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16-456: The first issue of Al Liamm was published in 1946. The initial magazine was created in Paris by Pêr ar Bihan and Andrev Latimier, and then merged with two other cultural magazines, Kened , and then Tír na nÓg , in 1948. Ronan Huon , who was, along with Pol Le Gourrierec , the editor of Tír na nÓg , took charge of the fusion. He directed the resulting magazine, Al Liamm-Tir na nÓg , for about half

32-633: A century. One of his sons, Tudual Huon, has taken his place at the head of the magazine. In 2013, the magazine had 600 subscribers and a circulation of 700. Every issue offers a selection of short stories, poetry and literary essays entirely in Breton. Numerous authors of modern Breton literature , such as Abeozen , Per Denez , Youenn Drezen , Xavier de Langlais (Langleiz), Anjela Duval, Reun Ar C'halan , Maodez Glanndour, Youenn Gwernig , Roparz Hemon , Ronan Huon , Paol Keineg , Kerverzioù, Meavenn , Youenn Olier, and Yann-Ber Piriou have made contributions to

48-756: The "classic" literary Breton of the twentieth century. The content was varied. Gwalarn regularly published literary translations into Breton of foreign authors and poets, including William Shakespeare , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Boccaccio , J.M. Synge , and Alexander Pushkin . Great emphasis was placed on Celtic mythology and legends, including the Welsh mythology preserved in the Mabinogion . Essays on philosophy and Indo-European cultures were also common, including discussions of Hinduism and Buddhism . Additionally, Gwalarn published poems, plays, and essays on contemporary concerns. Olier Mordrel no longer participated in

64-729: The 1960s. From 1985 to 1997, he was President of the Association des Editeurs de Bretagne, working with new authors to increase the availability of books in Breton. In 2000, the Al Liamm imprint was taken over by another publisher, An Here . Huon completed and updated Roparz Hemon 's Breton-French/French-Breton dictionary, which sold more than 100,000 copies. As a writer, he had a collection of poems: Evidon Va-Unan ( For Myself ), and two collections of short stories: An Irin Glas ( The Sloes or The Blackthorn ) and Ur Vouezh Er Vorenn ( A Voice in

80-515: The Mist ). He also translated from Welsh, particularly the short stories of Kate Roberts , and English. He wrote or collaborated as editor learning books for Breton, Breton grammar and a 1984 book surveying recent Breton writing. In 1992, he received the Ordre de l'Hermine award for his life's labours. Huon was married to Elen Ar Meliner. They had four sons, one of whom, Tudual Huon , took his place at

96-476: The aim of Gwalarn was to prove that the Breton language could become a vehicle for high culture . This was written in response to some French authors, including Victor Hugo , who had alleged that Breton was nothing more than the crude speech of peasants: Gwalarn is above all something new and unique: a literary magazine aimed at the Breton elite, and whose ambition is nothing less than setting Breton literature on

112-460: The head of the magazine. Gwalarn Gwalarn ("Northwesterly") was a Breton language literary journal. By extension, the term refers to the style of literature that it encouraged. 166 issues (numbered from 0 to 165) appeared between 1925 and May 1944. The journal was founded by Roparz Hemon and Olier Mordrel . The journal published a manifesto in February 1925. The manifesto stated

128-402: The journal after 1928, but Roparz Hemon stayed on as an editor until the last issue. Gradually, Gwalarn expanded, producing a popular supplement "kannadig Gwalarn" in 1932 and books for children. The latter were distributed free in schools to children who had participated in essay competitions in the Breton language. Associated with collaborationist politics during World War II , the magazine

144-648: The language of the Breton peasant as that of Mr. France is of the French peasant), a public informed enough to engage with a Breton literature that, while seeking to tap the sap in the genius of the race, wants to be European in spirit, drawing on modern European literary techniques, both in expression and in thought. The main contributors were mostly very young. In addition to Hemon, the most important writers were Abeozen , Youenn Drezen , Jakez Riou , Gwilherm Berthou , Yannn-Eozen Jarl, Kenan Kongar, Fant Rozec , Xavier de Langlais , and Maodez Glanndour. These writers produced

160-618: The magazine Al Liamm for over 50 years. His work has been recognized for its contribution to Breton literature . Huon's parents were from Trégor but his first language was French. He began to learn Breton ( Brezhoneg ) when he was 17 years old. He was educated at Lannion and at the University of Rennes , where he earned a degree in English and a diploma of Celtic studies, after a year in Swansea , Wales . He returned from Britain in 1949, and

176-435: The magazine with poems, short stories, essays, and studies. Breton poets and singers who were directly involved in the revival of the music of Brittany , such as Milig ar Skañv (Glenmor) , Youenn Gwernig , or Bernez Tangi, have also published poems and songs in Al Liamm . As emphasised by Welsh author and editor Meic Stephens , Al Liamm is "the principal platform for just about every Breton writer of note to emerge during

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192-467: The magazine, has published numerous novels and memoirs: as well as plays, by Tanguy Malmanche and by Roparz Hemon , and collections of poetry, by Anjela Duval and by Youenn Gwernig . Ronan Huon Ronan Huon , also called René Huon (3 August 1922 in Saint-Omer , Pas-de-Calais  – 18 October 2003, Brest ), was a Breton language writer and editor. He was director and chief editor of

208-585: The post-war period". Poems from Al Liamm authors have often been put to music and songs by Breton singers, such as Véronique Autret, Nolwenn Leroy , Yann-Fañch Kemener , Gilles Servat and Alan Stivell . The close relationships between modern celtic nations and the various branches of celtic literature have also led to contributions from Welsh and Irish authors, and to Breton translations from Welsh literature and Gaelic literature ( Thomas Gwynn Jones , Sorley MacLean , Seán Ó Ríordáin , and Kate Roberts ). The Al Liamm publishing company, associated with

224-452: The review magazine, Al Liamm ( The Link ); these magazines merged in 1949, continuing as Al Liamm . He directed and edited this review for about half a century. He also directed Éditions Al Liamm , a Breton book publisher. Al Liamm magazine and the some 200 book titles are credited with potentially saving Breton from extinction. They represent the most durable publishing activity in Breton since 1945, stimulating many new journals since

240-499: The road that follows the longstanding literature of many small nations: Bohemia , Flanders , Catalonia , among others...For the first time, a Breton revue will publish a pure literature, closing the door on patois ... [it] will adopt a language of classical formality with a rigorous orthography . Gwalarn is an experiment: to determine whether there is an audience in Brittany educated enough to understand literary language (as far from

256-631: Was a high school teacher of English at Brest, where he remained until the end of his life. He had learned the rudiments of Welsh and admired the educational system which allowed the teaching of Welsh, unlike the centralized monolingual system in France. In 1945, along with Pol Le Gourrierec , he founded the magazine, Tír na nÓg ( Land of the Young ). This took the place of a previous Breton-language review, Gwalarn , that had run for 19 years after being launched by Roparz Hemon in 1925. In 1948, he co-founded

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