain and Ireland . The game is still played in north-west England and Wales , and it has become the national game of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago . The earliest known rules for all fours appear in the 1674 edition of The Compleat Gamester by Charles Cotton . Cotton tells us that "All-Fours

2128-503: The Peak District and North Staffordshire . His Voyage to Ireland in Burlesque (1670) states that he held a Captain's commission and served in Ireland. His friendship with Izaak Walton began about 1655, and contradicts any assumptions about Cotton's character based on his coarse burlesques of Virgil and Lucian . Walton's initials, made into a cipher with Cotton's own, were placed over

2204-523: The Pliocene Moruga Group include Teak (1968), Samaan (1971), Poui (1972) and Galeota. These fields are mainly faulted anticline traps producing from depths of 1.2 to 4.2 km (0.75 to 2.61 mi) subsea, with Teak possessing a hydrocarbon column almost 1 km (0.62 mi) thick. The Northern Range is an Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous range of metamorphic rocks striking east and dipping south. The range's southern boundary

2280-837: The Southern Range consists of anticlinal folds, including the Rock Dome-Herrera anticline and the Moruga-West Field. East of this Rock Dome are en echelon folds containing the Lizard Springs Field. South of these folds is another fold trend containing the Moruga-East, Guayaguayare, Beach, and Galeota Fields. South of the Morne Diablo-Quinam Erin Field westward is a strongly folded anticline associated with shale diapirism , which extends west southwestward to

2356-606: The Temple in the Sea . The island of Trinidad has a rich biodiversity. The fauna is overwhelmingly of South American origin. There are about 100 species of mammals including the Guyanese red howler monkey, the collared peccary , the red brocket deer , the ocelot and about 70 species of bats . There are over 400 species of birds including the endemic Trinidad piping-guan . Reptiles are well represented, with about 92 recorded species including

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2432-856: The fifth largest in the West Indies . The original name for the island in the Arawaks' language was Iëre which meant "Land of the Hummingbird". Christopher Columbus renamed it La Isla de la Trinidad ('The Island of the Trinity '), fulfilling a vow he had made before setting out on his third voyage. This has since been shortened to Trinidad . Indo-Trinidadians called the island चीनीदत्त ( Devanagari script ) , 𑂒𑂲𑂢𑂲𑂠𑂞𑂹𑂞 ( Kaithi script ) , چینی دت ( Perso-Arabic script ) , Chinidat or Chinidad in Trinidadian Hindustani which translated to

2508-550: The 5th edition onwards. In 1656, he married his cousin Isabella Hutchinson, the daughter of Thomas Hutchinson , M.P. for Nottingham . She was a half-sister of Col. John Hutchinson ; They had one child, Catherine Cotton, who married Sir Berkeley Lucy, 3rd Baronet . Isebella (Hutchinson) Cotton, died in 1670. At the request of his wife's sister, Miss Stanhope Hutchinson, he undertook the translation of Pierre Corneille 's Horace in 1671. In 1675, he married Mary Cromwell,

2584-530: The Blow-balls ; frizled Crown; As straight and slender as the Crest, Or Antlet  of the one beam'd Beast; Pleasant as th' odorous Month  of May : As glorious, and as light as Day . Whom I admir'd, as soon as knew, And now her Memory pursue With such a superstitious Lust, That I could fumble with her Dust. She all Perfections had, and more, Tempting, as if design'd

2660-838: The Stoicks (1667), from the French of Guillaume du Vair ; The History of the Life of the Duke d'Espernon (1670), from the French of G Girard; the Commentaries (1674) of Blaise de Montluc ; the Planter's Manual (1675), a practical book on arboriculture , in which he was an expert; The Wonders of the Peake (1681); the Compleat Gamester and The Fair one of Tunis , both dated 1674, are also assigned to Cotton. Here

2736-525: The arrival of heavy dressed-silk lines 200 years later. On windy days, he advises his guest to fish the pools because in the rapids, where the gorge of the Dove is narrower, the wind will be too strong for fishing. Some of Cotton's advice is still useful, as when he tells his guest to fish "fine and far off"; and he argues for small and neat flies, carefully dressed, over the bushy productions of London tackle-dealers. The flies which catch fish will always look wrong to

2812-466: The best trouts in the river." And he concludes his advice with a note of earthy practicality not to be found as the sport becomes more refined: a recipe for fresh trout boiled with beer and horseradish. Cotton loved nothing more than that his friends should share his delight. In the gorge of the Dove he had a private garden "with a delicate clear river about it" where the world was reduced to its simplest and best essentials. His masterpiece in translation,

2888-403: The bid. Eldest hand may refuse to sell the right to pitch to the highest bidder, in which case eldest hand must win at least as many points or is set back. In modern auction pitch the right to pitch is bought from the bank rather than from eldest hand. Starting with eldest hand each player bids for the privilege of pitching or passes exactly once. The highest bidder determines trumps by leading to

2964-419: The cards were run, once trumps are decided, each player picks up the three additional cards and discards three in their place, reducing his hand to six cards. Elder then leads to the first trick. As before, players may either follow suit or trump, but may only renege if they cannot follow. The trick is taken by the higher trump or by the higher card of the led suit if no trumps are played. The trick winner leads to

3040-510: The deal are scored immediately and may result in the player 'counting out' (winning with 7 points) without the need for any further play. Otherwise, players score at the end of the deal in the order: high, low, jack and game . Although all fours is basically a two-player game, it is also good for three or four and can be played by even more. Four can play individually or in two fixed partnerships, sitting crosswise. The following rules have been formulated for any number of players. After dealing

3116-405: The dealer turns the next card on the stock face up to determine the trump suit. Instead of immediately leading to the first trick, eldest hand has the option of begging , to which the dealer responds either by granting each opposing party 1 point, or by running the cards . To run the cards, the dealer deals three more cards to each player and turns up a new card for trump. Should the new card be of

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3192-417: The dealer turns up a jack and runs the cards. There was little variation between Charles Cotton's 1674 rules and the rules in early 20th century English and American rule books. Today, in addition to the classical game that is still widely published, there are four main variants of all fours. In England, the game is thriving in the counties of Lancashire and West Yorkshire where all fours leagues exist, however

3268-502: The door of Cotton's fishing cottage on the Dove near Hartington . Cotton contributed a second section "Instructions how to angle for a trout or grayling in a clear stream", to Walton's The Compleat Angler ; the additions consisted of twelve chapters on fishing in clear water, which he understood largely but not exclusively to be fly fishing . Another addition to the volume was Cotton's well-known poem "The Retirement", which appeared from

3344-441: The dowager Countess of Ardglass ; she had a jointure of £1500 a year, but he did not have the power to spend it. The 1674 first edition of The Compleat Gamester is attributed to Cotton by publishers of later editions, to which additional, post-Cotton material was added in 1709 and 1725, along with some updates to the rules Cotton had described earlier. The book was considered the "standard" English-language reference work on

3420-403: The event of a tie for Game , the point is not scored. Points are pegged on a wooden board and game is 11 points. The Lancashire variant differs from its Yorkshire counterpart as follows: Cards are cut for first pitch. The first player cuts and an opponent must guess the colour of the suit; if right, his team chooses the first pitcher; if wrong, the cutting team choose the pitcher. Low goes to

3496-433: The first trick. After the last trick all parties score their points as in all fours. However, if the pitcher's party has not won as many points as bid, then the pitchers party does not score at all and is instead set back by the amount of the bid. In this scoring variant of blind all fours, in addition to the usual features the winner of a trick immediately scores the card points of any trumps it contains. Moreover, winning

3572-495: The fish still rise to stoneflies until the water is "continually all over circles", but in the UK it is an anachronism. Cotton's Derbyshire is more remote from modern England, and closer to the wilderness than Montana or Alaska are now. He is quite unashamed of bait fishing, whether with flies or with grubs. He kills fish until weary. "I have in this very river that runs by us, in three or four hours taken thirty, five and thirty, and forty of

3648-641: The following variants are given at pagat.com . All fours is the national card game of Trinidad and Tobago , where it is typically played as a four-player partnership game with the following variations to the standard rules. Deal and play are anticlockwise and game is 14 points. Instead of scoring 1 for turning the jack, the dealer scores 1 point for turning up the Ace, 2 points for the Six (in Trinidad) or Two (in Tobago) and 3 points for

3724-604: The hills of the Northern , Central and Southern Ranges (Dinah ranges), the Caroni , Nariva and Oropouche Swamps, and the Caroni and Naparima Plains. Major river systems include the Caroni , North and South Oropouche and Ortoire Rivers . There are many other natural landforms such as beaches and waterfalls. Trinidad has two seasons per the calendar year: the rainy season and the dry season. El Cerro del Aripo , at 940 metres (3,084 ft),

3800-427: The island. Many groups overlap. For example, a " Dougla " is a person of African and East Indian descent who may identify as being part of either group. There are multiple festivals on Trinidad, featuring the music of the Caribbean and the steelpan (which originated on Trinidad and is the country's national instrument); These festivals include the multi-national, pre-Lenten Carnivál , J'ouvert , and Panorama ,

3876-655: The islands on his third voyage on 31 July 1498. The island remained Spanish until 1797, but it was settled mostly by French colonists from the French Caribbean , especially Martinique . In 1889 the two islands became a single British crown colony . Trinidad and Tobago was granted self-governance in 1958 and independence from the United Kingdom in August 1962, and it became a republic in September 1976. Major landforms include

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3952-404: The jack. If running the cards as a result of the opposing team begging, the dealer scores each time such a card is turned up, even if it does not make trumps. If the jack was captured in a trick won by the party that did not originally hold it, the party scores 3 points for Hang jack instead of 1 point for jack. Players may lead any card, but the rules for following are subtly different. If a trump

4028-550: The land of sugar. The usage of the term goes back to the 19th century when recruiters from India would call the island Chinidat as a way of luring workers into indentureship. On Tuesday, 31 July, 1498 Columbus sent a sailor to climb up to the main top and sighted a cluster of three peaks, therefore Columbus named the island Trinidad from the three peaks and Columbus's special devotion to the Trinity. Caribs and Arawaks lived in Trinidad long before Christopher Columbus encountered

4104-466: The largest species of snake in the world, the green anaconda , the spectacled caiman , and one of the largest lizards in the Americas, the green iguana . Trinidad is also the largest leatherback turtle nesting site in the western hemisphere; they nest on Trinidad's eastern and northern beaches. There are 37 recorded frog species, including the tiny El Tucuche golden tree frog , Trinidad poison frog , and

4180-419: The more widespread huge cane toad . About 43 species of freshwater fish are known from Trinidad, including the well known guppy . It is estimated that there are at least 80,000 arthropods, and at least 600 species of butterflies . The William Beebe Tropical Research Station (founded by William Beebe ), also known as Simla, lies 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Arima . The economy of Trinidad and Tobago

4256-618: The national steelpan competition. In addition to the traditional Christian holidays and official public days (such as Boxing Day , Christmas , Easter Sunday, Easter Monday , Emancipation Day , Good Friday , Independence Day , Labour Day , New Year's Day , and Republic Day ) in Trinidad, the island nation also celebrates a significant percentage of its population's Indian ancestry (of both Hindu and Muslim backgrounds), with officially-recognised holidays such as Divali , Eid al-Fitr and Indian Arrival Day . Sites of cultural or religious significance include Mount Saint Benedict and

4332-427: The next for trump. If the turn-up was a jack, the dealer scored 1 point. If elder did not like his hand, he could 'beg'; if the dealer accepted, elder scored 1 point and threw his cards in; if the dealer refused, he dealt three more cards each and turned another for trump. If the latter was of the same suit, the exercise was repeated. The scoring card values for game are ace 4, king 3, queen 2, jack 1, and ten 10. Play

4408-412: The next is turned for trump. If its suit is different from the first turn-up it is automatically entrumped. If it is the same suit again, the new turn-up and extra downcards are discard without being viewed and the cards are run again. This continues until a trump suit is established. If the new trump upcard is a jack, the dealer scores 1 for jack . If the cards run out, they are throw in and redealt. If

4484-404: The next trick. In addition to any points scored during the deal for gift or turning the jack , players score one point for each of the following: high : winning the highest trump in play; low : winning the lowest trump in play; jack : winning the trump jack if in play; and game for scoring the most card points in tricks. In game , if the two players tie, elder hand wins. Points made during

4560-400: The player with the first jack becomes the pitcher (as eldest hand ) and the player to his right, the dealer. Players receive six cards in three rounds of variable number as the dealer chooses. There is no begging and trumps are revealed by the pitcher leading or 'pitching' any card, its suit becoming trumps for the deal. To the lead of a trump, players must play a trump if able; to the lead of

4636-516: The playing of games – especially gambling games, and including billiards , card games , dice , horse racing and cock fighting , among others – until the publication of Edmond Hoyle 's Mr. Hoyle's Games Complete in 1750, which outsold Cotton's then-obsolete work. At Cotton's death in 1687 he was insolvent and left his estates to his creditors. He was buried in St James's Church , Piccadilly, on 16 February 1687. Cotton's reputation as

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4712-417: The previously specified target score over several deals. The dealer shuffles and the player sitting before him in rotation, cuts. The dealer hands out 6 cards to each player in batches of 3. Trump is determined by the suit of the first card played in trick-play. Eldest hand leads to the first trick, and the winner of each trick leads to the next. Standard trick-play rules are in effect with the exception that

4788-399: The privilege to pitch. This early form of auction pitch is now known as commercial pitch . In commercial pitch the players in turn get a chance to bid 1–4 points for the privilege of pitching, or pass. Each bid must be higher than the previous one. Eldest hand immediately scores the amount of the bid. A highest bidder who does not win at least as many points as bid is set back the amount of

4864-410: The prominent 18th century London bookseller, purchased a copyright share from John Osborne in a new, fifth, edition of Cotton's The Genuine Poetical Works . Thus, Cotton's poetry remained popular and profitable well into the eighteenth century, partly due to his clever "burlesques" of famous works from classical literature. Charles Cotton was buried in St James's Church, Piccadilly . A memorial to him

4940-502: The rules in the two counties are slightly different. The game is also popular in the Caribbean, especially in Trinidad where it has become their national game. In America, it has largely been superseded by other members of the family, especially Pitch, but all fours also exists in a form known as Seven Up , the American name for all fours played to a target score of 7 points. Detailed rules for

5016-399: The same suit as the previous one, the dealer again deals three cards to each player and turns up a new card. This is repeated as often as necessary. If the cards were run, the respective number of tricks is played. If the dealer turns up a jack that determines trumps, the dealer is immediately awarded 1 point for jack . In a game with two parties, a maximum of 6 points can accrue in one deal if

5092-399: The table ( right ). Players draw cards for the role of first dealer; the player drawing the higher card wins. Thereafter the deal alternates. The dealer shuffles and elder hand cuts. The dealer deals six cards each in two packets of three, beginning with elder hand, and turns the next card for trump. If it is a jack, he scores 1 point for jack . After examining their hands, elder may accept

5168-416: The target score at the end of the deal. The pub game played nowadays in northern England under the name all nours is a four-player partnership version of pitch, played with 4 hands of cards. The lead card in each hand becomes trumps and all game points are counted after each hand has been played. If the game is tied, a further 2 hands, a 'pitch apiece' are played until a winner is decided. The point for low

5244-587: The team that captures the lowest trump. There are a number of other procedural points that may differ from the Yorkshire variant, but the detail is not known. All fours has spawned a whole family of games, several of which have been highly successful, especially in America, Ireland and Wales. One variant, pidro, has even been found in Finland, although games of the all fours genre have otherwise hardly penetrated Europe. Pitch

5320-471: The touchiness of a true obsessive: "Let me tell you, here are some colours, contemptible as they seem here, that are very hard to be got; and scarce any one of them, which, if it should be lost, I should not miss and be concerned about the loss of it too, once in the year." Cotton devotes a whole chapter to collection of flies for every month of the year. Few have modern analogues, but they are based on accurate observation, as with his stonefly : In Montana ,

5396-427: The trump suit by saying "I stand" or reject it by saying "I beg". If the dealer agrees, he says "take one" and concedes 1 point for Gift to elder hand and play begins. Alternative the dealer may say "I refuse the gift" or "I run the cards", in which case the turn-up is turned down and the cards are 'run'. If the first turn-up is rejected, it is discarded, face down, and each player receives 3 more cards, face down, and

5472-453: The untrained eye, because they look too small and too delicate. Cotton's dressings are made with bear hair and camel 's under fur, the soft bristles from inside a black hog's ear, and from dog's tails. "What a heap of trumpery is here!" cries his visitor, when Cotton's dubbing bag is opened. "Certainly never an angler in Europe has his shop half so well-finished as you have." Cotton replies with

5548-438: Was a game for two players. The players 'lifted' (i.e. cut) for the deal and the player with the highest put-card won. This presumably meant the highest using the ranking in put i.e. 3-2-A-K-Q-J-10-9-8-7-6-5-4. However, in the rest of the game the cards rank in their natural order (aces high). The dealer dealt three cards each, beginning with elder hand , and then three more each so that both players had six cards, before turning

5624-629: Was an English poet and writer, best known for translating the work of Michel de Montaigne from French, for his contributions to The Compleat Angler , and for the influential The Compleat Gamester attributed to him. He was born in Alstonefield , Staffordshire, at Beresford Hall, near the Derbyshire Peak District . His father, Charles Cotton the Elder, was a friend of Ben Jonson , John Selden , Sir Henry Wotton and Izaak Walton . The son

5700-658: Was apparently not sent to university, but was tutored by Ralph Rawson, one of the fellows ejected from Brasenose College, Oxford , in 1648. Cotton travelled in France and perhaps in Italy, and at the age of twenty-eight he succeeded to an estate greatly encumbered by lawsuits during his father's lifetime. Like many Royalist gentlemen after the English Civil War the rest of his life was spent chiefly in quiet country pursuits, in Cotton's case in

5776-588: Was in Charles Cotton 's Compleat Gamester of 1674, where the game was reported as popular in Kent . It is probably of Dutch ancestry, and is the game that gave the name jack to the card that was originally known only as the knave. By no later than the 1800s, the game was taken to America and became popular among African Americans on slave plantations. Also called seven up , it gave rise to other variants such as Pitch and Auction Pitch , which probably developed in

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