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18-482: The complete distilling apparatus consists of three parts: In the case of another distilling vessel, the retort , the "cap" and the "cucurbit" have been combined to form a single vessel. The anbik is also called the raʾs (the Arabic word raʾs means "head") of the cucurbit. The liquid in the cucurbit is heated or boiled; the vapour rises into the anbik , where it cools by contact with the walls and condenses, running down

36-408: A chemistry laboratory, a retort is a device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser , allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath. In the chemical industry ,

54-459: A retort is an airtight vessel in which substances are heated for a chemical reaction producing gaseous products to be collected in a collection vessel or for further processing. Such industrial-scale retorts are used in shale-oil extraction , in the production of charcoal and in the recovery of mercury in gold-mining processes or from hazardous waste . A process of heating oil shale to produce shale oil , oil shale gas , and spent shale

72-461: Is a reactor that has the ability to pyrolyze pile-wood, or wood logs over 30 centimetres (12 in) long and up to 18 centimetres (7.1 in) in diameter. Middle French language Middle French ( French : moyen français ) is a historical division of the French language that covers the period from the mid-14th to the early 17th centuries. It is a period of transition during which: It

90-407: Is commonly called retorting . Airtight vessels to apply pressure as well as heat are called autoclaves . In the food industry , pressure cookers are often referred to as "retorts", meaning " canning retorts" for sterilization under high temperature (116–130 °C). Retorts were widely used by alchemists, and images of retorts appear in many drawings and sketches of their laboratories. Before

108-590: Is mentioned in the Mafatih al-Ulum ( Key of Sciences ) of Khwarizmi and the Kitab al-Asrar ( Book of Secrets ) of al-Razi . Some illustrations occur in the Latin translations of works which are attributed to Geber . The Unicode character set specifies three symbols for alembics: the pictogram ⚗ ( U+2697 ), its emoji variation ⚗️ ( U+2697 U+FE0F ), and the ancient alchemical symbol 🝪 ( U+1F76A ). Retort In

126-524: Is the first version of French that is largely intelligible to Modern French, contrary to Old French . The most important change found in Middle French is the complete disappearance of the noun declension system, which had been underway for centuries. There was no longer a distinction between nominative and oblique forms of nouns , and plurals became indicated by simply an s . The transformations necessitated an increased reliance on word order in

144-464: The Kingdom of France : in the south of France, Occitan languages dominated; in east-central France, Franco-Provençal languages were predominant; and in the north of France, Oïl languages other than Francien continued to be spoken. The fascination with classical texts led to numerous borrowings from Latin and Greek . Numerous neologisms based on Latin roots were introduced, and some scholars modified

162-529: The Alchemist (3rd century C.E.), Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300 C.E.), and Synesius (c. 373 – c. 414 C.E.). There were alembics with two (dibikos) and three (tribikos) receivers. According to Zosimos of Panopolis, the alembic was invented by Mary the Jewess . The anbik is described by Ibn al-Awwam in his Kitab al-Filaha ( Book of Agriculture ), where he explains how rose-water is distilled. Amongst others, it

180-599: The Americas ( cacao , hamac , maïs ). The influence of the Anglo-Norman language on English had left words of French and Norman origin in England. Some words of Romance origin now found their way back into French as doublets through war and trade. Also, the meaning and usage of many words from Old French transformed. Spelling and punctuation were extremely variable. The introduction of printing in 1470 highlighted

198-411: The advent of modern condensers, retorts were used by many prominent chemists, such as Antoine Lavoisier and Jöns Berzelius . An early method for producing phosphorus starts by roasting bones, and uses clay retorts encased in a very hot brick furnace to distill out the highly toxic product. The term retort comes by way of Middle French , but ultimately from Latin retortus , twisted back, for

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216-572: The continued unification of French, the suppression of certain forms, and the prescription of rules, leading to Classical French. Middle French is the language found in the writings of Charles, Duke of Orléans , François Villon , Clément Marot , François Rabelais , Michel de Montaigne , Pierre de Ronsard , and the poets of La Pléiade . The affirmation and glorification of French finds its greatest manifestation in La Défense et illustration de la langue française ( The Defense and Illustration of

234-469: The need for reform in spelling . One proposed reform came from Jacques Peletier du Mans , who developed a phonetic spelling system and introduced new typographic signs (1550), but his attempt at spelling reform was not followed. The period saw the publication of the first French grammars and of the French-Latin dictionary of Robert Estienne (1539). At the beginning of the 17th century, French would see

252-706: The next word. The French wars in Italy and the presence of Italians in the French court brought the French into contact with Italian humanism . Many words dealing with the military ( alarme , cavalier , espion , infanterie , camp , canon , soldat ) and artistic (especially architectural: arcade , architrave , balcon , corridor ; also literary: sonnet ) practices were borrowed from Italian. Those tendencies would continue through Classical French . There were also some borrowings from Spanish ( casque ) and German ( reître ) and from

270-530: The sentence, which becomes more or less the syntax of Modern but with a continued reliance on the verb in the second position of a sentence, or " verb-second structure ", until the 16th century. Among the elites, Latin was still the language of education, administration, and bureaucracy. That changed in 1539, with the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts , in which Francis I made French the sole language for legal acts. Regional differences were still extreme throughout

288-486: The shape of the neck. In laboratory use, due to advances in technology, especially the invention of the Liebig condenser , retorts were largely considered to have been rendered obsolete as early as the beginning of the 20th century. However, some laboratory techniques that involve simple distillation and do not require sophisticated apparatus may use a retort as a substitute for more complex distillation equipment. A retort

306-425: The spelling of French words to bring them into conformity with their Latin roots, sometimes erroneously. That often produced a radical difference between a word's spelling and pronunciation. Nevertheless, Middle French spelling was overall fairly close to the pronunciation; unlike Modern French, word-final consonants were still pronounced though they were optionally lost when they preceded another consonant that started

324-438: The spout into the receiver. A modern descendant of the alembic is the pot still , used to produce distilled beverages . Dioscorides 's ambix, described in his De materia medica (c. 50 C.E.), is a helmet-shaped lid for gathering condensed mercury. For Athenaeus (c. 225 C.E.) it is a bottle or flask. For later chemists it denoted various parts of crude distillation devices. Alembic drawings appear in works of Cleopatra

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