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49-621: The GAA Football Under-20 All-Ireland Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the EirGrid GAA Football Under-20 All-Ireland Championship ) is an annual inter-county Gaelic football competition organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). It is the highest inter-county hurling competition for male players between the ages of 17 and 20 in Ireland . The championship was contested as

98-497: A controlled flow of energy while also functionally isolating the independent AC frequencies of each side. The benefits of synchronous zones include pooling of generation, resulting in lower generation costs; pooling of load, resulting in significant equalizing effects; common provisioning of reserves, resulting in cheaper primary and secondary reserve power costs; opening of the market, resulting in possibility of long-term contracts and short term power exchanges; and mutual assistance in

147-465: A different region to ensure continuing, reliable power and diversify their loads. Interconnection also allows regions to have access to cheap bulk energy by receiving power from different sources. For example, one region may be producing cheap hydro power during high water seasons, but in low water seasons, another area may be producing cheaper power through wind, allowing both regions to access cheaper energy sources from one another during different times of

196-435: A large scale within an electrical power grid . Electrical energy is stored during times when electricity is plentiful and inexpensive (especially from intermittent power sources such as renewable electricity from wind power , tidal power and solar power ) or when demand is low, and later power is generated when demand is high, and electricity prices tend to be higher. As of 2020 , the largest form of grid energy storage

245-428: A local power grid, it will cause safety issue like burning out. Grids are designed to supply electricity to their customers at largely constant voltages. This has to be achieved with varying demand, variable reactive loads, and even nonlinear loads, with electricity provided by generators and distribution and transmission equipment that are not perfectly reliable. Often grids use tap changers on transformers near to

294-521: A loss of generation capacity for customers, or excess demand. This will often cause the frequency to reduce, and the remaining generators will react and together attempt to stabilize above the minimum. If that is not possible then a number of scenarios can occur. A large failure in one part of the grid — unless quickly compensated for — can cause current to re-route itself to flow from the remaining generators to consumers over transmission lines of insufficient capacity, causing further failures. One downside to

343-471: A lower voltage distribution network and distributed generators. Microgrids may not only be more resilient, but may be cheaper to implement in isolated areas. A design goal is that a local area produces all of the energy it uses. Example implementations include: A wide area synchronous grid , also known as an "interconnection" in North America, directly connects many generators delivering AC power with

392-563: A regional scale or greater that operates at a synchronized frequency and is electrically tied together during normal system conditions. These are also known as synchronous zones, the largest of which is the synchronous grid of Continental Europe (ENTSO-E) with 667  gigawatts (GW) of generation, and the widest region served being that of the IPS/UPS system serving countries of the former Soviet Union. Synchronous grids with ample capacity facilitate electricity market trading across wide areas. In

441-456: A security risk. Particular concerns relate to the more complex computer systems needed to manage grids. A microgrid is a local grid that is usually part of the regional wide-area synchronous grid but which can disconnect and operate autonomously. It might do this in times when the main grid is affected by outages. This is known as islanding , and it might run indefinitely on its own resources. Compared to larger grids, microgrids typically use

490-720: A widely connected grid is thus the possibility of cascading failure and widespread power outage . A central authority is usually designated to facilitate communication and develop protocols to maintain a stable grid. For example, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation gained binding powers in the United States in 2006, and has advisory powers in the applicable parts of Canada and Mexico. The U.S. government has also designated National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors , where it believes transmission bottlenecks have developed. A brownout

539-524: Is three-phase . Three phase, compared to single phase, can deliver much more power for a given amount of wire, since the neutral and ground wires are shared. Further, three-phase generators and motors are more efficient than their single-phase counterparts. However, for conventional conductors one of the main losses are resistive losses which are a square law on current, and depend on distance. High voltage AC transmission lines can lose 1-4% per hundred miles. However, high-voltage direct current can have half

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588-547: Is a 3-phase wide area synchronous grid that is not synchronised with the GB's National Grid . The high voltage transmission system has been likened to "motorways for power" or "broadband power" providing electricity in high quality and in bulk to all regions. Transmission is seen as a key factor in facilitating inward investment by bodies like the Industrial Development Authority (IDA) and the development body Forfas. It

637-885: Is a wide-area transmission network that is intended to make possible the trade of high volumes of electricity across great distances. It is sometimes also referred to as a mega grid . Super grids can support a global energy transition by smoothing local fluctuations of wind energy and solar energy . In this context they are considered as a key technology to mitigate global warming . Super grids typically use High-voltage direct current (HVDC) to transmit electricity long distances. The latest generation of HVDC power lines can transmit energy with losses of only 1.6% per 1000 km. Electric utilities between regions are many times interconnected for improved economy and reliability. Electrical interconnectors allow for economies of scale, allowing energy to be purchased from large, efficient sources. Utilities can draw power from generator reserves from

686-492: Is also seen as critical to increased renewable energy by organisations like Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI) and the Irish Wind Energy Association (IWEA). EirGrid is currently developing a large number of major transmission projects. It is working with the regulator in line with Irish Government policy to develop a second major transmission line to Northern Ireland. The 500 MW East–West Interconnector linking

735-498: Is an intentional or unintentional drop in voltage in an electrical power supply system. Intentional brownouts are used for load reduction in an emergency. The reduction lasts for minutes or hours, as opposed to short-term voltage sag (or dip). The term brownout comes from the dimming experienced by incandescent lighting when the voltage sags. A voltage reduction may be an effect of disruption of an electrical grid, or may occasionally be imposed in an effort to reduce load and prevent

784-422: Is dammed hydroelectricity , with both conventional hydroelectric generation as well as pumped storage hydroelectricity . Developments in battery storage have enabled commercially viable projects to store energy during peak production and release during peak demand, and for use when production unexpectedly falls giving time for slower responding resources to be brought online. Two alternatives to grid storage are

833-417: Is simply rerouted while repairs are done. Because the power is often generated far from where it is consumed, the transmission system can cover great distances. For a given amount of power, transmission efficiency is greater at higher voltages and lower currents. Therefore, voltages are stepped up at the generating station, and stepped down at local substations for distribution to customers. Most transmission

882-411: Is stored in the immediate short term by the rotational kinetic energy of the generators. Although the speed is kept largely constant, small deviations from the nominal system frequency are very important in regulating individual generators and are used as a way of assessing the equilibrium of the grid as a whole. When the grid is lightly loaded the grid frequency runs above the nominal frequency, and this

931-408: Is taken as an indication by Automatic Generation Control systems across the network that generators should reduce their output. Conversely, when the grid is heavily loaded, the frequency naturally slows, and governors adjust their generators so that more power is output ( droop speed control ). When generators have identical droop speed control settings it ensures that multiple parallel generators with

980-462: Is that most large independent generators connect to the transmission system and utilise it to transport their power to all regions. EirGrid also operates the wholesale power market. EirGrid's primary purposes are the daily management of the Irish national grid , the operation of the wholesale power market, and the development of high voltage infrastructure to serve Ireland's economy. The Irish National Grid

1029-566: Is the final stage in the delivery of power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2  kV and 35 kV . But the voltage levels varies very much between different countries, in Sweden medium voltage are normally 10  kV between 20 kV . Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near

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1078-584: Is the maximum power output on a grid that is immediately available over a given time period, and is a far more useful figure. Most grid codes specify that the load is shared between the generators in merit order according to their marginal cost (i.e. cheapest first) and sometimes their environmental impact. Thus cheap electricity providers tend to be run flat out almost all the time, and the more expensive producers are only run when necessary. Failures are usually associated with generators or power transmission lines tripping circuit breakers due to faults leading to

1127-405: Is the process of generating electric power at power stations . This is done ultimately from sources of primary energy typically with electromechanical generators driven by heat engines from fossil , nuclear , and geothermal sources, or driven by the kinetic energy of water or wind. Other power sources are photovoltaics driven by solar insolation, and grid batteries . The sum of

1176-628: Is the state-owned electric power transmission operator in Ireland. It is a public limited company registered under the Companies Acts; its shares are held by the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications . It is one of a number of Irish state-sponsored bodies and is regulated by the Commission for Regulation of Utilities . EirGrid was established under Irish and European laws including

1225-612: The All-Ireland Under-21 Championship between 1964 and 2017 before changing to an under-20 age category from 2018 . The final, usually held in August, serves as the culmination of a series of games played during the summer months, and the results determine which team receives the Clarke Cup. The All-Ireland Championship has always been played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team loses they are eliminated from

1274-484: The current holders . The All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship was created in 1964 in response to a Congress motion put forward by the Kerry County Board . Since then the competition has grown in importance and profile. The championship is run on an inter-county provincial basis with the winners from Munster , Leinster , Ulster and Connacht playing off against each other in two semi-finals. Cork are

1323-674: The ENTSO-E in 2008, over 350,000 megawatt hours were sold per day on the European Energy Exchange (EEX). Each of the interconnects in North America are run at a nominal 60 Hz, while those of Europe run at 50 Hz. Neighbouring interconnections with the same frequency and standards can be synchronized and directly connected to form a larger interconnection, or they may share power without synchronization via high-voltage direct current power transmission lines ( DC ties ), or with variable-frequency transformers (VFTs), which permit

1372-649: The European Communities (Internal Market in Electricity) Regulations, 2000, to enable competition in the Irish power sector. It took over operation of the national power system on 1 July 2006. ESB (the Electricity Supply Board) currently holds ownership of the physical assets. The transmission assets constitute 6,500 km of overhead line and underground cable, as well as over 100 bulk substations. The system's significance for competition

1421-565: The Irish power system to Great Britain was commissioned in 2012. EirGrid will own that interconnector after it is developed, under the Irish Government decision. EirGrid has its own separate board and is regulated by the Commission for Energy Regulation (the CER) and its shares are held by the Irish Government . EirGrid is responsible for balancing electricity consumption and generation, for

1470-706: The Single Electricity Market Operator (SEMO) is also at that website. Electrical grid Grids are nearly always synchronous, meaning all distribution areas operate with three phase alternating current (AC) frequencies synchronized (so that voltage swings occur at almost the same time). This allows transmission of AC power throughout the area, connecting the electricity generators with consumers. Grids can enable more efficient electricity markets . Although electrical grids are widespread, as of 2016 , 1.4 billion people worldwide were not connected to an electricity grid. As electrification increases,

1519-492: The championship. Four teams currently participate in the All-Ireland Championship, with the most successful teams coming from the province of Munster . Teams representing this province have won a total of 22 All-Ireland titles. The title has been won by 16 different teams, 10 of whom have won the title more than once. The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the championship on 12 occasions. Tyrone are

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1568-467: The consumers to adjust the voltage and keep it within specification. In a synchronous grid all the generators must run at the same frequency, and must stay very nearly in phase with each other and the grid. Generation and consumption must be balanced across the entire grid, because energy is consumed as it is produced. For rotating generators, a local governor regulates the driving torque, maintaining almost constant rotation speed as loading changes. Energy

1617-429: The course of a whole 24 hour period. An entire synchronous grid runs at the same frequency, neighbouring grids would not be synchronised even if they run at the same nominal frequency. High-voltage direct current lines or variable-frequency transformers can be used to connect two alternating current interconnection networks which are not synchronized with each other. This provides the benefit of interconnection without

1666-456: The customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage . Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected directly to the primary distribution level or the subtransmission level. Distribution networks are divided into two types, radial or network. In cities and towns of North America, the grid tends to follow the classic radially fed design. A substation receives its power from

1715-508: The event of disturbances. One disadvantage of a wide-area synchronous grid is that problems in one part can have repercussions across the whole grid. For example, in 2018 Kosovo used more power than it generated due to a dispute with Serbia , leading to the phase across the whole synchronous grid of Continental Europe lagging behind what it should have been. The frequency dropped to 49.996 Hz. This caused certain kinds of clocks to become six minutes slow. A super grid or supergrid

1764-542: The losses of AC. Over very long distances, these efficiencies can offset the additional cost of the required AC/DC converter stations at each end. Substations may perform many different functions but usually transform voltage from low to high (step up) and from high to low (step down). Between the generator and the final consumer, the voltage may be transformed several times. The three main types of substations, by function, are: Aside from transformers, other major components or functions of substations include: Distribution

1813-463: The most successful teams in the history of the Under-21 Championship. Two teams have achieved three-in-a-rows; Kerry from 1975 to 1977 and Cork from 1984 to 1986. The coveted treble of winning the senior , under-21, and minor titles in the same year has been achieved on just one occasion, by Kerry in 1975. Because teams will only play together for at most, about two or three years, unlike

1862-694: The need to synchronize an even wider area. For example, compare the wide area synchronous grid map of Europe with the map of HVDC lines. The sum of the maximum power outputs ( nameplate capacity ) of the generators attached to an electrical grid might be considered to be the capacity of the grid. However, in practice, they are never run flat out simultaneously. Typically, some generators are kept running at lower output powers ( spinning reserve ) to deal with failures as well as variation in demand. In addition generators can be off-line for maintenance or other reasons, such as availability of energy inputs (fuel, water, wind, sun etc.) or pollution constraints. Firm capacity

1911-541: The number of people with access to grid electricity is growing. About 840 million people (mostly in Africa), which is ca. 11% of the World's population, had no access to grid electricity in 2017, down from 1.2 billion in 2010. Electrical grids can be prone to malicious intrusion or attack; thus, there is a need for electric grid security . Also as electric grids modernize and introduce computer technology, cyber threats start to become

1960-559: The power outputs of generators on the grid is the production of the grid, typically measured in gigawatts (GW). Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, via a web of interconnected lines, to an electrical substation , from which is connected to the distribution system. This networked system of connections is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers. Transmission networks are complex with redundant pathways. Redundancy allows line failures to occur and power

2009-557: The safe, secure and economical operation of the power system, and for the planning and development of the Irish power grid. Under the Single Electricity Market , EirGrid operates the wholesale power market on the island of Ireland with System Operator of Northern Ireland (SONI), which it now owns. More information on the functions of EirGrid, along with graphs of electricity demand/wind generation output updated every 15 minutes, are available on its website. Information on

All-Ireland Under-20 Football Championship - Misplaced Pages Continue

2058-725: The same relative frequency to many consumers. For example, there are four major interconnections in North America (the Western Interconnection , the Eastern Interconnection , the Quebec Interconnection and the Texas Interconnection ). In Europe one large grid connects most of Western Europe . A wide area synchronous grid (also called an "interconnection" in North America) is an electrical grid at

2107-512: The same settings share load in proportion to their rating. In addition, there's often central control, which can change the parameters of the AGC systems over timescales of a minute or longer to further adjust the regional network flows and the operating frequency of the grid. For timekeeping purposes, the nominal frequency will be allowed to vary in the short term, but is adjusted to prevent line-operated clocks from gaining or losing significant time over

2156-565: The senior competition, it is unusual that one county will dominate for periods any longer than this. It is usually considered the mark of a very promising player to play for both a county's Under-21 and Senior team at the same time. Many great players have achieved this, although one particular example would be Frank McGuigan , who, in 1973, represented Tyrone in the Ulster Finals of the Minors, Seniors and Under-21s. EirGrid EirGrid plc

2205-404: The substation, but for reliability reasons, usually contains at least one unused backup connection to a nearby substation. This connection can be enabled in case of an emergency, so that a portion of a substation's service territory can be alternatively fed by another substation. Grid energy storage (also called large-scale energy storage ) is a collection of methods used for energy storage on

2254-433: The transmission network, the power is stepped down with a transformer and sent to a bus from which feeders fan out in all directions across the countryside. These feeders carry three-phase power, and tend to follow the major streets near the substation. As the distance from the substation grows, the fanout continues as smaller laterals spread out to cover areas missed by the feeders. This tree-like structure grows outward from

2303-414: The use of peaking power plants to fill in supply gaps and demand response to shift load to other times. The demand, or load on an electrical grid is the total electrical power being removed by the users of the grid. The graph of the demand over time is called the demand curve . Baseload is the minimum load on the grid over any given period, peak demand is the maximum load. Historically, baseload

2352-482: The year. Neighboring utilities also help others to maintain the overall system frequency and also help manage tie transfers between utility regions. Electricity Interconnection Level (EIL) of a grid is the ratio of the total interconnector power to the grid divided by the installed production capacity of the grid. Within the EU, it has set a target of national grids reaching 10% by 2020, and 15% by 2030. Electricity generation

2401-404: Was commonly met by equipment that was relatively cheap to run, that ran continuously for weeks or months at a time, but globally this is becoming less common. The extra peak demand requirements are sometimes produced by expensive peaking plants that are generators optimised to come on-line quickly but these too are becoming less common. However, if the demand of electricity exceed the capacity of

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