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45-446: The population is 79,257 (2019) - 65% of them Pashai , 20% Pashtun and 15% Tajik . The majority of the population is at least trilingual, speaking Dari , Pashto and Pashai . Though Pashai is spoken in everyday conversation, Dari and Pashto are spoken during formal affairs. Many people from outside these districts have difficulty in understanding the local accent and the Pashai language

90-923: A special language , and many are bilingual in Pashto whereas other Pashai, such as those in Panjshir and Parwan , have been assimilated by Tajiks . Some Pashayi people are also based in Central Afghanistan . There is no consensus on the origins of the Pashayi. According to Christine Noelle-Karimi, the Pashayis and Nuristanis were native to the Kunar Valley and Laghman Province , near Jalalabad in north-east Afghanistan, until they were displaced to less fertile mountainous region by successive waves of immigration by Ghilji Pashtuns. Conversely, Ovesen and Keiser suggest that

135-467: A "pestilent people” and crafty". Polo claimed that the men wore brooches and earrings decorated with gemstones and that the main diet of the locals consisted of rice and meat. In the 16th century, when Mughal ruler Babur visited Darai Nur , a town in Nangarhar Province primarily inhabited by the Pashayi people, he found that the eating of pork had only recently been forbidden and that the town

180-462: A boy, subsequently abandoning the newborn under some leaves to hide her shame. A goat then discovered the boy, scraping the leaves away with their hoof, and raised the newborn, earning the name Soom . The story is repeated, except this time, the goat discovered the abandoned newborn with their horns, therefore earning the name Shenganek and becoming the ancestor of the Shenganek Pashayi. There

225-409: A cone-shaped tube and is made into designs for men and women. Mehndi is a ceremonial art form which originated in ancient Subcontinent of India. Mehndi can be applied to both men and women.. It is typically applied during weddings - most often for brides but sometimes for grooms. In Rajasthan, the grooms are given designs that are often as elaborate as those for brides. In Assam, apart from marriage, it

270-434: A mixed economy of agriculture and herding. Common crops cultivated include rice, wheat, and corn. They also raise goats, cattle, and sheep. It has been noted that both the Pashayi, Nuristani people and other Dardic groups share a fascination with the goat , which might connote to pre-Islamic worship of the animal, or a goat-like deity. They also hold meetings known as marat to resolve issues, which has similarities to

315-684: A rotating land tenure system known as wesh , which integrated and strengthened the segmentary lineage systems of the Kohistani people, allowing them to ward off Pashtun attempts of invasion. By not introducing the wesh system, the Darai Nur valley's economic cohesion was strengthened and was therefore more immune to " Pashtunization ". He invited Aṇu and Kolalek from Kordar to settle in Kandak, and Yarukei from Chelas to settle in Shemul. In return, they had to guard

360-613: Is an additional tribe from Kuz Kunar District , known as Kolmān . According to a work published by Jeffrey H.P Evans-von Krbek at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Durham in 1977, an observer known as Masson claimed the Pashayi people can be traced back to the Pasiani tribe, mentioned by Strabo as one of the Scythian tribes. However, Jeffrey states that Masson’s research in

405-699: Is broadly used by unmarried women during Rongali bihu. Muslims in Pakistan also started to use it as an indication of coming of age. In the Middle East and Africa, it is common for women to apply henna to their fingernails and toenails and to their hands. In the night of 10 May 2020 , the Taliban attacked a convoy and security post in Alishing District. 27 Afghan soldiers were killed and several military vehicles were destroyed while nine soldiers remained missing after

450-551: Is derived from the words Baha Sha , Bahash and Bash which are words in the Pashayi languages . Others believe that the word comes from Psatha or Pishacha , meaning demon and carnivore. Others think that Pashayi is derived from Pashi , meaning “strong”, “sturdy” and “rock wall” in the language. The last theory claims that in ancient times, a king emerged from the Pashayi ethnic group, later being named after him as kings were referred to as Pasha or Padshāh . Pashayi historians and

495-521: Is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural society. According to the Naval Postgraduate School , as of 2010 the ethnic groups of the province are as follows: 52.0% Pashtun , 26.7% Pashai and Nuristani (Kata), and 21.7% Tajik . The people of Laghman are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim . Laghman has a population of 396,000 people in 2008. The province has 60,048 households, with an average of six persons per home. Rural areas are home to 99 percent of

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540-463: Is not commonly spoken outside the region. The economy of the district is poor but some villages such as Qal'a-i-Najil have vibrant Bazaars. Most people in the district work in the agricultural based jobs. Some men work as migrant workers in country's like Iran or Pakistan as manual labourers during their 20s so to save enough to provide for the family's plot of land. Security in the district has been contested in recent year due to geographical location of

585-421: Is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan , located in the eastern part of the country. It has a population of about 502,148, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural society. Laghman hosts a large number of historical landmarks, minarets, monuments, and other cultural relics that are manifestation of its old history and culture. The city of Mihtarlam serves as the capital of the province. In some historical texts

630-462: The 1929 Afghan Civil War , which saw the overthrow of King Amanullah Khan and fighting between the Saqqawists and anti-Saqqawist forces, Kalakani faced resistance on several fronts, including Greater Nangarhar where Pashayi rebels loyal to Mohammad Nadir Shah and other opposition leaders managed to defeat Habibullāh Kalakāni in three battles. There are several theories regarding the origin of

675-518: The Pashtun Jirga , where Pashayi elders are also present and lead the discussions. The Pashayi people additionally perform a dance where young people of all genders gather in a circle, hold each other by their shoulders and begin singing songs. This is performed at weddings or during celebrations, and lasts for 20–25 minutes. [REDACTED] Media related to Pashai people at Wikimedia Commons Laghman Province Laghman ( Pashto : لغمان )

720-467: The Tourmaline and Spodumene gemstones which are reported to be in abundance at the northern portions of the province. There are also marble mines. The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 14% in 2005 to 26% in 2011. The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 48% in 2005 to 52% in 2011. As of 2021, the total population of the province is about 502,148, which

765-596: The United States is based at Mihtarlam. In 2021, the first stadium in Laghman opened in Mihtarlam . The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 39% in 2005 to 34% in 2011. The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 3% in 2005 to 36% in 2011. There are 57 medical health clinics and 2 government hospitals. The Alingar and Alishing rivers pass through Laghman, as

810-556: The 1-3rd century mentions several popular Yaksha shrines. It mentions Yaksha Kalahapriya being worshipped in Lampaka. In the seventh century, the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited Laghman, which he called "Lan-pro" and considered part of India. He indicated the presence of Mahayana Buddhists and numerous Hindus , including Brahmins : "For several centuries the native dynasty had ceased to exist, great families fought for preeminence, and

855-518: The 1830s was devalued by a lack of clarity. By the early 21st century, the Pashayi were often referred to as Kohistani , and were Sunni Muslims , while a minority are Nizari Ismaili Muslims . Pashayi people have deliberately been listed as Tajik by census takers and government agents. This is a result of the census takers being Tajik themselves, wanting to increase their own numbers for “consequent benefits”. Although, Pashayi-speaking Nizari Isma’ili refer to themselves as Tajik. During

900-558: The Afghans and Khaljis , living there as nomads, took the oath of allegiance to him and were recruited into his army. Sabuktigin won one of his greatest battles in Laghman against Jayapala and his army numbering 100,000. Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni built the Tomb of Lamech, amid gardens, over the site of his presumed grave, 50 kilometres from Mihtarlam . In the 14th and 15th centuries, Khārkhay Pashtuns such as Yusupzai and Tarkāṇī invaded

945-641: The Laghmān valley and displaced the native Indo-Aryans. During the early years of the 16th century, the Mughal ruler Babur spent much time in Laghman, and in Baburnama (memoirs of Babur) he expatiated on the beauty of forested hillsides and the fertility of the valley bottoms of the region. Laghman was recognized as a dependent district of Kabulistan in the Mughal era, and according to Baburnama, "Greater Lamghanat" included

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990-510: The Ministry of Culture and Information claim that the Pashayi people were referred to as Alina , evident through the naming of Alishang and Alingar District , Alingar meaning “home of the Alina ”. In the present, some Pashayi people refer to themselves as Degano (resident of the plain, additionally implying “indigenous” or “native”), Laghmani , Nuristani and Sha’ari . The Pashayi engage in

1035-626: The Muslim-settled part of the Kafiristan , including the easterly one of Kunar River . Laghman was the base for expeditions against the non-believers and was frequently mentioned in accounts of jihads led by Mughal emperor Akbar 's younger brother, Mohammad Hakim, who was the governor of Kabul. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani defeated the Mughals and made the territory part of the Durrani Empire . In

1080-503: The Pashayi were not driven up into the mountain valleys where they reside and were, rather, the indigenous inhabitants of their region before the rise of the Gandhara civilization. The Pashayi people historically practiced ancient Hinduism and Buddhism , along with tribal religions. In the 13th century, Marco Polo traveled through the region and described the locals as practitioners of sorcery and witchcraft, as well as calling them

1125-453: The attack. Pashai people The Pashayi or Pashai , formerly known as the Alina , ( /pəˈʃaɪ/ ; Pashayi : پشه‌ای, romanised: Paṣhəy ) are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group living primarily in eastern Afghanistan . They are mainly concentrated in the northern parts of Laghman and Nangarhar , also parts of Kunar , Kapisa , Parwan , Nuristan , and a bit of Panjshir . Many Pashai consider themselves as Pashtuns speaking

1170-466: The district Andara, Qal'a-i-Najil and Kanday which serve ages 6 to 15. Though most people work in an agricultural based economy many read and write. Children seeking further educations go to urban centers like Mihtarlam , or Kabul. The majority of the population enjoys music and dance which was banned during the Taliban Government years. People enjoy Mehndi or henna a paste that is bought in

1215-612: The district to key terrain in the ongoing insurgencies across the eastern part of the country. The district has good agricultural lands helped by annual flooding and organized irrigation. Most of the plots of land grow wheat, corn and alfalfa. Most family's keep a small garden to grow fruits and vegetables. The area is a mountainous district but has a paved road following the river valley from Mihtarlam to Dawlat Shah District . There are frequently floods, earthquakes and mudslides which annually cause heavy damage to key infrastructure such as check dams and bridges. There are three schools in

1260-513: The east. Bambakot's main market known as the Hindu Quarter also declined with the going of the Hindus . According to Ovsen, these events occurred in the early 1800s. In Darra-i-Nur , the two most important descent groups are Soom , meaning hoof, and Shenganek , sheng meaning horn. According to Pashayi mythology , an unmarried woman had become pregnant and went into the mountains to give birth to

1305-470: The expedition mentions its details. The Sifat-nama gives Muhammad Hakim the epithet of Darviš Khan Gazi . Muhammad Hakim's invasion fought its way from Laghman to Alishang , and is stated to have conquered and converted 66 valleys to Islam. After conquering Tajau and Nijrau valleys in Panjshir area, the soldiers established a fort at Islamabad at confluence of Alishang and Alingar Rivers . They continued

1350-498: The forts in the outlying provinces of the Kabul Shahi and captured many cities, acquiring huge booty. He also established Islam at many places. Jaipal in retaliation marched with a large force into the valley of Lamghan ( Jalalabad ) where he clashed with Sabuktigin and his son. The battle stretched on several days until a snowstorm affected Jaipala's strategies, forcing him to sue for peace. Jayapala then returned to Waihind but broke

1395-455: The large booty. To avenge the savage attack of Sabuktigin, Jayapala, who has earlier taken his envoys as hostage, decided to go to war again in revenge. The forces of Kabul Shahi were however routed and those still alive were killed in the forest or drowned in the river. The second battle that took place between Sabuktigin and Jayapala in 988 A.D., resulted in the former capturing territory between Lamghan and Peshawar . Al-Ubti also states that

Alishing District - Misplaced Pages Continue

1440-630: The late nineteenth century, Amir Abdur Rahman Khan forced the remaining kafirs ( Nuristani people ) to convert to Islam . During the Soviet-Afghan war and the battles that followed between the rivaling warlords, many homes and business establishments in the province were destroyed. In addition, the Soviets are said to have employed a strategy that targeted and destroyed the agricultural infrastructure of Laghman. As of 2007, an International Security Assistance Force Provincial Reconstruction Team led by

1485-468: The name is written as " Lamghan " or as " Lamghanat ". In 2021, the Taliban gained control of the province during the 2021 Taliban offensive . Laghman or Lamghan is originally named after Lamech (Mether Lam Baba), the father of Noah . Located currently at the Kabul Museum are Aramaic inscriptions that were found in Laghman which indicated an ancient trade route from India to Palmyra. Aramaic

1530-540: The north of the valley and water supply. He also allowed the Kafir Kalautar from Wama to settle Amla with his goats, on the condition that Kalautar give Deishamir tribute of a kharwar of cheese annually. Kalautar was later expelled because he would not convert to Islam but continued to pay tribute. In the south of the valley, the remaining Kafir rajas were under pressure due to lost allies (Bhim Raja and Shultan Raja) as well as poor land due to lack of water, and thus moved to

1575-427: The people to Islam. The valley was inhabited by Kafirs who only were armed with bows and arrows, whereas Deishamir Baba and his army had firearms . Deishamir Baba was from Kunar Valley , and he came to Darra-i Nur through Pech Valley and Aret and Shumast villages. The kafir rulers Bhim Raja of Bambakot, Shultan Raja of Sotan, and Sher Raja all surrendered to Deishamir Baba and converted to Islam. Laṇā Raja of Shemul

1620-449: The population. Sapi, Tajik, Nasir, Ibrahimkhail , Hoodkhail, Nuristani, Kharoti , Jabarkhail, Pashaie, Niazi , Pashtun, and Gujjars are the major ethnic groupings. Pashto is spoken in 345 of the 620 villages, accounting for about 58 percent of the population. Pashayi languages is the second most common language, spoken by a third of the people in 210 localities. Dari is spoken in 57 localities, accounting for slightly more than 9% of

1665-470: The province is known for its lushness. Laghman has sizable amounts of irrigated land as one can find scores of fruits and vegetables from Laghman in Kabul . Other main crops in Laghman include rice, wheat and cotton as many people living in the area are involved in agricultural trade and business. Laghman also has an array of precious stones and minerals, as it is well known for being a relatively untapped source of

1710-481: The raid up to Alishang and made their last effort against the non-Muslims of Alingar , fighting up to Mangu, the modern border between the Pashai and Ashkun-speaking areas. During the 18th century, Pashtuns forced Pashayi people to convert to Islam , and conversions continued into recent history. According to Pashai oral tradition, in the mid-18th century, Deishamir Baba conquered Darra-i Nur Valley and converted

1755-405: The state had recently become a dependency of Kapis . The country produced upland rice and sugar cane, and it had much wood but little fruit; the climate was mild with little frost and no snow. [...] There were above ten Buddhist monasteries and a few Brethren the most of whom were Mahayanists . The non-Buddhists had a score or two of temples and they were very numerous." The Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam which

1800-434: The treaty and mistreated the amirs sent to collect the tribute. Sabuktigin launched another invasion in retaliation. According to al-Utbi, Sabuktigin attacked Lamghan, conquering it and burning the residences of the "infidels" while also demolishing its idol-temples and establishing Islam. He advanced and butchered the idolaters, destroying the temples and plundering their shrines, even risking frostbite on their hands counting

1845-591: The word Pashayi, with some claiming it is over 2,500 years old. In 1891, Henry Walter Bellew stated "Pashae, or Pashie are attributive plural forms, meaning 'of the Kingdom Padshahi'. The Pashayi are still found by that name in the Darai Nur District of Nangarhar Province , Bamyan and Laghman districts in the southern valleys. However, the Afghan Ministry of Information of Culture claim that Pashayi

Alishing District - Misplaced Pages Continue

1890-468: Was defeated and he fled the region. Muturu Raja of Utran fought with Deishamir Baba for a longer time, but eventually converted to Islam and became an ally of Deishamir Baba. Deishamir Baba had two sons, Ranga and Japar, and six grandsons. The six grandsons are the ancestors of the Pashai in Sotan. In Darra-i Nur , Deishamir decided to give permanent land settlements to family and followers instead of introducing

1935-533: Was famous for its wine. According to the Tabakat-i-Akbari of Nizamuddin Ahmad , Mughal Emperor Akbar had dispatched his younger brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim , who was a staunch adherent of the missionary-minded Naqshbandi Sufi order, against the infidels of Katwar in 1582. Hakim was a semi-independent governor of Kabul. The Sifat-nama-yi Darviš Muhammad Hān-i Ğāzī of Kadi Muhammad Salim who accompanied

1980-488: Was finished in 982 AD mentioned the presence of some idol worshipping temples in the area, and describes the province as an emporium of Hindūstān . The Kabul Shahis only retained Lamghan in the Kabul - Gandhara area by the time of Alp-tegin . According to Firishta , Sabuktigin had already begun raiding Lamghan under Alp-begin. He crossed the Khyber Pass many times and raided the territory of Jayapala . He plundered

2025-659: Was the bureaucratic script language of the Achaemenids whose influence had extended toward Laghman. During the invasions of Alexander the Great , the area was known as Lampaka. Inscriptions in Aramaic dating from the Mauryan Dynasty were found in Laghman which discussed the conversion of Ashoka to Buddhism. The inscription mentions that the distance to Palmyra is 300 dhanusha or yojana . The Mahamayuri Tantra dated to between

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