Alcsútdoboz is a village in Fejér county , Hungary . Alcsútdoboz was created in 1950 by the merger of the municipalities of Alcsút (German: Altschutt ) and Vértesdoboz.
131-548: Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary had his country estate Alcsút Palace there. It was constructed by the renowned architect Mihály Pollack . It was destroyed during World War II , with only the portico remaining. Archduke Joseph August of Austria , who was for a short period head of state of Hungary, was born in Alcsút. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán was raised in Alcsútdoboz. This Fejér location article
262-453: A cordon sanitaire guarded armed civilians from nearby uninfected villages under military supervision. This led to a revolt in two villages, who let out their quarantined neighbours and attempted to break through the cordon. The Governor appealed for an arms shipment to the martial council in Vienna, which generally opposed arming civilians in fear of a rebellion. Joseph negotiated and obtained
393-578: A constitutional monarchy . Conspiracy theories emerged that he had been murderd by the Viennese court for planning to seize the crown with the help of Judge Royal Zichy [ hu ] . A crown guard [ hu ] , Count József Teleki [ hu ] , főispán of Békés and Ugocsa Counties advised the King to allow for the election of another member of the imperial family to calm tensions. Moson County proposed Albert, Duke of Teschen ,
524-503: A procession under triumphal arches , received by a cheering crowd. On the 21st, he was inaugurated as főispán of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun County , followed by mass in the Matthias Church , a lunch hosted by Prince-Primate Battyhány with six hundred guests, and a ball at night. On the next day, he took his seat as president of the governing council. He continued studying Hungarian history and law with Lakics, and started learning
655-567: A Caiano The Medici Villa of Poggio a Caiano , also called Ambra , is one of the most famous Medici villas and is located in Poggio a Caiano ( Prato ). Today it is state owned and it houses two museums: one of the historic apartments (ground floor and first floor) and the Museum of Still Life (second floor). The villa is perhaps the best example of architecture commissioned by Lorenzo il Magnifico , in this case to Giuliano da Sangallo towards 1480. It
786-672: A biblical subject attributed to Paolo Veronese : Moses and the Burning Bush , The Passage of the Red Sea and the Resurrection of Lazarus ; Here after the restoration was also the Pietà of Giorgio Vasari , coming from the chapel of the villa that today belongs to the local mercy mission. Following is the "room of the Camino" of the apartments of Bianca Cappello. The room, although eclectically restored in
917-522: A burden and keep local priests from advancing in their careers), he proved to be a level-headed and caring leader. Contrary to the hopes of the reactionary party, most members of the aristocracy and the gentry wanted to see Archduke Joseph as elected palatine, a sentiment that was only strengthened after they met him. However, the body to elect the palatine was the Diet of Hungary , which Emperor-King Francis had no intention of allowing to happen. As he needed
1048-714: A close relationship with the House of Romanov and especially his former mother-in-law Empress Dowager Maria Feodorovna , his brother relied on his help in keeping the Russians allied during the Napoleonic Wars . In December 1802, the Empress Dowager invited Joseph to Saint Petersburg. He arrived on 30 March, and found the imperial court in three factions around the Emperor Alexander I , Empress Consort Elizabeth Alexeievna , and
1179-402: A display of fireworks on her name day . As an enthusiastic pyrotechnician , he prepared the explosives himself. On 10 July, the day of the planned festivities, between 12 and 1 p.m., something caught fire, causing all of the prepared rockets and the remaining gunpowder to explode. His brother Charles rushed to the rescue with servants, but they struggled to break down the door. This delay
1310-404: A few ' atheistic and freethinking ' young people. While he was mostly satisfied with the work of priests, he would have preferred to have less parishes but all of them with good pastors. He criticised members of the aristocracy for not striving for knowledge and 'useful occupations', that few of them ran for public office and most of those who did neglected their positions. He proposed that in
1441-572: A free export of grain (which had been forbidden to keep the enemy French from acquiring it) to boost the economy. The pressing situation of the Imperial Army in the ongoing war finally led to the Viennese court accepting that the diet needed to be consulted, but in May and in Pozsony. Despite tragedies in his personal life (the death of his infant daughter and his wife in early 1801), as well health concerns,
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#17328952399281572-460: A governor instead of the election of a palatine was an important win for the reactionary party of the Hungarian nobility led by Baron József Izdenczy, and seen by others as a step back on the road of constitutional development. Izdenczy's circles had painted a grim picture of Hungary to the King, convincing him that a rebellion was imminent. Francis decided that he would not call for a diet because of
1703-405: A kind of central stone cross, were modified, according to a late-fifteenth century model invented by Baccio d'Agnolo . In the seventeenth century, however, the clock tower was added in axis with the central pediment. The triangle (white, blue and green) frieze that today is seen on the tympanum mantel on the main façade of the villa is a copy made in 1986 by the manufacturer Richard Ginori , while
1834-453: A member of the governing council and Miklós Skerlecz [ hu ] , főispán of Zagreb County . Skerlecz argued that the main goal of Austrian customs regulations was to prevent the founding of factories in Hungary and to exclude Hungarian merchants from international trade . Another economist supporting a major reform was Gergely Berzeviczy . He wrote a detailed thesis endorsing
1965-426: A national museum and since then has begun an important restoration cycle, where thanks to a precious inventory dated 1911, the interior of the villa was re-constructed as much as possible, recovering all the objects, furniture and artwork scattered among the various museums and state depots. In the villa and in the gardens were filmed scenes of the movie Darling (1965) directed by John Schlesinger . The restoration
2096-599: A period as governor in 1795. The latter half of his service coincided with the Hungarian Reform Era , and he mediated between the government of Francis I, King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor and the Hungarian nobility , representing the country's interests in Vienna . He played a prominent role in the development of Pest as a cultural and economic centre; the neoclassical buildings constructed on his initiative define
2227-510: A playground, these rooms could be used for the exhibition of the eighteenth-century rides. The roof was modified when in 1575 Alfonso Parigi the Elder replaced the gutter, where there was a walkway and a crowning with a railing with fires, with a sloping roof, also obtaining an elevation of the prospect that altered significantly the proportions of Sangallo's initial project. The windows that were initially crossed, that is, divided into four parts with
2358-424: A pre-existing neoclassical fresco at the center. The French bath, designed by the court architect Giuseppe Cacialli , was commissioned by Elisa Bonaparte and involved the demolition of some of the older rooms. Today it is well preserved, with its marble basin with carvings and a sculpture of Venus and Love in a niche, in addition to the original toiletries. The two mythological frescoes depict Achilles immersed in
2489-524: A referral he had received from Németh. The other important matter in Joseph's first year in Hungary was that of the Royal University of Pest. Since 1790, there had been plans to move it to a smaller city, namely Nagyszombat (today Trnava, Slovakia ), Esztergom , Vác , or Eger . In 1794, these cities urged their respective counties to reach an agreement, while Pest tried to keep the institution. Most of
2620-478: A report to Archduke Charles characterised the mood of participants as 'confused' and 'withdrawn'. To avoid further escalation, Joseph talked to Francis personally in early August. He described how determined the envoys were to achieve their goals and that they represented the general opinion of Hungary; he openly told the King that if Vienna insisted on the content of the letter of 12 July, the situation would deteriorate beyond help. He expressed his support for some of
2751-812: A rethinking of the original project in a more monumental key, giving more space to the figures than to painted architectures. The villa was the place where foreign brides of the family members in Florence were welcomed. Here, among other events, were the weddings of Alessandro de' Medici and Margaret of Austria (1536), between Cosimo I and Eleanor of Toledo (1539), Francesco I and Bianca Cappello , already his lover (1579). Bianca and Francesco also found death in this villa, for causes not fully clarified and suspected of poisoning. In 1661 Marguerite Louise d'Orléans , cousin of Louis XIV and wife of Cosimo III came to Florence. The princess, profoundly different from Cosimo's dark and ultra-religious character, and at odds with
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#17328952399282882-552: A theater, of which we have the first mention in 1697. The use of the theater became more frequent with Prince Ferdinand . The Billiard Hall is in the Savoyard style, with a frescoed ceiling as a pergola from which overlook cherubs and cupids while a cloth painting displays real signs of the House of Savoy . To the right there is access to the Bianca Cappello apartments, where it is possible to perceive more clearly than elsewhere
3013-837: A trip to the Austrian Netherlands , which the Habsburg monarchy had temporarily regained during the French Revolutionary Wars . After his brother's swearing-in in Brussels , he studied the culture and economy of the country. From 14 April to 31 May, he was on the battlefield and witnessed one minor win and multiple losses. He analysed the tactics of the Imperial Army and the French Revolutionary Army , and drew caricatures of imperial military leaders. When Joseph's father became king of Hungary in 1790, he re-established
3144-428: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary Archduke Joseph Anton of Austria ( German : Erzherzog Joseph Anton Johann Baptist von Österreich ; Hungarian : Habsburg József Antal János Baptista főherceg, József nádor ; 9 March 1776 – 13 January 1847) was the 103rd and penultimate palatine of Hungary who served for over fifty years from 1796 to 1847, after
3275-560: Is dominated at the top by fantastic architectures featured in a rich landscape in aerial perspective. This scene was also enlarged by Aldi, and the original border is hidden from the porphyry obelisk that rises unusually close to the center of the representation to the top of the painting. The painted column was partly preserved in the fresco, in fact, the Allori inserted it beside the obelisk. Allori added figures to both frescoes that he copied from both Andrea del Sarto's and Franciabigio's frescoes in
3406-598: Is from 16 November 1804, when he wrote to city leadership that the sovereign himself wanted Pest to be regulated and improved, although there is no proof of the King being interested. Joseph appointed Hungarian-German architect József Hild to oversee the works, and in October 1808, the Pesti Szépítő Bizottság , 'Beautifying Committee of Pest', headed by the Palatine himself, was established. He proposed and oversaw
3537-399: Is no coincidence that this is a private building, where there are elements that later modeled for the future developments of the type of villas: internal and external penetration through filters such as loggias, symmetrical distribution of environments around a central salon ("Centrifugal" space), dominant position in the landscape, conscious recovery of classical architectural elements (such as
3668-464: Is plastered in A light yellow color and contains some inscriptions on Victor Emmanuel II and the plebiscite that united the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to the nascent Kingdom of Italy . The "Teatro delle Commedie" was first created by 1675 Marguerite Louise d'Orléans the little-known wife of Cosimo III . It was in fact relegated to Poggio a Caiano, and to alleviate his reclusive life he thought to make
3799-567: Is very fiery and very sensitive in his privileges, besides being distrustful, but by a strict observance of our laws one can easily get along with him. The first issue Joseph needed to settle was the case of eight university and secondary school teachers who had allegedly been associated with Imre Martinovics and freemasonry . The accusations were one of them translating La Marseillaise to Hungarian, and others organising gatherings with convicted freemasons and Martinovics co-conspirators or teaching pantheism . The King ordered an investigation, which
3930-547: The Chiostro dello Scalzo , Florence. Alessandro Allori was the one who integrated the earlier paintings and completed the decorative program of the saloon, and worked there between 1578 And 1582, more than fifty years after the commencement of the decorations of the other painters. He was commissioned by Francesco I de' Medici , who lived in the villa in particular with the Venetian noblewoman Bianca Cappello . In addition to expanding
4061-594: The House of Savoy . During the Second World War , the villa was used as a haven from bombing for important works of art from all over Tuscany, such as the statues of Michelangelo or Monument of the Four Moors of Livorno , etc. In addition, during the Allied invasion of Italy , the villa was used as a shelter for the displaced population, who took refuge in the large underground basements and tunnels. In 1984 it became
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4192-824: The National Széchényi Library and the Hungarian National Museum . He contributed valuable codices and books to its collection. In 1826, he founded the National Royal Joseph Institute and School of the Blind (today the National Institute for the Blind). In 1835, he participated in founding of The Royal Hungarian Ludovica Defense Academy (today Zrínyi Miklós National Defence University [ hu ] ) to provide training for cadets . At
4323-515: The National Széchényi Library . He was an archduke of Austria and a prince of Bohemia , Hungary , and Tuscany as the son of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor . The Hungarian or Palatinal branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine descends from him. In the Imperial Army , and later in the Austrian Army , he bore the rank of Feldmarschall . Archduke Joseph Anton Johann Baptist of Austria
4454-496: The Russian Empire . In 1798 and 1799, he visited Saint Petersburg twice to finalise marriage plans with Emperor Paul I 's daughter. During the negotiations, he suffered humiliations because of diplomatic mistakes by the Viennese court, which led to him to view his brother's administration with a critical eye. Prior to 1798, he served to execute imperial will in Hungary, and during his short first marriage, he worked little. After
4585-519: The Villa del Poggio Imperiale or the Villa di Poggio a Caiano , and some winters in Pisa . The grand ducal couple created a warm, intimate environment for their children. They raised them according to the modern principles of the age, paying special attention to their diet and regular physical exercise. Their education plan was based both on traditional courtly values, emphasising etiquette and royal duty, and on
4716-516: The ajo expected them to be graceful, serious, and disciplined beyond their years, leading to disagreements. Archduke Joseph was only under Colloredo's guidance for two and a half years, and when he left in 1782, Major Manfredini was promoted to ajo . He allowed his charges more freedom. The preparatory stage of Joseph's education lasted until the age of nine, by when he had learned to speak and write in German, French, Italian, and Latin . He received
4847-574: The barrel vault and the ionic temple façade ). The villa is located in the middle of a hilltop, the last offshoot of the Montalbano mountains, in a strategic position, lying on the promontory towards the Ombrone river and the plain and dominating the road between Florence and Pistoia , which overwhelms the small heights here. It was built by Lorenzo de' Medici after buying a rustic farm from Giovanni di Paolo Rucellai , who in turn had bought what
4978-455: The customs regulations of Maria Theresa [ hu ] and Joseph II. Cities, towns, and guilds compiled proof and wrote explanations of why the existing system was unjust and unsustainable, asking for an equal treatment of all parts of the Habsburg monarchy in economic regulations. Deputies were selected to present this material, including Baron József Podmaniczky [ hu ] ,
5109-452: The piano nobile and the lack of a central courtyard. Gradually the villa was enriched with works in a 'continuum' between architecture , painting and sculpture . The fresco of Filippino Lippi dates back to the period under the loggia on the first floor and perhaps the glazed majolica pediment attributed to Andrea Sansovino (some historians refer to a second phase of construction). Giuliano da Sangallo designed another building within
5240-513: The 'strong advance of the revolutionary spirit' and proposed a secret police for bigger cities. These ideas had already been brought up during the reign of Joseph II but were too fiercely opposed by the nobility. While a secret police was established to monitor the mood in ten cities, there is no proof of the Palatine ever collaborating with them. A major turning point in Archduke Joseph's attitude towards his office were his travels to
5371-410: The 19th century, still retains the beautiful white marble fireplace, with the floor supported by two telamons carved with remarkable plastic strength. The paternity of the work has not yet been clarified, but the scope of creation is surely close to Bernardo Buontalenti , as evidenced by the elusiveness of the torso and the imaginatively corrugated heads. Perhaps they are attributable to Alfonso Parigi
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5502-585: The 21st, the nobles asked for time to discuss the demands and for economic reforms to ease the introduction of higher taxes. Emperor-King Francis received their referral well, and it seemed that the efforts of Archduke Joseph would result in a smoother process. However, conservative and anti-constitutional circles in Vienna raised concerns about the assembly debating the Emperor-King's proposals in any way, and while negotiations were peaceful and well-intentioned, both parties remained unwilling to compromise. During
5633-581: The Archduke's Hofmeister János Szapáry urged him to return to Buda and asked Emperor Francis to order him back under some pretense. Joseph refused to consider leaving. Eventually, after the imperial family tried to pressure him into marrying Princess Amalia, he decided to leave in June, and spent his last few weeks in Pavlovsk as the Empress Dowager's personal guest. Once he had returned to Vienna, he honestly described
5764-633: The Diet of 1825, which was gathered after a break of thirteen years on Joseph's insistence, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was established, to which he contributed ten thousand forints . In 1846, he founded the Royal Joseph Polytechnic (today's Budapest University of Technology and Economics ). For the development of Hungarian transportation, he founded the Kőbánya horsecar line in 1827–28 and
5895-644: The Dowager Empress. Joseph joined the Dowager's circles. While he tried to seem neutral, his inclinations soon became public knowledge. During his stay, he ate lunch with the Emperor almost every day and spent the afternoons with him. Alexander disclosed his opinions and worries, which Joseph reported to Vienna. Still, he enjoyed the company of the Empress Dowager and Grand Duchesses Maria and Catherine Pavlovna more, spending evenings with them. Joseph's preference for
6026-588: The Dowager's faction displeased the Russian court, particularly when he declined a tour of the country with the Emperor. The imperial couple found the fact that he ignored the Empress Consort's sister, Princess Amalia of Baden offensive, as they wished him to marry her. When it became obvious that he was not interested in the Princess, it seemed unclear why he had even travelled to Saint Petersburg. Sensing these tensions,
6157-609: The Elder 's work in the villa 1575, who was engaged by Cerreto Guidi at the Medici villa with Buontalenti during the same period. A door at the same level leads to Bedroom of the Grand Duchess Bianca, covered with pressed papermaking, imitating the coramas (decorated leather panels) and neo-Renaissance furniture, the result of a complete reconstruction of the 1865 style (non-visitable). The stone staircase in Pietra serena , connected to
6288-403: The Elder , the grandfather of Lorenzo). This new aptitude was due to political issues, thanks to the period of peace and stability reached by Lorenzo's politics, and philosophical, according to the humanists . Among the innovations of the era, the porch was placed on the ground floor (almost an interconnected area between the surrounding landscape and the villa), the classic porch and pediment on
6419-517: The Grand Duke's mother Vittoria della Rovere , was never happy in her marriage or in Tuscany. She wanted to return to France, and after years of strife went to live at Poggio a Caiano in 1672 or 1673, under guard to prevent her leaving for France. In order to alleviate the "captivity", in addition to the follow-up of some 150 people, Cosimo III built the theater on the ground floor. Marguerite Louise lived at
6550-462: The Hungarian progressives László Lovassy , Lajos Kossuth , and Miklós Wesselényi . When, in 1843, the Viennese government tried to shut down the Védegylet [ hu ] , an association helping Hungarian industries by promoting and purchasing their products, it was the Palatine who protected it. In 1802, Joseph supported the establishment of a national library, which would later develop into
6681-453: The King and insisted on all of their demands, despite Joseph trying to convince them to compromise. He told the envoys that if they did not accept his mediation, he would advise the Emperor to refuse all of their requests. In response, the diet voted to allow for twelve thousand new recruits and promised to find a solution for continuous recruitment on the next diet. The Diet of 1804 did not deliver on these promises. Joseph had grown tired of
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#17328952399286812-487: The King's uncle-in-law, who had served as governor of Hungary from 1765 to 1781. Others would have preferred Archduke Charles, who had become popular with his military successes in the French Revolutionary Wars, and Count Teleki himself suggested Joseph. Although on 18 July Emperor-King Francis asked for more time to prepare an election, on the 20th he appointed Joseph governor of Hungary. The appointment of
6943-544: The Lete River and Teti attends the departure of Achilles . In 1807, Pasquale Poccianti designed, in addition to the exterior stairs, the internal staircase connecting the ground floor to the remaining floors of the building, and was also commissioned for some restoration work on the upper floor of the villa. In the same period there are also fresco paintings in some saloons, of a strictly neoclassical style, with subjects drawn from ancient mythology. The most ancient fresco of
7074-467: The Magnificent who receives the villa's model from Giuliano da Sangallo and Agnolo Poliziano who crowns with laurel the bust of Homer . On the ceiling of the so-called Dining Room there is a large fresco, by Anton Domenico Gabbiani , depicting the work of Cosimo The Elder , father of the homeland. The painting dates back to 1698 and was commissioned by Prince Ferdinando III de' Medici . This hall
7205-508: The Martinovics uprising, and Izdenczy's party also hoped to abolish the office of palatine. Nevertheless, to avoid upsetting progressive circles, the Baron advised the King to give more power to Joseph than that of the previous governor, so that his position would be more similar to that of a palatine. Thus, Joseph was not welcomed with unequivocal enthusiasm, especially because many of the holders of
7336-403: The Palatine prepared thoroughly for the assembly, struggling with the reluctance of the Emperor and his ministers who were unwilling to compromise. They denied to help the Hungarian economy in any way and did not want to consider re-attaching Dalmatia. They also refused to consider any educational reforms, arguing that this matter was to be decided by the monarch alone, without having to consulting
7467-462: The Renaissance aspect of the villa. Bianca Cappello was a well-educated and sophisticated Venetian noblewoman who had a relationship with Grand Duke Francesco I . This secret relationship involving the ruler of the city, already married to Joanna of Austria , and a newly married woman, was one of the greatest scandals of the Renaissance and one of the most romantic pages of the Medici saga: even though
7598-508: The Viennese government and the Hungarian nobility were of each other, the diet promised to be difficult. One possibility was that the more radical Hungarian proposals would cause the Austrian party to become antagonistic and defensive, strengthening their reactionary and absolutist factions. This would have made necessary reforms impossible. Despite these signs of probable failure, the Palatine worked hard, studying previous negotiations between
7729-440: The archdukes that a person's 'true vocation' was to strive for the happiness of themselves and others, which could only be achieved in a society. With them he analysed examples of good and bad statesmanship, focusing on the importance of institutions, legislation , education, the sciences, the arts, and different aspects of the economy. He taught them to assess all matters objectively. Archduke Joseph's father, Grand Duke Leopold,
7860-424: The assembly by mid-August, and he asked the Emperor-King to settle some minor issues and close the diet. Economic reforms were never seriously considered, especially because the issue was brought up on 14 July, the same day the ill-received royal letter of the 12nd was presented to the envoys. After more peaceful negotiations during September, the Emperor-King's hesitance to re-attach Modruš-Rijeka County meant that
7991-586: The assistance of Hungarians in fighting the French Revolutionary Wars he was eventually convinced to gather a diet with the sole purpose of electing a palatine. After much negotiation, during which the Governor tried to convince the King that a diet and a palatine were necessary to attain the required aid, while Izdenczy argued against him, Francis conceded to Joseph. On 8 November 1796, the diet had its first session in Pozsony (today Bratislava, Slovakia), Archduke Joseph
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#17328952399288122-524: The boy with the turkey in the foreground. By the time the frame of the primitive fresco was re-emerged, cutting the scene in two, but was again hidden by recent restorations. More or less at the same time the Franciabigio realized in the wall diagonally opposite the Return of Cicero From Exile , a clear metaphor of Cosimo the Elder and his expulsion with the subsequent triumphal return to Florence. This fresco
8253-460: The brothers: Joseph stopped merely executing Francis' will and became the more pro-active party. He remained a conservative and worried that the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers could 'confuse' the less-educated. He warned the Emperor to keep an eye on returning prisoners of war who might have picked up revolutionary ideas in France. In early 1798, he suggested the establishment of a police force against
8384-414: The children's grandmother, Empress Dowager Maria Theresa, the family's life revolved around the strict observance of Catholic rituals. Every day, the children listened to religious texts while getting ready in the morning, attended mass , studied the catechism , and prayed the rosary . The Empress followed their development closely through her correspondence with their parents and educational staff. It
8515-484: The city's modern appearance. The landscaping of the City Park of Budapest and Margaret Island happened under his supervision. He supported public education , technical higher education , the arts , the construction of railroads , and various progressive -thinking societies and associations. He donated substantially towards the establishment of the Hungarian National Museum , the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , and
8646-469: The clerical elite, conservative aristocrats, and the gentry's deputies wanted to see it removed. On 23 October 1795, the referral reached the governing council. The Governor himself followed public opinion. The first problem Joseph resolved on his own was an outbreak of plague in Syrmia County , worsened by hurried and inconsistent countermeasures. Joseph ordered a lockdown of the infected area with
8777-487: The construction of Lipótváros and the City Park , which he supplied with trees from his private park in Alcsút . In 1815, he supported the building of Buda Observatory [ hu ] on Gellért Hill . He bought Margaret Island and turned it into a park. When the 1838 flood [ hu ] devastated Pest-Buda, he personally directed the rescue mission and helped relieve those affected. Villa di Poggio
8908-415: The country's good spirits, for example by permitting diets. During the French Revolutionary Wars, Archduke Charles, Joseph's brother and leader of the Imperial Army, planned a major reform of military training and service , and demanded recruits and money from Hungary. This could only be granted by the diet, and the Viennese court was afraid that the nobility would bring up their many complaints if one
9039-430: The country's rights if the Emperor-King tried to infringe upon them, but emphasised the importance of 'complete trust' in the sovereign. The Emperor is my brother; but if he should violate the least of your rights, I would forget the ties of blood to remind myself that I am your palatine. The main goals of the deputies was to pass legislation to support the agricultural and industrial development of Hungary, stifled by
9170-523: The deputies' recommendations, including rebuttals against accusations by the Viennese government who claimed that it was the 'laziness' and 'primitiveness' of Hungarians that made the country less useful than it could have been to the Habsburg monarchy. In summary, the Hungarians wanted a more independent economy, free from the 'shackles' put in place by previous sovereigns. Despite their efforts, Austrians were dismissive, and Emperor-King Francis committed to
9301-469: The diet ended in distrust and pessimism in October. To the Palatine, King Francis wrote that Hungarian nobles 'only want gains for themselves, without looking to the good of the whole' empire, and that he would need 'great resignation' to forget their 'behaviour against [him]'. The reckless eagerness to achieve Your Majesty's intentions right now, which has not given me time to think about its possibility and feasibility, insufficient deliberation, [and] [...]
9432-411: The economic concerns of the assembly. As a result, a new royal letter on 14 August focused more on achieving consensus and stated that all decisions would only be in effect until the next diet. In a separate, confidential letter, the sovereign entrusted the Palatine with settling matters 'favourably for the state', giving guidelines. By this time, however, participating nobles had become distrustful of
9563-455: The estate: It is a square and bastioned structure at the central court, called " Cascine " located on the other shore of the Umbrella and which, as a center of agricultural activity, built before the villa, was its ideal counterweight in the overall territorial design. At the death of Lorenzo in 1492 the work at the villa was still largely unfinished and was halted between 1495 and 1513 because of
9694-421: The estates prior to the assembly had upset me [...] and at the conference [...] I—to my shame—therefore paid attention to the words rather than to the substance and thus completely spoiled the matter. Your Majesty cannot believe [...] how I feel when I consider what more could have been accomplished by this parliament, and how little more will be possible to be accomplished by it. Since Archduke Joseph had developed
9825-443: The exile of the Medici from Florence. The villa was complete only for a third, the base (Ttura) with the already complete porch and the floor planks on the first floor of the vault covering the central salon. Between 1513 and 1520, after the return of the Medici, the works were completed on the initiative of the son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, Giovanni, who had in the meantime became Pope Leo X . Giuliano da Sangallo , now an old man,
9956-457: The existence of an underground corridor between the two villas that would allow the two lovers to meet secretly. With the death of Bianca's husband and Joanna, the two lovers could finally marry and spend at Poggio a Caiano some of the most beautiful moments of their married life. The Bianca Cappello apartments on the ground floor still testify to this connection with the villa. In the villa, the two of them also died in October 1587, one day away from
10087-457: The fireplace, connect two upper openings in the same room, which communicate these rooms with the upper level, where today there is the room of King Victor Emmanuel II and where it was probably that of Francesco I . On the first floor is the most interesting environment of the villa: the Leo X saloon, placed in the middle of the building and finished around 1513. According to Vasari the decoration of
10218-463: The first constructive phase Was the interpretation of the ancient in modern and decorative style and this fresco testifies to the kernel, as well as the frieze of the tympanum, maybe of Andrea Sansovino and the first decorated lunette in the salon of Leo X, that of Pontormo . Between 1519 and 1521, Depicts the Roman deities of Vertumnus and Pomona embedded in an unusual classical landscape. Afterwards,
10349-410: The first floor is Victor Emmanuel II's apartment with four rooms: Cloakroom, Studio, Reception Room and Bedroom, and that of Countess of Mirafiori, Rosa Vercellana , (the "Bella Rosina") consisting of three rooms with antique furniture. The Bella Rosina's room is decorated in particular with a four-poster bed and walls entirely covered with pink silk with floral motifs (1865), radiated draped so as to see
10480-478: The first train line of the country between Pest and Vác . On this, he collaborated with Count István Széchenyi . He helped to establish the Hungarian Commerce Bank of Pest [ hu ] , and ran a demonstration farm on his Alcsút estate, introducing new methods and species to Hungary. The first mention of Archduke Joseph's plans to elevate Pest, a neglected town, into a modern European city
10611-454: The following talks, Joseph played the role of mediator and calmed the Hungarians, who worried that the Viennese court wanted to introduce continuous recruitment to render diets unnecessary. Tensions were increased by a formal royal letter on 12 July, which emphasised royal prerogatives on the counsel of Archduke Charles. From this, the envoys deduced that the King did not want to respect their right to grant new taxes and recruits. On 18 July,
10742-470: The foreign opinion on the Habsburg monarchy to Emperor Francis and urged him to be more pro-active in his governance. During the decades of his palatinate, Archduke Joseph continued to mediate between his dynasty and the Hungarian people. He tried to moderate and unify the latter, especially at the Diet of 1832–1836. Then, he persuaded the House of Magnates to not veto the proposals of the House of Representatives . In 1840, he obtained imperial amnesty for
10873-564: The future, only those should be promoted to the coveted rank of chamberlain or court councillor who had proved themselves in public service. Joseph also emphasised the potential of the lower nobility , advising the court to show more appreciation towards them. In detailing his view on all classes of Hungarian society, he was the most dissatisfied with the bureaucracy , faulting them for a lack of 'zeal' and 'diligence' and for not keeping classified information secret. His proposed solutions focused not on oppressing opposition but on maintaining
11004-400: The garden where the lemonaia was built, solemn work by Pasquale Poccianti , and English park was completed. In the 1828 the sundials were arranged on the sides of the building. While following the unification of Italy the interior of the villa was updated with fine furnishings from the royal palaces of Modena , Piacenza , Parma , Turin , Lucca and Bologna and used as a residence by
11135-787: The highest Hungarian public offices were replaced at the same time, signalling a possible regime change. Before he was sent to Buda, the new governor received an education in Hungarian law from the Josephinist canon lawyer György Zsigmond Lakics, recommended by Izdenczy. He also received instructions from King Francis who advised him to 'keep [his] house in order, manage it well, [...] treat [his] entourage humanely and [not to] tolerate intrigue'. His brother suggested that Joseph travel around Hungary to get to know his new subjects while avoiding spending too much money on this tour. He reminded him that his first duty would be justice to his people. Archduke Joseph entered Buda on 19 September 1795, heading
11266-461: The imperial family moved to Pozsony for the time of the assembly, and various feasts and religious ceremonies were held. As a result of private meetings, the sentiments of envoys with more extreme opinions were consolidated by the time of the diet, and initial negotiations seemed to be promising. However, the royal propositions of 13 May did not mention any of the subjects that concerned the Hungarians but asked for new recruits and higher taxes . On
11397-465: The language from Ferenc Verseghy [ hu ] who had participated in the Hungarian Jacobin movement. You are to stand at the helm of a noble and powerful nation, of a great and rich country, whose powers must still be increased for the sake of the dynasty. Let it be your main goal to win the respect, confidence, and love of this nation, and work for it with all your might! The Hungarian
11528-450: The large barrel vault had caused concern to the buyers, who feared a collapse. This fear was allayed by Sebastiano Ximenes because of the work on his own Palazzo Ximenes da Sangallo in Florence. Already in Leo X's day, the frescoes of the salon were started by the greatest Florentine masters of the time: Pontormo , Andrea del Sarto and Franciabigio himself. The paintings were completed some fifty years later by Alessandro Allori , with
11659-453: The loss of his wife, when his focus returned to public matters, he approached them with an opinion of his own. On 9 June 1801, he wrote a referral to his brother asking him to release the remaining political prisoners of the Martinovics uprising, including author and language reformer Ferenc Kazinczy . He urged the Emperor to gather a diet, allow a reform of public education, establish a second university, and take measures to boost trade. He
11790-574: The most important artists, Dürer , Leonardo da Vinci , Raphael , Rubens and so on. Today it is no longer present, because it was dispersed in 1773 by Leopold I . The Cabinet Room was frescoed by Sebastiano Ricci with an Allegory of the Arts , but this work has also been lost in subsequent renovations. The monumental organ of the Roman Lorenzo Testa (1703), already in Palazzo Pitti and today in
11921-426: The necessary weapons, preventing the disease from spreading to other parts of the country. The King mainly tasked Joseph with policing dissenters and uncovering suspected conspiracies. In smaller debates on religious tolerance (which he supported despite being a devout Catholic), wine export (which he supported), or giving refuge to French priests (which he refused to do as he feared that they would be too much of
12052-403: The newer ideas of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau . Until they turned four, the children were entrusted to an all-female staff composed of German-, Italian-, and French-speaking women who were only allowed to use their respective mother tongues with them. Instruction in reading and writing started at the age of three, and regular language classes a year later. According to the desires of
12183-478: The nobility. The Viennese legislature thought that Hungary did not contribute proportionally to the Habsburg monarchy, while many Hungarians criticised the government for suppressing opportunities for industrial development. After a preliminary session on 6 May, the Diet of 1802 was opened on the 13th, with multiple members of the Habsburg dynasty present. In his opening speech, Joseph aligned himself more with Hungarians than with his own family, promising to protect
12314-555: The office of palatine (Hungarian: nádor ) , which had been vacant since 1765. The Diet of Hungary elected one of his younger sons, fourth-born Archduke Alexander Leopold . In 1795, he uncovered and repressed a conspiracy by the Hungarian Jacobin movement [ hu ] led by Ignác Martinovics . He then joined his family for a holiday in Laxenburg castles , where he planned to surprise his younger sister Amalia with
12445-427: The old regulations. Another problem raised at the diet was that of banknotes , which had been used since 1762. The acceptance of banknotes as payment was made compulsory in 1800. As a result of government debt, inflation was concerning. Already before the diet, the Palatine had alerted the King that the Hungarian nobles would bring up these issues. Given how serious the monarchy's troubles were and how distrustful
12576-446: The original is in a room on the first floor of the villa. This work is 14 meters long and 22 feet long, 58 centimeters long, of uncertain attribution and dating. It is principally attributed to Andrea Sansovino regarding the construction phase of Lorenzo il Magnifico , as It refers to the theme of the return to the Age of gold , or performed by Giuliano da Sangallo or Bertoldo . Two phases,
12707-450: The other: a 2004–2006 study speaks of arsenic intoxication in the tissues of the two, although it is not possible to understand whether it is a post-mortem treatment on some symbolic organs buried together in the Church of Santa Maria Assunta at Bonistalloh . (The official chronicles speak of tertian fever .) In the first hall of these apartments, a simple anteroom, there are three paintings on
12838-438: The park in front of the villa was equipped with some fun facilities: a "flying arcana", a swing, a "donkey rider" and a "carousel of horses", which are still stored today by the museum. Concerts held at the theater of the villa included Giovanni Paisello , Etienne Nicolas Méhul and Gaspare Spontini . The frescoes of neoclassical Luigi Catani are in this hallway in the entrance hall on the first floor and in seventeen rooms of
12969-494: The prototype of the country's noble residences in the following centuries. In fact, Lorenzo, through his favorite architect, was among the first to conceive of an agrarian space in which the territory was ordered and shaped according to the requirements of harmony. At that time it began to set the idea of the villa-fortress (like the Villa Medici at Careggi , more like a castle made only thirty years ago by Michelozzo for Cosimo
13100-401: The public other parts of the villa. Among them are the 17th-century Cucinone and the underground Criptoportico that links it to the villa. This environment is one of the best preserved examples of architecture tailored to the home needs of a court: it includes several rooms for laundry use and also a vegetable garden with aromatic herbs for use in kitchens. Along with the 'Ballroom Hall', once
13231-471: The second of which ended at the time of Leo X. The refined and emblematic theme could also represent the choice of souls according to Platonic myth. In any case, it is clear the nature of the expression of the complex initiatory climate, relating to the philosophical circle of Lorenzo, through a series of allegorical allegories, of evocative classicism. The interior of the villa has undergone several transformations that have changed its original appearance over
13362-416: The surviving residences. Poggio a Caiano did not suffer this fate, and only a few furnishings testify to that period, such as the small wooden chest of drawers with inlays depicting views and landscapes. The architects Giuseppe and Giovan Battista Ruggeri cared for a general restoration, with the renovation of the theater and the affixing of a clock on the facade. At the time of Ferdinand III of Tuscany ,
13493-455: The theater, is the result of Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany 's deep interest in music. The necessary maintenance work and periodic restoration were carried out, though, according to their economic strategy, they intended to resize their landholdings: they began to no longer use some villas (such as the Ambrogiana and Lappeggi ), bringing the furnishings into Palazzo Pitti and
13624-461: The theme of decoration changed, probably due to the arrival in the house of the first noble titles of Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino and Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours , and became the illustrations of the glories of the Medici family, to which they clearly mentions the official themes of the paintings, that is, the Stories of Roman History . Between 1519 and 1521 Andrea del Sarto worked at
13755-466: The thought that I might, with my authority and the trust of the estates placed in me, see through a matter which had repeatedly failed before—which flattered my self-esteem—tempted me to make a proposal to Your Majesty without having considered the consequences. This, however, would have been far from drawing the present consequences had not the false arguments and harsh expressions [...] in said resolution excited tempers. [...] [T]he stubborn discussions with
13886-445: The traditional education of Austrian archdukes, learning etiquette and conduite (the behaviour expected in high society ), genealogy , geography, history, ethics , law, natural law , political science , and mathematics. Joseph had a preference for history, archaeology , and natural history , and was not as apt in mathematics. It was important for his parents that all of their children learned some form of manual labour ; Joseph
14017-480: The two lovers did everything to be secret, their story was a topic of rumors from the beginning. They lived some of their most important moments at Poggio a Caiano. Bianca was relegated to the villa, hated by the family and the Medici court, who sided with the legitimate wife, strategically removed from Florence. At first she was confined to a secondary villa on the heights of Poggio a Caiano called Il Cerretino , and on that occasion some popular fantasies arose, such as
14148-522: The two parties. When he learned that the főispán s of each county were commanded to submit the instructions given to their respective envoys to the Austrian chancellery , he was concerned that this would cause distrust among Hungarians. He gave frequent descriptions of public sentiment to the Emperor-King, telling him that while most people deemed the royal demands just and necessary, opinions differed on methods of execution. To elevate spirits, some members of
14279-522: The vault belongs only in part to Sangallo, the rest would be the work of Franciabigio and Cosimo Feltrini . Fresco decoration is one of the most important pictorial cycles of the Mannerism period. On the first floor is the entrance hall (with monochrome paintings of the eighteenth century, by Luigi Catani , reproducing celebratory themes referring to the foundation of the Villa: the scenes depicted are Lorenzo
14410-524: The villa before returning permanently to France in 1675. There were often comedies in the theatrical theater and here he had assembled a unique collection called the Cabinet of Works in Small of All The Most Famous Painters . It was a picture gallery set in a single room of the villa, which contained 174 paintings of as many different painters, the largest of which measured 100x75 cm, and which included works by some of
14541-494: The villa, belonging to the period of Lorenzo the Magnificent, is the so-called Sacrifice of Laocoön (according to Halm's interpretation) by Filippino Lippi , kept under the loggia at the first floor, once detached for restoration and now relocated, though it is rather faded by weather. The fresco is quoted by Vasari as "A sacrifice, fresh, in a loggia that remained imperfect" and which would go back to before Lorenzo's death, or in any case completed by 1494. The dominant theme of
14672-512: The villa, painting the Tribute to Caesar , an allusion to the gifts received by Lorenzo the Magnificent from the Sultan of Egypt in 1487. The fresco finished about one-third of the surface of the wall where nearer to the outer wall there was a large column painted in the wall, which was later removed and the fresco painted by Alessandro Allori , who appointed his signature with that of Andrea del Sarto near
14803-427: The villa, to which various guided artists collaborated Always from Catani. Commissioned by Elisa Bonaparte in 1811, Giuseppe Manetti designed new English Gardens , featuring irregular avenues, a pond, and small neoclassical pavilions, such as a conical glacier and a temple of Diana. The project was only completed later and partially. With the restoration (1819) repairs and restoration work continued (especially in
14934-406: The years. Behind the staircase, under the loggia surrounding the villa, where there are four Roman sarcophagi, you enter the apartments on the ground floor. This floor in the sixteenth century was considered still secondary to the piano nobile , so the upgrading of these environments dates back mostly to the following centuries, with the exception of Bianca Cappello's apartments. The entrance hall
15065-966: Was heir presumptive to the thrones of his brother, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor , who had no surviving children. When he died in 1790, Leopold and his family moved to Vienna, where Joseph and his brothers arrived on 13 May. With his approaching fifteenth birthday, the final, three-year stage of his education started. Focused on military training and political science , this included subjects such as politics, investigative history, and law, which he learned from Hofrat ('Court Councillor') Franz von Zeiller [ de ] . He and his brothers travelled extensively and inspected institutions, recording their experiences in diaries. In 1792, sixteen-year-old Joseph lost both of his parents in three months, and his eldest brother, Francis , became emperor-king . Joseph accompanied him to his coronations in Frankfurt , Prague , and Buda , where he spent twenty-seven days. This
15196-587: Was Maria Theresa who appointed the young archdukes' ajo , 'governor', Count Franz de Paula Karl von Colloredo-Waldsee [ de ] , assisted by the sottoajo , 'vice-governor', Major Marquess Federigo Manfredini , and tutors . Grand Duke Leopold and Count Colloredo aimed to teach the children to lead a simple life, be humble, dutiful, and devoted to the well-being of their subjects. In their studies, they were taught to be inquisitive and independent. The Grand Duke wished for his children to live as free and unrestricted as possible, while
15327-405: Was able to follow the work only occasionally and until 1516, the year of his death. However, the works continued according to his plan, probably also documented by a wooden model. The vault of the central hall on the first floor was made with the papal coat of arms (which was then referred to as Leo X's Lion ), under the direction of Andrea di Cosimo Feltrini and Franciabigio . From the beginning,
15458-419: Was also known as Salone degli stucchi but the stuccos in question, with portraits of Medici within medallions and other decorations, were removed in 1812 because they were considered too redundant. Only in some periods of the year is decorated the table with the table carp drawings designed by Agnolo Bronzino between the 1533 and 1548, beautifully woven with silk and filaments of gold and silver. Completing
15589-487: Was born on 9 March 1776 in Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany as the ninth child and seventh son of Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain . He had fifteen siblings, two of whom died in infancy . Through his father, he was a grandson of Maria Theresa , Holy Roman Empress Dowager , Queen Regnant of Bohemia and Hungary . The family lived in the Palazzo Pitti in Florence, spent summers in
15720-514: Was concerned with what a 'relatively sparse population' the 'vast, abundant area' of Hungary supported (different estimations give between 8.1 and 9 million inhabitants for an area of 282,870 km /109,220 sq mi in 1790) and at what a 'backwards stage of culture, among what primitive economic conditions' these people lived. On 17 June 1801, Joseph submitted a report to Emperor-King Francis, explaining his view and opinions on Hungary. He characterised public opinion and morale as high, except for
15851-557: Was concluded in 2007 with the opening to the public of the second floor, where the Museum of Still Life was housed, in which the great paintings of Bartolomeo Bimbi As well as other works from the Medici villas of Castello , Topaia , Ambrogiana and others. On the night of 6 March 2017, about 30 meters of the wall surrounding the villa grounds collapsed. Heavy rainfall had undermined its foundation. The activity of researchers and restorers has now focused on restoration to make available to
15982-399: Was elected palatine on 12 November and inaugurated on the 14th. After his election as palatine, Joseph assumed a more active role in Hungary. While previously he had mostly relied on the opinions and decisions of Izdenczy's ultra-conservative party and supported the removal of progressive teachers accused of corrupting the youth, he now realised that their investigation lacked proof and
16113-401: Was gathered. Joseph worked to convince his brother otherwise, presenting his arguments in his report of June 1801. Two days later, on 19 June, he asked Francis to declare the time and place of the diet, proposing March 1802 and Buda. He also suggested that the sovereign resolve some of the grievances the Hungarian nobility ahead of the diet, such as re-attaching Dalmatia to Hungary, or allowing
16244-406: Was his first individual idea, but was rejected as Vienna wanted to maintain the economic dominance of the Habsburg hereditary lands . In early September, while the sovereign continued to demand soldiers and ammunition from Hungary for the ongoing war, the Palatine relayed the nobility's wish for another diet, which was fervently opposed by the court. This might have convinced Joseph that Vienna
16375-664: Was his first visit to Pest-Buda, and he went to see the library [ hu ] , botanical garden , and natural history collection of the Royal University of Pest (today Eötvös Loránd University). He met leaders of the country, spending the most time with the Prince-Primate , József Battyhány [ hu ] , Prince-Archbishop of Esztergom , but also seeing Judge Royal Károly Zichy [ hu ] and Chancellor Károly Pálffy [ hu ] . He preferred Pest to Buda. In 1794, Joseph went on on
16506-407: Was instructed in gardening, botany , and horticulture . He learned the binomial nomenclature and taxonomy of over six thousand plants. The teacher to have the greatest impact on the children was Count Sigismund Anton von Hohenwarth , an ex- Jesuit [ 12 ] who later became prince-archbishop of Vienna . His pedagogical philosophy was based on Enlightenment ideas, and he taught
16637-509: Was not in the interest of János Németh, head of the Royal Directorate and close ally of Izdenczy, as he lacked proof. He persuaded Joseph to propose to the King the dismissal of five of the accused teachers, which Francis accepted. According to Domanovszky, in this first matter, which he had to solve three weeks after arriving in Buda, the Governor did have a mind of his own and relied entirely on
16768-463: Was not properly conducted. He criticised this to the Viennese court and reprimanded Németh. Economic considerations first appeared in Archduke Joseph's letters in early 1796. In early February, he alerted Emperor-King Francis to the devastation that the loss of the Polish market for Hungarian wine caused after Poland had been partitioned twice. His proposal that the Emperor-King should help out wine trade
16899-420: Was partial against Hungary and that many of their decisions were biassed. During these first years of his palatinate, the majority of the Archduke's time was taken up by war preparations, equipping and training Hungarian soldiers. In early 1797, after military failures, Emperor-King Francis sent his family to Buda for their safety. Around this time, a shift can be observed in the tone of the letters exchanged by
17030-419: Was probably what led to Alexander Leopold's death. He was found lying unconscious on the floor, his neck, back, and arms covered in burns from his clothes that had caught fire. He soon regained consciousness and lived another forty hours in agony, before passing away on 12 July. The death of Alexander Leopold was greatly mourned by progressive Hungarian nobles , who had hoped that he would help them establish
17161-501: Was then a simple fortress from Palla Strozzi , built by the Cancellieri family of Pistoia at the beginning of the fifteenth century. After a period of intensive land acquisition by the Medici family , in the area of Poggio a Caiano and also on the other bank of the Ombrone river, at Tavola , between 1470 and 1474, Lorenzo commissioned Giuliano da Sangallo to build a villa that became
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