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66-606: Al-Madina Souq is part of the Ancient City of Aleppo , a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986. Many sections of the souq and other medieval buildings in the ancient city were destroyed, ruined or burnt as a result of fighting between the Syrian opposition and the Syrian Armed Forces beginning on 25 September 2012. The city's strategic trading position attracted settlers of all races and beliefs who wished to take advantage of

132-564: A city-state closely related to Ebla is correct. Armi has also been identified with the modern Tell Bazi . Giovanni Pettinato describes Armi as Ebla's alter ego. Naram-Sin of Akkad (or his grandfather Sargon ) destroyed both Ebla and Arman in the 23rd century BC. In the Old Babylonian period, Aleppo's name appears as Ḥalab (Ḥalba) for the first time. Aleppo was the capital of the important Amorite dynasty of Yamḥad . The kingdom of Yamḥad (c. 1800–1600 BC), alternatively known as

198-503: A god-king (symbolized by his horned helmet) climbing a mountain above his soldiers, and his enemies, the defeated Lullubi led by their king Satuni . The stele was broken off at the top apparently when it was carried away from Sippar and carried off by the Elamite forces of Shutruk-Nakhunte in the 12th century BC along with a number of other monuments. The stele seems to break from tradition by using successive diagonal tiers to communicate

264-850: A great contribution in the preservation process of the old city. The local representative of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture from 1999 until 2008 was the architect Adli Qudsi , who played a large role in the protection of the Old City from the destructive forces of urban expansion. The rehabilitation of the Old City of Aleppo has received the Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design from Harvard University 's Graduate School of Design in 2005. Naram-Sin of Akkad Naram-Sin , also transcribed Narām-Sîn or Naram-Suen ( Akkadian : 𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪 : Na-ra-am Sîn , meaning "Beloved of

330-453: A measure of local autonomy, with a local civic assembly or boulē composed of free Hellenes. Beroea remained under Seleucid rule for nearly 300 years until the last holdings of the Seleucid dynasty were handed over to Pompey in 64 BC, at which time they became a Roman province . Rome's presence afforded relative stability in northern Syria for over three centuries. Although the province

396-519: A new stele fragment (IM 221139) describing the campaign was found at Tulul al-Baqarat (thought to be the ancient city of Kesh . "Whereas, for all time since the creation of mankind, no king whosoever had destroyed Armanum and Ebla, the god Nergal, by means of (his) weapons opened the way for Naram-Sin, the mighty, and gave him Armanum and Ebla. Further, he gave to him the Amanus, the Cedar Mountain, and

462-491: A number of Old Babylonian copies of earlier inscriptions as well as one contemporary record from the Old Akkadian period. The Bassetki Statue , discovered in 1974, was the base of a life-sized copper statue of Naram-Sin. It reads: "Naram-Sin, the mighty, king of Agade, when the four quarters together revolted against him, through the love which the goddess Astar showed him, he was victorious in nine battles in one in 1 year, and

528-444: A temple (dedicated) to him. As for the one who removes this inscription, may the gods Samas, Astar, Nergal, the bailiff of the king, namely all those gods (mentioned above) tear out his foundations and destroy his progeny." In the aftermath, Naram-Sin deified himself as well as posthumously deifying Sargon and Manishtushu but not his uncle Rimush. The echoes of the revolt were reflected in later Sumerian literary compositions such as

594-415: A village about 75 kilometers northeast of Diarbekr. Fragments of an alabaster stele representing captives being led by Akkadian soldiers is sometimes attributed to Narim-Sin (or Rimush or Manishtushu ) on stylistic grounds. In particular, it is considered as more sophisticated graphically than the steles of Sargon of Akkad or those of Rimush or Manishitshu. Two fragments (IM 55639 and IM 59205) are in

660-422: Is locally known, is an active trade centre for imported luxury goods, such as raw silk from Iran , spices and dyes from India, and coffee from Damascus . Souq al-Madina is also home to local products such as wool, agricultural products and soap . Most of the souqs date back to the 14th century and are named after various professions and crafts, hence the wool souq, the copper souq, and so on. Aside from trading,

726-508: Is suggested by the characteristics of the booty carried by the soldiers in the stele, especially the metal vessel carried by the main soldier, the design of which is unknown in Mesopotamia, but on the contrary well known in contemporary Anatolia. One Mesopotamian myth, a historiographic poem entitled "The curse of Akkad: the Ekur avenged", explains how the empire created by Sargon of Akkad fell and

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792-643: The Aleppine bourgeoisie, featuring stone engravings. The city's strategic trading position attracted settlers of all races and beliefs who wished to take advantage of the commercial roads that met in Aleppo from as far as China and Mesopotamia to the east, Europe to the west, and the Fertile Crescent and Egypt to the south. The largest covered souq -market in the world is in Aleppo, with an approximate length of 13 kilometres (8.1 miles). Al-Madina Souq , as it

858-528: The Battle of Aleppo during the Syrian civil war , including many sections of the Al-Madina Souq and other structures dating back to medieval times. Lying on the left bank of Queiq River the ancient city was surrounded by a circle of eight hills surrounding a prominent central hill on which the castle (originally a temple dating to the 2nd millennium BC) was erected in the shape of an acropolis . The radius of

924-642: The Great Revolt against Naram-Sin , "Naram-Sin and the Enemy Hordes" and "Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings against Naram-Sin". Elam came under the domination of Akkad in the time of Sargon though it remained restive. The 2nd ruler of Akkad, Rimush, campaigned there afterward adding "conqueror of Elam and Parahsum" to his royal titulary. The 3rd ruler, Manishtushu, conquered the city of Anshan in Elam and also

990-599: The Gutians down from the hills east of the Tigris, bringing plague, famine and death throughout Mesopotamia. Food prices became vastly inflated, with the poem stating that 1 lamb would buy only half a sila (about 425 ml or 14.4 US fl oz) of grain, half a sila of oil, or half a mina (about 250 g or 8.8 oz) of wool. To prevent this destruction, eight of the gods (namely Inanna , Enki , Sin , Ninurta , Utu , Ishkur , Nusku , and Nidaba ) decreed that

1056-674: The National Museum of Iraq , and one (MFA 66.89) is the Boston Museum . The stele is quite fragmentary, but attempts at reconstitution have been made. Depending on sources, the fragments were excavated in Wasit , al-Hay district, Wasit Governorate , or in Nasiriyah , both locations in Iraq. It is thought that the stele represents the result of the campaigns of Naram-Sin to Cilicia or Anatolia . This

1122-751: The Syro-Hittite kingdom of Palistin , then the Aramaean Syro-Hittite kingdom of Bit Agusi (which had its capital at Arpad ), it stayed part of that kingdom until conquered by the Assyrians in the 9th century BC, and became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire until the late 7th century BC, before passing through the hands of the Neo-Babylonians and the Achaemenid Persians . Alexander

1188-573: The Zagros , Taurus , and Amanus Mountains , expanding his empire up to the Mediterranean Sea. His "Victory Stele" depicts his triumph over Satuni, chief of Lullubi in the Zagros Mountains . The Sumerian King List gives the length of his reign as 56 years, and at least 20 of his year-names are known, referring to military actions against various places such as Uruk and Subartu . One unknown year

1254-662: The 'land of Ḥalab', was the most powerful in the Near East at the time. Yamḥad was destroyed by the Hittites under Mursilis I in the 16th century BC. However, Aleppo soon resumed its leading role in Syria when the Hittite power in the region waned due to internal strife. Taking advantage of the power vacuum in the region, Parshatatar , king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni , conquered Aleppo in

1320-579: The 15th century BC. Subsequently, Aleppo found itself on the frontline in the struggle between the Mitanni and the Hittites and Egypt . The Hittite Suppiluliumas I permanently defeated Mitanni and conquered Aleppo in the 14th century BC. Aleppo had cultic importance to the Hittites for being the center of worship of the Storm-God . When the Hittite kingdom collapsed in the 12th century BC, Aleppo became part of

1386-1722: The 2021 mobile gacha game Blue Archive , Volume F, the innermost chamber of the large floating quantum supercomputer known as the "Ark of Atra-Hasis " (itself a reference to the Akkadian myth) is named "Throne of Naram-Sin". ( Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi ( Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon

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1452-652: The 39th session of the World Heritage Committee (Bonn, 2015), the armed conflict has caused severe damage to the inscribed properties and to the twelve sites inscribed on the Tentative List, by shelling, street fighting, underground explosions, extensive illegal excavations, military use, construction violations, quarrying, in addition to intentional destructions and inappropriate use of archaeological sites by internally displaced populations. Several international institutions joined efforts with local authorities and

1518-624: The Akkadian Empire. The empire created by his grandfather, Sargon, first ruler of the Akkadian Empire stretched in the west to Syria in places like Tell Brak and Tell Leilan , to the east in Elam and associated polities in that region, to southern Anatolia in the north, and to the "lower sea" in the south encompassing all the traditional Sumerian powers like Uruk, Ur, and Lagash. All of these political entities had long histories as independent powers and would periodically re-assert their interests throughout

1584-513: The Akkadian language replace Elamite in official documents. An unknown Elamite king (sometimes speculated to be Khita ) is recorded as having signed a peace treaty, in Old Elamite language written in an Old Akkadian ductus, with Naram-Sin (not deified in the text), stating: "The enemy of Naram-Sin is my enemy, the friend of Naram-Sin is my friend". Old Elamite is poorly understood (all other texts being very short) as yet making interpretation of

1650-481: The Aleppo Archaeological Society, to rehabilitate the old city by accommodating contemporary life while preserving the old one. The governorate and the municipality were implementing serious programmes directed towards the enhancement of the ancient city and Jdeydeh quarter. The German Technical Cooperation ( GTZ ) and Aga Khan Foundation (within the frames of Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme ) had

1716-468: The Christians migrated out of the city walls and established their cell in 1420, at the northwestern suburbs of the city, thus founding the quarters of Jdeydeh . The inhabitants of Jdeydeh were mainly brokers who facilitated trade between foreign traders and local merchants. Many other districts were built outside the historic walls during the 15th and 16th centuries. Mention is made of the city, by one of

1782-629: The Great took over the city in 333 BC. Seleucus Nicator established a Hellenic settlement in the site between 301 and 286 BC. He called it Beroea ( Βέροια ), after Beroea in Macedon . Northern Syria was the centre of gravity of the Hellenistic colonizing activity, and therefore of Hellenistic culture in the Seleucid Empire . As did other Hellenized cities of the Seleucid kingdom, Beroea probably enjoyed

1848-527: The Moon God Sîn ", the " 𒀭 " a determinative marking the name of a god), was a ruler of the Akkadian Empire , who reigned c.  2254 –2218 BC ( middle chronology ), and was the third successor and grandson of King Sargon of Akkad . Under Naram-Sin the empire reached its maximum extent. He was the first Mesopotamian king known to have claimed divinity for himself, taking the title "God of Akkad", and

1914-459: The Upper Sea. By means of the weapons of the god Dagan, who magnifies his kingship, Naram-Sin, the mighty, conquered Armanum and Ebla." Among the known sons of Naram-Sin were his successor Shar-Kali-Sharri , Nabi-Ulmaš, who was governor of Tutub , and a Ukin-Ulmash. Excavations at Tell Mozan (ancient Urkesh) brought to light a sealing of Tar'am-Agade, a previously unknown daughter of Naram-Sin, who

1980-423: The ancient city during the 15th and 16th centuries. Throughout its history, Aleppo has been part of the following states: Aleppo has scarcely been touched by archaeologists, since the modern city occupies its ancient site. Aleppo appears in historical records as an important city much earlier than Damascus . The first record of Aleppo may be from the third millennium BC if the identification of Aleppo as Armi ,

2046-459: The ancient walled city that they surround, comprise an approximate area of 350 hectares (860 acres; 3.5 km ) and are home to more than 120,000 residents. Characterized by its large mansions, narrow alleys, covered souqs and ancient caravanserais , the Ancient City of Aleppo became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. An estimated 30% of the Ancient City of Aleppo was destroyed in

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2112-529: The circle is about 10 km (6 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmīn (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta. With an approximate area of 160 hectares (400 acres; 1.6 km ), the ancient city was enclosed within a historic wall of 5 km (3 mi) in circuit that was last rebuilt by the Mamlukes . The wall has since mostly disappeared. It had nine gates (5 of them are well preserved) and

2178-542: The city of Pashime , installing imperial governors in those places. Naram-Sin added "commander of all the land of Elam, as far as Parahsum," to his royal titulary. During his rule, "military governors of the country of Elam" ( shakkanakkus ) with typically Akkadian names are known, such as Ili-ishmani or Epirmupi. This suggests that these governors of Elam were officials of the Akkadian Empire. Naram-Sin exercised great influence over Susa during his reign, building temples and establishing inscriptions in his name, and having

2244-423: The city of Akkad should be destroyed in order to spare the rest of Sumer and cursed it. The story ends with the poet writing of Akkad's fate, mirroring the words of the gods' curse earlier on: Its chariot roads grew nothing but the 'wailing plant, Moreover, on its canalboat towpaths and landings, No human being walks because of the wild goats, vermin, snakes, and mountain scorpions , The plains where grew

2310-546: The city of Akkad was destroyed. The myth was written hundreds of years after Naram-Sin's life and is the poet's attempt to explain how the Gutians succeeded in conquering Sumer. After an opening passage describing the glory of Akkad before its destruction, the poem tells of how Naram-Sin angered the chief god Enlil by plundering the Ekur (Enlil's temple in Nippur .) In his rage, Enlil summoned

2376-471: The city was significantly redesigned; in 1954 French architect André Gutton had a number of wide new roads cut through the city to allow easier passage for modern traffic. Between 1954-1983 many buildings in the old city were demolished to allow for the construction of modern apartment blocks, particularly in the northwestern areas (Bab al-Faraj and Bab al-Jinan ). As awareness for the need to preserve this unique cultural heritage increased, Gutton's master plan

2442-401: The commercial roads that met in Aleppo from as far as China and Mesopotamia to the east, Europe to the west, and the Fertile Crescent and Egypt to the south. The most significant souqs within and along the covered area of Souq al-Madina: Ancient City of Aleppo The Ancient City of Aleppo ( Arabic : مدينة حلب القديمة , romanized :  Madīnat Ḥalab al-Qadīma ) is

2508-407: The covered area of Souq al-Madina are: Khan al-Qadi from 1450, Khan al-Saboun from the early 16th century, Khan al-Nahhaseen from 1539, Khan al-Shouneh from 1546, Khan al-Jumrok from 1574, Souq Khan al-Wazir from 1682, Souq al-Farrayin , Souq al-Dira' , Souq al-Hiraj , Souq al-Attarine , Souq az-Zirb , Souq Marcopoli , Souq as-Siyyagh , The Venetians' Khan ,* Souq Khan al-Harir from

2574-428: The exception of his first "The year Naram-Sin received a weapon of heaven/An fr[om] the temple of the god Enlil". It is, however, possible to divide them into those before his deification and after that event (assumed to be shortly after the "Great Revolt") based on the presence of a godhood determinant in his name. During his reign Naram-Sin increased direct royal control of its city-states. He maintained control over

2640-568: The first archaeologist. Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of Šamaš the sun god, the warrior goddess Anunitu (both located in Sippar ), and the sanctuary that Naram-Sin built to the moon god, located in Harran , but he also had them restored to their former glory. He was also the first to date an archaeological artefact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it. His estimate

2706-504: The first to claim the title " King of the Four Quarters ". His military strength was strong as he crushed revolts and expanded the empire to places like Turkey and Iran . He became the patron city god of Akkade as Enlil was in Nippur. His enduring fame resulted in later rulers, Naram-Sin of Eshnunna and Naram-Sin of Assyria as well as Naram-Sin of Uruk, assuming the name. Naram-Sin

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2772-458: The god ...] <Lacuna> Shutruk-Nahhunte added his own inscription to the stele, in Middle Elamite : "I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son of Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of the god Inshushinak , king of Anshan and Susa, who has enlarged the kingdom, who takes care of the lands of Elam, the lord of the land of Elam. When the god Inshusinak gave me the order, I defeated Sippar . I took

2838-476: The heart-soothing plants, grew nothing but the 'reed of tears, Akkad, instead of its sweet-flowing water, there flowed bitter water, Who said "I would dwell in that" found not a good dwelling place, Who said "I would lie down in Akkad" found not a good sleeping place. A foundation deposit of Naram-Sin was discovered and analysed by king Nabonidus , circa 550 BC. who Robert Silverberg thus characterises as

2904-552: The historic city centre of Aleppo , Syria . Prior to the Syrian Civil War , many districts of the ancient city remained essentially unchanged since they were initially constructed between the 11th and 16th centuries. Being subjected to constant invasions and political instability, the inhabitants of the city were forced to build economically independent cell-like quarters and districts, most of which were delineated along ethnic and religious lines. These urban subdistricts, along with

2970-786: The kings whom they (the rebels[?]) had raised (against him), he captured. In view of the fact that he protected the foundations of his city from danger, (the citizens of his city requested from Astar in Eanna, Enlil in Nippur, Dagan in Tuttul, Ninhursag in Kes, Ea in Eridu, Sin in Ur, Samas in Sippar, (and) Nergal in Kutha, that (Naram-Sin) be (made) the god of their city, and they built within Agade

3036-455: The lifetime of the Akkadian Empire. At some point in his reign a widespread uprising occurred, a large coalition of city-states led by Iphur-Kis of Kish (Sumer) and Amar-Girid of Uruk , joined by Enlil-nizu of Nippur , and including the city-states of " Kutha , TiWA, Sippar, Kazallu , Kiritab, [Api]ak and GN" as well as "Amorite [hi]ghlanders". The rebellion was joined by the city of Borsippa , among others. We know of these events from

3102-639: The old town. These are, clockwise from the north-east of the citadel: Aleppo was home to 177 hammams during the medieval period, until the Mongol invasion when many vital structures in the city were destroyed. Nowadays, roughly 18 hammams are operating in the old city. Old quarters around the citadel inside the walls of the ancient city: Old quarters outside the walls of the ancient city: As an ancient trading centre, Aleppo's impressive souqs , khans , hammams , madrasas , mosques and churches are all in need of more care and preservation work. After World War II ,

3168-479: The seat of an independent emirate under the Hamdanid prince Sayf al-Daula , and enjoyed a period of great prosperity. On 9 August 1138, a deadly earthquake ravaged the city and the surrounding area. Although estimates from this time are very unreliable, it is believed that 230,000 people died, making it the fifth deadliest earthquake in recorded history. After Tamerlane invaded Aleppo in 1400 and destroyed it,

3234-500: The second half of the 16th century, Suweiqa , etc. Other traditional souqs and khans in Jdeydeh quarter (outside the walled city): The most significant historic buildings of the ancient city include: The most significant historic buildings of Jdeydeh Christian quarter include: The old part of the city is surrounded with 5-kilometre-long (3.1-mile) thick walls, pierced by the nine historical gates (many of them are well-preserved) of

3300-489: The souq accommodated the traders and their goods in khans ( caravanserais ) and scattered in the souq. Other types of small market-places were called caeserias (قيساريات). Caeserias are smaller than khans in their sizes and functioned as workshops for craftsmen. Most of the khans took their names after their location in the souq and function, and are characterized with their beautiful façades and entrances with fortified wooden doors. The most significant khans within and along

3366-404: The stele of Naram-Sin and carried it off, bringing it to the land of Elam. For Inshushinak, my god, I set it as an offering." A similar stele fragment (ES 1027), 57 centimeters high by 42 centimeters wide by 20 deep, depicting Naram-Sin was found a few miles north-east of Diarbekr , at Pir Hüseyin in a well, though this was not its original context. It is said to have been first found Miyafarkin,

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3432-514: The story to viewers, however the more traditional horizontal frames are visible on smaller broken pieces. It has been suggested that it contains the first depictions of battle standards and plate armor . The stele is 200 centimeters tall and 105 centimeters wide and is made from pinkish limestone. For contrast see the Victory Stele of Rimush over Lagash or the Victory stele of Sargon . The stele

3498-423: The successor of Naram-Sin, Shar-Kali-Sharri , are known, particularly seal impressions, which refer to him as governor of Lagash and at the time a vassal ( 𒀵 , arad , "servant" or "slave") of Naram-Sin. Naram-Sin, the mighty God of Agade, king of the four corners of the world, Lugalushumgal, the scribe, ensi of Lagash , is thy servant. The pivotal event of Naram-Sin's reign was a widespread revolt against

3564-527: The text challenging. The text mentions about twenty gods, mostly Elamite but with a few Sumerian and Akkadian, including Inshushinak , Humban , Nahiti , Simut , and Pinikir . It has been suggested that the formal treaty allowed Naram-Sin to have peace on his eastern borders, so that he could deal more effectively with the threat from Gutium . The conquest of Armanum (location unknown but proposed as Tall Bazi ) with its ruler Rid-Adad and Ebla (55 kilometers southwest of modern Aleppo) by Naram-Sin (Ebla

3630-453: The various city-states by the simple expedient of appointing some of his many sons as key provincial governors, and his daughters as high priestesses. He also reformed the scribal system. A few loyal local governors remained in place. This included Meskigal , as governor of the city-state of Adab and Karsum governor of the unlocated Niqqum. Another was Lugal-ushumgal of Lagash . Several inscriptions of Lugal-ushumgal, who went on to serve

3696-551: The witches, in William Shakespeare 's Macbeth , written between 1603 and 1607. Aleppo is characterized by mixed architectural styles, having been ruled, among the other, by Romans, Byzantines, Seljuqs, Mamluks and Ottomans. Various types of 13th and 14th centuries constructions, such as caravanserais, caeserias, Quranic schools, hammams and religious buildings are found in the old city . The quarters of Jdeydeh district are home to numerous 16th and 17th-century houses of

3762-735: Was a son of Manishtushu . He was thus a nephew of King Rimush and grandson of Sargon and Tashlultum . Naram-Sin's aunt was the High Priestess En-hedu-ana . Most recensions of the Sumerian King List show him following Manishitshu but The Ur III version of the king list inverts the order of Rimush and Manishtushu. To be fully correct, rather than Naram-Sin or Naram-Suen "in Old Akkadian, the name in question should rather be reconstructed as Naram-Suyin (more precisely, /narām-tsuyin/) or Naram-Suʾin (/narām-tsuʾin/)". Naram-Sin defeated Manium of Magan, and various northern hill tribes in

3828-547: Was administered by a legate from Rome, Rome did not impose its administrative organization on the Greek-speaking ruling class. Beroea is mentioned in 2 Maccabees 13:3. The Sassanid King Khosrow I pillaged and burned Aleppo in 540 CE. Later on, the Sassanid Persians invaded Syria briefly in the early 7th century. Soon after, Aleppo fell to Arab Muslims under Khalid ibn al-Walid in 637. In 944, it became

3894-449: Was also defeated by his grandfather Sargon) is known from one of his year names "The year the king went on a campaign in Amarnum" and from an Old Babylonian copy of a statue inscription (IM 85461) found at Ur . There are also three objects, a marble lamp, a stone plaque, and a copper bowl, inscribed "Naram-Sin, the mighty, king of the four quarters, conqueror of Armanum and Ebla.". In 2010

3960-648: Was finally abandoned in 1979 to be replaced with a new plan presented by the Swiss expert and urban designer Stefano Bianca , which adopted the idea of "preserving the traditional architectural style of Ancient Aleppo" paving the way for prominent local activists, among them Adli Qudsi , to convince UNESCO to declare the Ancient City of Aleppo as a World Heritage Site in 1986. The armed conflict in Syria started in March 2011 and has constantly escalated leading to significant violence and degradation of humanitarian conditions. Since

4026-562: Was found by Jacques de Morgan at Susa , and is now in the Louvre Museum (Sb 4). The inscription over the head of the king is in the Akkadian language and very fragmentary, but reads: "[Nar]am-Sin, the mighty, <Lacuna> ..., Sidu[r-x] (and) the highlanders of Lullubum assembled together ... bat[tle]. For/to <Lacuna> the high[landers ...] <Lacuna> [heap]ed up [a burial mound over them], ... (and) dedicated (this object) [to

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4092-417: Was inaccurate by about 1,500 years. King Naram-Sin is a character in the 2021 video game House of Ashes , with the main plot occurring in his personal temple. In the game, he is the self-proclaimed "God King" of Akkad, and is engaged in a war with the Gutians after being cursed by the god Enlil ; whom he angered after the sacking his temple. Naram-Sin was voiced and motion captured by Sami Karim. In

4158-438: Was possibly married to an unidentified endan (ruler) of Urkesh. A recently found cylinder seal, looted from Urasagrig , shows that the governor there, Sharatigubishin, was also a son. Other known children include Enmenana the "zirru priestess of the god Nanna, spouse of the god N[anna], entu priestess of the god Sin at Ur", Šumšani ēntum-priestess of Shamash at Sippar, a son who was governor at Marad, an unnamed daughter who

4224-407: Was recorded as "the Year when Naram-Sin was victorious against Simurrum in Kirasheniwe and took prisoner Baba the governor of Simurrum, and Dubul the ensi of Arame". Other year names refer to his construction work on temples in Akkad , Nippur, and Zabala . He also built administrative centers at Nagar and Nineveh . In general it is not possible to assign an order to Naram-Sin's year name with

4290-411: Was surrounded by a broad deep ditch. The newer Jdeydeh quarters of the old city were first built by the Christians during the early 15th century in the northern suburbs of the ancient city, after the Mongol withdrawal from Aleppo. Jdeydeh is one of the finest examples of a cell-like quarter in Aleppo. As a result of the economic development, many other quarters were established outside the walls of

4356-424: Was ēntum-priestesses at Nippur, Bin-kali-šarrē, Lipit-ilē (governor at Marad ), Rigmuš-ālsu, Me-Ulmaš, and Ukēn-Ulmaš and a granddaughter Lipus-ia-um. One daughter, Tuṭṭanabšum (Tudanapšum), held the position of high priestess of Enlil at Nippur, the most important religious position in the empire. She was also deified, the only female and only non-king to be made a god. Naram-Sin's Victory Stele depicts him as

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