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77-439: The village was earlier known as Kirtan Ghar under the name of a Sikh gurudwara in the area. There was also a Khalsa Middle School ( خالصہ مڈل سکول / ਖਾਲਸਾ ਮੀਡਲ ਸਕੂਲ ), which was mainly run by Sant Baba Sunder Singh Ji. students from nearby villages such as Dina, Gora Nakka, Kalri, Kamotra, Jhelum, Kotla, Chachiya etc. came to seek knowledge. And the languages taught in the school were Persian, Urdu, Punjabi, English etc. Before

154-411: A baoli (step-well), bucket well, or rahat ( Persian wheel ) would be implemented and installed in the courtyard of the structure or near a pool of water. The dharamsals incorporated a langar (communal kitchen) and lodge, especially the ones on important highways and trade routes, where persons could eat and stay without discriminated based upon their religious or caste-background. This facilitated

231-469: A sarangi ), and the chorus (which may include the audience as well) repeats the lines and provides musical accompaniment and keeps the rhythm (with percussion instruments like the tabla ). Sometimes the lead may have some solo lines, and the chorus can accompany them with a refrain . The performance may be punctuated by short sermons or stories. The song repertoire is generally drawn from medieval authors, but may include more recent additions. In temples,

308-534: A Sikh to visit gurdwara. On joining the holy congregation, Sikhs should take part and obtain the benefit from the combined study of the holy scriptures. No one is to be barred from entering a gurdwara regardless of their religious or regional background and are welcomed in. Seva is an important and prominent part of the Sikh religion. Dasvand forms a central part of Sikh belief (of Vand Chhako ) and literally means donating ten percent of one's harvest, both financial and in

385-463: A day. Some gurdwaras also provide temporary accommodations ( serais ) for visitors or devotees. The gurdwara also serves as a community centre and a guest house for travellers, occasionally a clinic, and a base for local charitable activities. Apart from morning and evening services, the gurdwaras hold special congregations to mark important anniversaries on the Sikh calendar. They become scenes of much éclat and festivity during celebrations in honour of

462-487: A dharamsal dedicated to spreading their Guru's message and teachings in their local area. Bhai Gurdas states the following: “Wherever Guru Nanak visited, that place became a place of worship. The most important centres including those of the jogis visited by the Guru became spiritual centres. Even houses have been turned into dharamsalas where kirtan was sung on the eve of Vaisakhi.” Guru Nanak set-up an important dharamsal in

539-813: A formal worship ceremony ( arati ) may also follow. One important promoter of Vaishnava kirtan in Bengal was Chandidas (1339–1399), who introduced Vaishnava kirtan in Bengali and was very influential on later Vaishnava northern kirtan. Chandidas was instrumental in the Bengali Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā tradition, a form of tantric Vaishnavism focused on Radha and Krishna which flourished in Bengal , Bihar , Orissa , and Assam . The Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā tradition produced many great Bengali language poets and singers. The 16th century CE saw an explosion of Vaishnava kirtan in

616-556: A genre of religious performance arts, connoting a musical form of narration, shared recitation, or devotional singing, particularly of spiritual or religious ideas, native to the Indian subcontinent . A person performing kirtan is known as a kirtankara (or kirtankar, कीर्तनकार). With roots in the Vedic anukirtana tradition, a kirtan is a call-and-response or antiphonal style song or chant , set to music, wherein multiple singers recite

693-692: A healthy communal life, and a Sikh must undertake to support all worthy projects which would benefit the larger community and promote Sikh principles. Importance is given to Inter-faith dialogue , support for the poor and weak; better community understanding and co-operation. Many gurdwaras also have other facilities for Sikhs to learn more about their religion, such as libraries, complexes for courses in Gurmukhi, Sikhism and Sikh scriptures, meeting rooms, and room-and-board accommodation for those who need it. Gurdwaras are open to all people, regardless of sex, age, sexuality or religion, and are generally open all hours of

770-409: A higher plinth, have entrances on all four sides, and have square or octagonal domed sanctums usually in the middle. During recent decades, to meet the requirements of larger gatherings, bigger and better ventilated assembly halls, with the sanctum at one end, have become accepted style. The location of the sanctum, more often than not, is such as to allow space for circumambulation. Sometimes, to augment

847-563: A main hall called a darbar , a community kitchen called a langar , and other facilities. The essential features of a gurdwara are these public spaces, the presence of the holy book and eternal Sikh guru the Granth Sahib , the pursuit of the Sikh Rehat Maryada (the Sikh code of conduct and convention), and the provision of daily services: Other ceremonies performed there include the Sikh marriage ceremony, Anand Karaj ; some of

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924-605: A negative attitude towards music, possibly because it was considered sensual and inconsistent with its core monastic teachings. However, Mahayana and Vajrayana sources tend to be much more positive to music, seeing it as a suitable offering to the Buddhas and as a skillful means to bring sentient beings to Buddhism. Buddhist songs and chants make use of the following genres: sutras , mantras , dharani , parittas , or verse compositions (such as gathas , stotras , and caryagitis ). Examples of Buddhist musical traditions include

1001-703: A repair shop. A gurdwara can be identified from a distance by tall flagpoles bearing the Nishan Sahib , the Sikh flag. The best-known gurdwaras are in the Darbar Sahib complex in Amritsar , Punjab , including Golden Temple (Sri Harmandir Sahib), the spiritual center of the Sikhs and Akal Takht , the political center of the Sikhs. Sikhs believe that Guru Nanak was ordained directly by God to construct dharamsals (places of worship; meaning ‘abode of righteousness’), as per

1078-410: A single humble room to house the local devotees of a locality for prayers. This was especially true in the rural areas, villages, and small towns where most of the local Sikh congregations consisted of simple peasants with little means of wealth. They were not built upon a specific axis because Sikhs believe God is omnipresent and the entire Earth is divine and equally fitting as such. The Adi Granth

1155-559: A social commentary or a philosophical/linguistic exposition" that includes narration, allegory, humor, erudition and entertainment—all an aesthetic part of ranga (beauty, color) of the kirtan. Kirtan is locally known by various names, including Abhang , Samaj Gayan , Haveli Sangeet , Vishnupad , Harikatha . Vaishnava temples in Assam and northeastern Indian have large worship halls called kirtan ghar —a name derived from their being used for congregational singing and performance arts. Kirtan

1232-758: A song, to a certain raga and accompanied with musical instruments. The Gurus themselves created numerous musical instruments including the Taus , the Sarangi , the Saranda and a modification of the Pakhawaj (called Jori ) creating an early form of the Tabla . A Shabad Kirtan refers to the musical recitation of the Guru Granth Sahib , the primary scripture in the Sikhism tradition which

1309-559: A wider popularity. Some Western kirtan singers have also adapted kirtan songs with influences from other styles, including rock music , new-age music , African music and latin american music. There are also Kirtan singers in the west who sing more traditional Indian style kirtan such as Kamini Natarajan and Sheela Bringi . Kirtan singing has also become popular among Westerners who consider themselves spiritual but who are not part of any specific religious institution or movement (" spiritual but not religious "). In this case, kirtan

1386-648: Is Lee Mirabai Harrington . The Bene Israel , a Jewish community in the Indian subcontinent, adopted the devotional singing style Kirtan from their Marathi Hindu neighbors. Their main traditional musical instruments are the Indian Harmonium and the Bulbul tarang . In the modern era, kirtan has also been adopted by several jews like Susan Deikman. These jewish kirtans replace Sanskrit Hindu lyrics with Hebrew songs and chants. The famed Bengali saint Paramahansa Yogananda

1463-597: Is kirt ( कीर्त् ). The term is found in the Samhitas , the Brahmanas , and other Vedic literature, as well as the Vedanga and Sutras literature. Kirt , according to Monier-Williams , contextually means "to mention, make mention of, tell, name, call, recite, repeat, relate, declare, communicate, commemorate, celebrate, praise, glorify". The term kirtan is found as anukirtan (or anukrti , anukarana , literally "retelling") in

1540-421: Is a heterogeneous practice that varies regionally, according to Christian Novetzke , and includes varying mixtures of musical instruments, dance, oration, theatre, audience participation, and moral narration. In Maharashtra for example, Novetzke says, a kirtan is a call-and-response style performance, ranging from devotional dancing and singing by a lead singer and audience to an "intricate scholarly treatise,

1617-546: Is also sometimes called harinam (Sanskrit: harināma) in some Vaishnava traditions, which means "[chanting] the names of God ( Hari )." In regional languages, kirtan is scripted as Bengali : কীর্তন ; Nepali and Hindi : कीर्तन ; Kannada : ಕೀರ್ತನೆ ; Marathi : कीर्तन ; Punjabi : ਕੀਰਤਨ / کیرتن ; Sindhi: ڪِيرَتَنُ / कीरतनु ; Tamil : கீர்த்தனை ; Telugu : కీర్తన . Kirtans and bhajans are closely related, sharing common aims (devotion, faith, spiritual uplift and liberation), subjects, and musical themes . A bhajan

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1694-431: Is arranged according to raga . Shabad Kirtan can be listened to silently or sung along with the gathered congregation. Kirtan in Sikh history has been the musical analog of Kathas recitation, both preferably performed by ragi jatha , or professional trained performers. A Sikh Kirtan is a religious, aesthetic and social event, usually held in a congregational setting on Sundays or over certain festivals to honor

1771-571: Is done in Sanskrit ), though this may include Sanskrit mantras. This style of vernacular singing became popular during the medieval era (1300–1550) and the early modern period (1550–1750). Hindu kirtan is influenced by the practices and teachings of the various devotional Bhakti movements , who emphasized emotional loving relationship with a personal God, and also by the figures of the Sant tradition (like Kabir , Ravidas , and Namdev ). Beginning with

1848-540: Is freer, and can be a single melody performed by a single singer with or without musical instruments. Kirtan , in contrast, is generally a group performance, typically with a call and response or antiphonal musical structure, similar to an intimate conversation or gentle sharing of ideas. Kirtan also generally includes two or more musical instruments, and has roots in Sanskrit prosody and poetic meter. Many kirtans are structured for more audience participation, where

1925-468: Is important for the proper moral and spiritual development of a Sikh. One must study Gurmukhi script and be able to read Gurbani to understand the meaning of the text. A Sikh has to revert to the Granth Sahib for the all spiritual guidance in one's life. It is believed that a Sikh is more easily and deeply engrossed by Gurbani when engaged in congregation gatherings. For this reason, it is necessary for

2002-476: Is not divided into parts like "Naradiya Kirtan". This form was effectively performed for years by personalities like Hari Bhakti Parayan (sincere devotee of god) Sonopant (mama) Dandekar, Dhunda maharaj Deglurkar, Babamaharaj Satarkar, Dekhanebuwa, and many others in modern times. An institute at Alandi near Pune offers training in this form of Kirtan. Naradiya Kirtan is divided into five main parts: naman (prayer), Purvaranga (the main spiritual lesson), chanting

2079-629: Is often part of Buddhist rituals and festivals in which they may be seen as offerings to the Buddha. Chants, songs and plays about the life of the Buddha by the Buddhists of Bengal are sometimes called Buddha-samkirtan or Buddha kirtan. Instruments like the Indian harmonium, flute, dotara , khol and kartal are used as accompaniment . Music has been used by Buddhists since the time of early Buddhism , as attested by artistic depictions in Indian sites like Sanchi . Early Buddhist sources often have

2156-441: Is presented as a kind of drama, with its actors, its dialogues, its portion to be set to music, its interludes, and its climaxes." Generally speaking, kirtan, sometimes called sankirtana (literally, "collective performance"), is a kind of collective chanting or musical conversation. As a genre of religious performance art, it developed in the Indian bhakti movements as a devotional religious practice (i.e. bhakti yoga ). But it

2233-464: Is seen as a social, expressive and holistic experience which helps one connect with the inner self. It is also considered egalitarian and manifests as an eclectic practice which draws on multiple cultures and is tolerant to most religions. Western spiritual kirtan can be found in Western yoga centers, new age groups, spiritual communes, and neo-shamanic circles. For some Western practitioners, kirtan

2310-659: Is seen as a way of socializing, relaxing, achieving meditative states, expressing oneself, attaining inner peace and positive emotions, getting to know one's inner self, and cultivating love for a deity and for others. In the United States case law, the term sankirtana has also been used to specifically refer to the promotional activities of ISKCON. ISKCON had sought the right to perform sankirtana in California airports such as in Los Angeles. The court ruled that while ISKCON has

2387-579: Is served in the langar hall, to suit the visitors from different backgrounds so that no person may be offended. All people belonging to different faiths sit together to share a common meal, regardless of any dietary restrictions. The main philosophy behind the langar is two-fold: to provide training to engage in seva and an opportunity to serve people from all walks of life, and to help banish all distinctions between high and low or rich and poor. Gurdwara buildings do not have to conform to any set architectural design. The only established requirements are:

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2464-641: Is the Radha -centered Radha-vallabha Sampradaya , whose singing style known as Haveli Sangeet is based on Hindustani classical forms like " dhrupad " and " dhamar ". Another kirtan style shared by the Braj traditions like the Vallabha, Haridasi , and Nimbarka is samaj gayan, which is a kind of collective singing. Kirtan as a genre of religious music has been a major part of the Vaishnavism tradition, particularly starting with

2541-560: The Alvars of Sri Vaishnavism sub-tradition between the 7th to 10th century CE. After the 13th-century, two subgenres of kirtan emerged in Vaishnavism, namely the Nama-kirtana wherein the different names or aspects of god (a Vishnu avatar) are extolled, and the Lila- kirtana wherein the deity's life and legends are narrated. In the modern era, north Indian styles of kirtan are widely practiced in

2618-541: The Avatara Katha mentions kirtan as one of nine forms of bhakti. Bhakti poets and musicians like Jayadeva (the 12th century author of the Sanskrit Gita Govinda ) were influential in the development of Indian devotional music genres like kirtan (which, though written in the vernacular, often imitated the style of Sanskrit bhakti poems). Jayadeva was a great classical composer and wrote devotional music in

2695-716: The Ekasarana Dharma bhakti movement that emphasized Advaita Vedanta philosophy within the Vaishnava framework of the Bhagavata Purana . Shankaradeva helped establish Sattras (Hindu temples and monasteries) with kirtan-ghar (also called Namghar ), for Krishnaite singing and dramatic performance. Meanwhile, in the Braj region, Vallabha acharya launched a devotional movement which focused on kirtan songs about baby Krishna and his early childhood. One ofshoot of this tradition

2772-572: The Guru ') is a place of assembly and worship in Sikhism , but its normal meaning is "place of guru" or "Home of guru". Sikhs also refer to gurdwaras as Gurdwara Sahib . People from all faiths and religions are welcomed in gurdwaras. Each gurdwara has a Darbar Sahib where the Guru Granth Sahib is placed on a takht (an elevated throne) in a prominent central position. Any congregant (sometimes with specialized training, in which case they are known by

2849-700: The Indian harmonium , the veena , sitar , or ektara ( strings ), the tabla (one-sided drums ), the mrdanga or pakhawaj (two-sided drum), flute ( woodwinds ), and karatalas or talas ( cymbals ). It is a major practice in Hinduism , Vaisnava devotionalism, Sikhism , the Sant traditions, and some forms of Buddhism , as well as other religious groups. Kirtan is sometimes accompanied by story-telling and acting. Texts typically cover religious, mythological or social subjects. The term kirtana ( Devanagari : कीर्तन) generally means "telling, narrating, describing, enumerating, reporting". The Sanskrit root of kirtan

2926-511: The Indian subcontinent and in Afghanistan as a means of expressing their devotion to the faith. Udasis were commanded by Guru Hargobind and his successors to found dharamsals in the distant reaches of the subcontinent far from the nucleus of Sikh centrality and rejuvenate the abandoned, dilapidated, or struggling dharamsals which had been founded by Guru Nanak and his followers in faraway places, which struggled due to their extreme distance from

3003-720: The Newari Buddhist Gunlā Bājan , Tibetan Buddhist music , Japanese Buddhist Shōmyō , modern Indian Buddhist bhajans , and Cambodian Smot chanting. As there are many different traditions of Buddhist music and chanting, the musical instruments used vary widely, from solely relying on the human voice , to many types of classic instruments used in Asian music (such as the ancient Indian veena ) as well as modern instruments ( harmonium , keyboards , guitars , etc). There are also some Western Buddhists who have recently adopted kirtan singing. One Western Buddhist kirtan artist

3080-785: The Ramakrishna mission , the Divine Life Society , and Yogananda's Self-Realization Fellowship . Western kirtan singers, some of who learned in India, have also popularized the practice. Western kirtan performers include Krishna Das , Bhagavan Das , Nina Rao, Wah! , Jai Uttal , Snatam Kaur , Lokah Music , Deva Premal , Jahnavi Harrison , Jim Gelcer , Jyoshna , Aindra Das , Gina Sala' , and Gaura Vani & As Kindred Spirits . Western Yoga centers report an increase in attendance at kirtans; according to Pure Music ’s Frank Goodman in conversation with Krishna Das in 2006, kirtan has taken on

3157-570: The Sikh scriptures , and organizing charitable work in the wider community on behalf of Sikhs. Many historical gurdwaras associated with the lives of the Sikh Gurus have a sarovar (eco-friendly pool) attached for bathing. Gurdwaras have no idols or statues. Many gurdwaras are designed to seat men on one side and women on the other, although designs vary, and the divided seating is far from mandatory. They do not generally sit together but on separate sides of

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3234-560: The Tamil Alvars and Nayanars in around the 6th century, bhakti spread outside Tamilakam after the 12th century. The foundations of the kirtan traditions are also found in works like the Bhagavad-gita which describes the bhakti marga (path of loving devotion to god) as a means to moksha . References to kirtan as a musical recitation are also found in the Bhagavata Purana , an important Vaishnava text. The story of Prahlada in

3311-484: The 1920s resulted in Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee taking control of these gurdwaras. The Panj Takht which literally means five seats or thrones of authority, are five gurdwaras which have a very special significance for the Sikh community. They are result of the historical growth of the religion of Sikhism and represent the centers of power of the religion. A gurdwara has

3388-521: The B.40 Janamsakhi : Go, Nanak [answered God]. Your Panth will flourish. The salutation of your followers shall be: 'In the name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. The salutation of the Vaisnava Panth is: 'In the name of Rama and Krisna'. The salutation of the Sanyasi Panth is: 'In the name of Narayan I bow before you'. The Yogi's salutation is: 'Hail to the primal One'. The Muslims' cry is: 'In

3465-855: The Kirtan Kul in Sangli, the Akhil Bharatiya Kirtan Sanstha in Dadar, Mumbai, the Narad Mandir at Sadashiv Peth, Pune and the Kalidas Mahavidyalay in Ramtek , Nagpur as well as at smaller schools in Goa, Beed and Ujjain. Kirtan ( Gurmukhi : ਕੀਰਤਨ Kīratana ) refers to devotional singing in Sikhism . It is typically performed at Gurdwaras (Sikh temples). Sikh scriptures and legends are usually recited in

3542-449: The birth and death ( Joythi Joyth Samaey ) anniversaries of the Gurus and Vaisakhi . Kirtan Traditional Kirtana ( Sanskrit : कीर्तन ; IAST : Kīrtana ), also rendered as Kiirtan , Kirtan or Keertan , is a Sanskrit word that means "narrating, reciting , telling, describing" of an idea or story, specifically in Indian religions . It also refers to

3619-552: The central Sikh authority located mainly in Punjab. Guru Tegh Bahadur founded new dharamsal centres during his missionary tours of the Malwa region of Punjab and in northeastern India . Dharamsals were also established on trade routes utilized by Sikh Khatri merchants, especially upon the routes between Chitagong -to- Kabul plus Agra -to- Burhampur . The dharamsals were simple constructions and modest buildings, usually just consisting of

3696-585: The complicated instrumental and vocal compositions of Indian classical ensembles. The focus of kirtan is on the lyrics or mantras, which deliver religious messages and stories. Guy Beck, writing on the northern kirtan tradition, states that "melody and rhythm are important, but devotional singers normally deplore musical virtuosity for its own sake, in contrast with the classical Hindustani and Karnatak traditions, which emphasize improvisation and technical mastery . A large variety of musical styles and forms exist, and no single formula has ever been mandated by custom to

3773-507: The context of a Yajna (Vedic ritual offering), which meant a dual recitation of Vedic hymns in a dialogue style that was part of a ritual dramatic performance. The Sanskrit verses in the Shatapatha Brahmana (chapter 13.2, c. 800–700 BCE), for example, are written in the form of a riddle play between two actors. According to Louis Renou, in this text, "the Vedic sacrifice ( yajna )

3850-453: The dhruvapada style (which is similar to dhrupad ). There are various forms of Hindu kirtan, including northern traditions (often influenced by Hindustani music and Bengali music ) and southern ( Carnatic ) traditions. Speaking of the Bengali kirtan tradition, Peggy Holroyde writes that "kirtans do not strictly adhere to the raga scale and they incorporate a chorus led by a leader. Much of

3927-514: The divine Name, giving charity, and regular bathing. Keep yourself unspotted while yet remaining a householder. The above statement separates the institution of Sikh dharamsals from those of other faiths, ordaining it as an independent institution based upon Sikhism alone. The first centre was built in Kartarpur , on the banks of Ravi River in the Punjab region by the first Sikh guru, Guru Nanak Dev in

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4004-418: The exclusion of others. Musicians and religious leaders thus freely compose religious and devotional songs." However, some kirtan styles are highly refined and technical, like dhrupad and Bengali padavali kirtan, which is considered by Bengalis to be the most cultured religious music. Regarding the arrangement, most kirtan performances are done by a group, with a choir led by a lead singer sitting on

4081-438: The fast spread of Sikhism throughout the Punjab. Some dharamsals contained a hospital ward where the sick and injured could receive treatment. Other dharamsals incorporated carpentry workshops to construct beds and other needed furniture. The dharamsals often contained a school where one could learn Gurmukhi , Sikh music , and interpretation of Sikh scriptures . As the Sikh population continued to grow, Guru Hargobind ,

4158-402: The floor, though sometimes, kirtan is done by standing group in temples, religious processions, or on the street. Generally speaking, the performance may begin with recitations of Sanskrit mantras, like Om , names of deities, and may also include some Sanskrit prayers. Then the lead singer sings a song or a mantra while accompanying himself with a versatile instrument (like a harmonium or

4235-445: The form of time and service such as seva to the gurdwara and anywhere where help is needed. All Sikhs therefore get involved in this communal service whenever an opportunity arises. This in its simple forms can be: sweeping and washing the floors of the gurdwara, serving water and food ( Langar ) to or fanning the congregation, offering provisions or preparing food and doing other 'house keeping' duties. Sikhism offers strong support for

4312-503: The historical Gurus, but major temples in the Sikh tradition recite Kirtan every day as a mark of daily bhakti (devotional remembrance) of God's name. This congregational setting is called a Sangat or Satsang , a word that in ancient Indian texts means "like minded individuals, or fellow travelers on a spiritual journey". Numerous Buddhist traditions use vocal music with instrumental accompaniment as part of their rituals and devotional practices. Buddhist vocal music and chanting

4389-531: The installation of the Granth Sahib under a canopy or in a canopied seat, usually on a platform higher than the specific floor on which the devotees sit, and a tall Sikh pennant flag atop the building. In the 21st century, more and more gurdwaras (especially within India) have been following the Harimandir Sahib pattern, a synthesis of Indo-Islamic and Sikh architecture . Most of them have square halls, stand on

4466-758: The modernist movements of Swami Sivananda , Anandamayi Ma , Sri Aurobindo , and A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada . In Andhra Pradesh , the compositions of the Tallapaka Annamacharya , a 14th-century Vaishnava mystic, represent the earliest known southern music called "sankirtana". He wrote in praise of Lord Venkateswara , the deity of Seven Hills in Tirumala . During his long and prolific career, he reputedly composed and sang 32,000 Sankirtanas and 12 Shatakas (sets of hundred verses) in both Telugu and Sanskrit . There are three main styles of Marathi kirtan , Varkari, Naradiya and Jugalbandi. Varkari Kirtan

4543-422: The musical value is subordinated to the sentimental emotion expressed in the words of the song." Regarding the southern (Carnatic) traditions of kirtan, they are generally "less ornate" than northern kirtan, making less use of " grace , trills and arabesques ", but they are also much more structured musical forms. While kirtan is influenced by the practice of Indian classical music, they are much simpler than

4620-662: The name of the One God peace be with you'. You are Nanak and your Panth will flourish. Your followers shall be called Nanak-panthis and their salutation will be: 'In the name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. I shall bless your Panth. Inculcate devotion towards Me and strengthen men's obedience to their dharma. As the Vaisnavas have their temple, the yogis their asan, and the Muslims their mosque, so your followers shall have their dharamsala. Three things you must inculcate in your Panth: repeating

4697-611: The names of God, katha or Akhyan (a story to support the lesson), final prayer. The Naradiya Marathi Kirtan popular in Maharashtra is most often performed by a single performer, and contains the poetry of saints of Maharashtra such as Dnyaneshwar , Eknath , Namdev and Tukaram . Learned poets from 17th and 18th century such as Shridhar, Mahipati , and Moropant contributed to develop this form of kirtan. A Naradiya kirtan performance can last for period of any length, from half an hour to three hours. Attendees may wear traditional clothing and

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4774-462: The names of a deity, describe a legend, express loving devotion to a deity, or discuss spiritual ideas. It may include dancing or direct expression of bhavas (emotive states) by the singer. Many kirtan performances are structured to engage the audience where they either repeat the chant, or reply to the call of the singer. A kirtan performance includes an accompaniment of regionally popular musical instruments, especially Indian instruments like

4851-601: The new-found Kartarpur after settling there. Other important dharamsals were located in Khadur , Goindwal , Ramdaspur , Tarn Taran , Kartarpur (Doaba) and Sri Hargobindpur , all of whom had been directly founded upon the instruction of a Sikh guru. When the Manji system and the later Masand systems of preachers and dioceses was set-up, they were directed to found a dharamsal in their dedicated area of missionary work. Passionate early Sikhs would found dharamsals at various places across

4928-494: The north. During this time, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu popularized Krishna based kirtan in Bengal , promoting and teaching the singing of Vaishnava songs which celebrate the love between Radha and Krishna, understood as being the love between the soul and God. Chaitanya is also known as the father of padavali singing, a highly developed and complex musical tradition. About the same time, Shankaradeva (1449–1568) in Assam inspired

5005-608: The partition of 1947, the main communities that lived there are Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus and they engaged in agriculture and pastoralism. Presently, Arain Families populate the Ali Baig village. People in the village grow wheat, maize, barley, pulses, sugarcane and other vegetables. Alibeg has several private schools. The native language is Pothwari . Gurudwara A gurdwara or gurudwara ( Punjabi : ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ , romanized:  gurdu'ārā , lit.   'Door of

5082-492: The performers use instruments like the Indian harmonium, drums, and string instruments of various types mostly "Zanz", "chipali", "Tal" or "Chimata". Naradiya kirtan performers are usually very learned in literature, music, dance, acting and comedy. Jugalbandi Kirtan is performed by two persons, allowing question-answer, dialogue and debate. Performance requires skill in music, dance, comedy, oratory, debate, memory, general knowledge and Sanskrit literature. Training takes place at

5159-399: The rites of the death ceremony, Antam Sanskar ; and most of the important Sikh Festivals . The Nagar Kirtan , a Sikh processional singing of holy hymns throughout a community, begin and conclude at a gurdwara. Gurdwaras around the world may also serve the Sikh community in other ways, including acting as libraries of Sikh literature and schools to teach children Gurmukhi, housing

5236-469: The room, both at an equal distance from the Guru Granth Sahib, as a sign of equality. Worshippers are offered Karah Parshad (sweet flour and ghee -based food offered as prashad ) in the hall, which is usually given into cupped hands by a sewadar (gurdwara volunteer). In the langar room, food is cooked and served by the volunteers in the community. Only lacto-vegetarian food

5313-505: The singer calls a spiritual chant, a hymn or a devotional theme, the audience responds by repeating the chant or by chanting back a reply of their shared beliefs. Musical recitation of hymns, mantras and the praise of deities has ancient roots in Hinduism, and may be found in the Vedic literature . A key feature of popular Hindu kirtan is that it is mostly sung in vernacular languages like Hindi and Bengali (unlike Vedic chanting , which

5390-458: The sixth Sikh guru, introduced the word "gurdwara". Gurdwaras evolved out of the earlier Dharamsal centres. The etymology of the term gurdwara is from the words gur ( ਗੁਰ ) (a reference to the Sikh gurus) and dwara ( ਦੁਆਰਾ ) (gateway in Punjabi ), together meaning 'the gateway through which the guru could be reached'. Thereafter, all Sikh places of worship came to be known as gurdwaras. The use of ' sahib ', as sometimes appended in

5467-415: The space, verandahs are built to skirt the hall. A popular model for the dome is the ribbed lotus, topped by an ornamental pinnacle. Arched copings, kiosks and solid domelets are used for exterior decorations. It is the duty of all Sikhs to engage in personal and communal meditation, kirtan and the study of the holy scriptures. Meditating and understanding the meaning of texts from the Granth Sahib

5544-523: The term Gurdwara Sahib , derives from a loanword of Arabic origin, meaning "companion" or "friend". Kanwarjit Singh Kang classifies gurdwaras into two distinct categories: Some of the prominent Sikh shrines established by the Sikh gurus are: By the early 20th century, a number of Sikh gurdwaras in British India were under the control of the Udasi mahants (clergymen). The Gurdwara Reform Movement of

5621-411: The term granthi ) may recite, sing, and explain the verses from the Guru Granth Sahib , in the presence of the rest of the congregation. All gurdwaras have a langar hall, where people can eat free lacto-vegetarian food served by volunteers at the gurdwara. They may also have a medical facility room, library, nursery, classroom, meeting rooms, playground, sports ground, a gift shop, and finally

5698-579: The year 1521. It now lies in the Narowal District of west Punjab (Pakistan). During the time of Guru Nanak, Sikh places of worship were known as dharamsals where kirtan was conducted by the early Sikh congregation. The worship centres were built as a place where Sikhs could gather to hear the guru give spiritual discourse and sing religious hymns in the praise of Waheguru . Guru Nanak would arrange early Sikh followers into various sangat congregations or parishes and instructed them to erect

5775-555: Was an early proponent of kirtan in the West . He chanted Guru Nanak Dev 's Hey Hari Sundara ("Oh God Beautiful") with 3,000 people at Carnegie Hall in 1923. Kirtan became more common with the spread of Indian religious movements in the West in the 1960s. Movements which were influential in bringing Indian kirtan to West include the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), 3HO (Sikh followers of Yogi Bhajan ),

5852-434: Was installed at dharamsals after its codification and introduction in 1604. The dharamsals likely did not contain intricate and ornate furniture, fittings, and other decorative accessories, unlike modern-day gurdwaras. Dharamsals incorporated a body of water for public bathing due to the importance placed upon isnan (customary bathing in the morning ) in Sikhism. Wherever natural sources of water were not readily available,

5929-522: Was pioneered by Sant Namdev (1270–1350) in Maharashtra . It is usually based on the works of seven famous Maharashtri saints: Saint Nivruttinath, Sant Dnyaneshwar , Sopandev, Muktabai, saint Eknath, Saint Namdev, and Saint Tukaram . Marathi kirtan is typically performed by one or two main performers, accompanied by harmonium and tabla . It involves singing, acting, dancing, and story-telling. The show goes for two or three hours as time permits and

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