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28-516: In July 1982, the MIA made its first bomb, however the group's activities were noticed by authorities when they experiment with it. On October 3, Bouyali escaped a kidnapping attempt by agents of the military's security. This caused him to go into hiding; in January 1983, he hid with Hadi Hamoudi  [ ar ] near Bouguerra Mountain near El Aouinet . On November 12, 1982, Bouyali and four others fired for

56-558: A DNC (state-owned enterprise) factory in Aïn-Naadja of £110,000 or one million dinars and on August 26–27, 1985, MIA insurgents headed by Bouyali, attacked a police school in Soumaâ , killing an officer and seizing 340 weapons, and more than 18,000 pieces of ammunition. In 1986, Bouyali organized clandestine cells, composed of veteran mujahideen members from Afghanistan. The group of several hundred militants lasted for five years, until Bouyali

84-521: A battle in Ashour , a few hundred meters from Bouyali's unmarked grave. After the death of Bouyali, the MIA effectively fell apart and most members were arrested. On June 15, or 20, 1987, the largest trial of Algerian Islamists started, with 202 defendants and four in absentia represented by a 49 man defense council. On July 10, four were sentenced to death, seven to twelve years, 166 to between one and 15 years and 15 were acquitted. In March and April 1992, after

112-519: A genuinely populist expression of democratic aspirations… Yet when the army overturned the whole democratic experiment in January 1992, the United States willingly accepted the results… In short, a democratically elected Islamist government hostile to American hegemonic aspirations in the region… was considered unacceptable in Washington." Arguments against this line include that Washington's influence

140-482: A large Islamic gathering of 25,000 appeared at his funeral in Kouba . In the wake of this demonstration, the trial of a large group of Islamists scheduled for May 13 was called off and instead, a group of 92 political prisoners were released. Although many of his companions were acquitted, Bouyali was charged in absentia at that same trial and sentenced to death. On the night of August 21, 1985, Bouyali and his militants robbed

168-518: A memorandum in thirteen parts and created a ninety-nine part guide with the aim of creating an Islamic republic in Algeria. The group often attracted unemployed young men because "its rhetoric evoked 'memories of the bandits of honor in the mountains, paralleling the life of the Prophet and drawing on the original war of liberation '". One of Bouyali's supporters was Ali Benhadj , the man who would go onto be

196-432: A population explosion without jobs or housing to accommodate it, rhetoric of Third World socialism solidarity by the party and government masking "corruption on a grand scale" (and discrediting the "vocabulary of socialism"), a concentration of power and resources by the military and FLN party elite originating from the east-side of Algeria. The ruling FLN ( National Liberation Front (Algeria) ) "banned all opposition" but

224-485: Is a town and commune in Tébessa Province in north-eastern Algeria . 35°52′N 7°53′E  /  35.867°N 7.883°E  / 35.867; 7.883 This article about a location in Tébessa Province is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 1992 Algerian coup d%27%C3%A9tat Coup succeeded Escalation 1994–1996 Massacres and reconciliation 1996–1999 Defeat of

252-549: Is thought to be a gross understatement with the true number as high as 10 or 15 thousand. A report on the Middle East in July 1993 reported the MIA to have around 1000 fighters who targeted security forces personnel and low level civil servants. In May 1992, five army battalions were mobilized against a MIA-affiliated group in a remote region near Lakhdaria . The group had planned to use its base to attack security forces and other targets in

280-659: The Algerian coup , Abdelkader Chebouti, along with Said Makhloufi , a former Algerian propaganda officer and Azzedin Baa, re-established the MIA with ex-Bouyalists and other affiliated group members. There is disagreement about the identity of the founders though; some sources say Makhloufi founded the Islamic State Movement (MEI) in 1993 while others say the MEI was founded by Meliani in early 92' while others still refer to Chebouti's group as

308-570: The Algerian legislative election in December 1991 with twice as many votes as the ruling FLN . The FIS had made open threats against the ruling pouvoir , condemning them as unpatriotic and pro-French, as well as financially corrupt. Additionally, FIS leadership was at best divided on the desirability of democracy, and some Algerian non-Islamists expressed fears that a FIS government would be, as U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Edward Djerejian put it, "one person, one vote, one time." A secret meeting

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336-586: The AIS in name, but Makhloufi effectively ran the group due to Chebouti's chronic illness. The relationship between the AIS and GIA fluctuated but most stayed peaceful as the two groups operated in parallel until March 1994 when the GIA 'liquidated' 70 MIA fighters who it suspected had ties to the regime. In August the AIS retaliated and killed a local GIA emir and members of his family in the Bilda plain . El Aouinet El Aouinet

364-501: The French language, liquor stores, video shops, enforcing sharia law in general -- however popular, were unlikely to be much help against Algeria's long-term problems; that while the Islamists were very much in favor of the opportunity to gain power through democratic elections, that doesn't mean they would have surrendered power after elections later on, and statements by its leaders before

392-521: The GIA 1999–2002 The 1992 Algerian coup d'état took place on 11 January 1992. Concerned by the FIS ( Islamic Salvation Front ) victory in the first round of the 1991 parliamentary election , the army took action and cancelled the electoral process to prevent the forming of an Islamic state in Algeria . The army forced president Chadli Bendjedid to resign and brought in the exiled Mohamed Boudiaf to serve as

420-562: The Islamic State Movement. Other sources even say that Chebouti died in 1992, under 'suspicious circumstances'. This group created the foundation for resistance leading to the Algerian Civil War as veterans of the MIA were the ones that launched the armed rebellion in 1992. The membership of the group varied, government forces said in April 1993 that there were 175 guerilla fighters (most of them MIA) with about 925 supporters although this number

448-461: The crossfire of a shootout leaving his house. The death of his brother served as an important catalyst for his later increasing violent actions. In early 1983, possibly February or March, Bouyali met with Hadi Khadiri, the police chief and Minister of the Interior, although the meeting was a failure and did not stop Bouyali's campaign. Sometime in the early stages of the group, Bouyali sent the authorities

476-528: The driver were killed in the final clashes as well as a policeman who was the head of the elite security forces. Other sources also say that he was killed while in a confrontation with the gendarme in an Algiers suburb. Other important MIA members such as Abdelkader Chebouti and Mansouri Meliani were sentenced to death and subsequently jailed, but released in 1989 and pardoned in 1990 due to political reforms. Meliani would later be arrested in July 1992 and executed in 1993 after he and Chebouti were captured after

504-465: The first time at security forces at a police roadblock in Oued Romane, near El-Achour . Then they attacked a depot of a state company and stole 160 kilos of TNT. Bouyali and others then tested a new bomb on an Algiers beach and stole explosives near Cap Djinet . Due to these activities, a warrant was issued against Bouyali on December 10, 1982. In January 1983, Bouyali's brother was mistakenly killed in

532-403: The new president. The military argued that they had done this to "safeguard Algeria's republican institutions from political and radical Islamists" and to prevent Algeria from turning into a theocratic state. Preceding the coup were social-political-economic problems such as a 1986 collapse of oil prices (at the time 95% of Algerian exports and 60% of the government budget came from petroleum),

560-569: The oil money used to pacify the population had been decimated. On 4 October 1988, massive riots and destruction by the urban poor was met with "ruthless" police response killing hundreds. In 1989, the FIS was founded. It was influenced by the Muslim Brotherhood and quickly gained popularity in Algeria. It won control of many local governments in the June 1990 municipal elections, and won the first round of

588-489: The region. Abdelkader Chebouti was also reported to have established a camp to shelter Islamist army deserters. The MIA later became the AIS in 1994 when it renamed to seem more brutal in comparison to the GIA . In January 1993, Ali Benhadj issued a fatwa from his prison cell granting the MIA the number two spot in the FIS , after the GIA. While 'General' Chebouti was the supreme leader of

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616-401: The suspension of the second round of the election. On 11 January 1992, the army took power and forced president Chadli Bendjedid to resign. Chadli appeared on national television and announced his resignation in a quiet voice: "Given the difficulty and gravity of the current situation, I consider my resignation necessary to protect the unity of the people and the security of the country". He

644-559: The vice-president of the FIS . In 1983, the Bouyali group attacked a production unit in Ain Naadja , Algiers and stole the workers' salaries. In 1983, the MIA also recruited many new members due to the release of a hundred Islamist prisoners in May 1983. On April 12, 1984, Sheikh Soltani  [ fr ] died in his home during house arrest. The next day without any government mention of his death,

672-606: Was appointed the new president of Algeria. He arrived from Morocco after an official absence of 28 years in exile. He was chosen to give the regime a fresh image and an enhanced sense of legitimacy to attract popular support for the regime, but was assassinated several months later in June. The army then rounded up tens of thousands of FIS supporters and put them in camps in the middle of the Algerian Desert . According to John Enteils, "the Arab world had never before experienced such

700-430: Was held in December 1991 to discuss the options available to the military, attended by all senior generals including Khaled Nezzar , Abdelmalek Guenaizia , leaders of the navy, gendarmerie and security services. They agreed that the FIS's path to victory should be blocked by using constitutional mechanisms rather than by physical force. They also decided that president Chadli Bendjedid had to resign because this would force

728-406: Was killed on January or February 3, 1987, (most likely January 3) when police received information from Bouyali's driver. Bouyali and five others were driving in the mountains near Larbaa when the driver flashed on his lights and shots rang out from both sides of the road. Bouyali's final act was to shoot the driver in the head seconds before he was killed by a bullet to the forehead. All six including

756-399: Was likely limited with Algeria's ruling party, the anti-capitalist, anti-secular, anti-European culture, pro-Islamic identity third world socialist FLN ; that after its massive 1990 municipal elections victory, the FIS was praised for its virtue in governance, but the solutions it offered to Algeria's problems -- forced hijab, separate swimming areas, banning French culture and any use of

784-415: Was replaced with a High Council of State . The army then moved onto the streets of Algiers the next day as tanks and troops guarded important locations in the city, and suspended the electoral process. The High Council of State announced the appointment of a HCE as a collective successor to Chadli, comprising Khaled Nezzar , Ali Kafi , Tijani Haddam, Ali Haroun and Mohamed Boudiaf . Mohamed Boudiaf

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