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62-423: In Antiquity and Early Middle Ages the city was known as Rinokoroura ( Ancient Greek : Ῥινοκόρουρα , Coptic : ϩⲣⲓⲛⲟⲕⲟⲣⲟⲩⲣⲁ ). ʻArīsh is located at the mouth of Wadi el-ʻArīsh  [ ru ] ( Wadi El Arish  [ he ] ), a 250 kilometres (160 mi) long ephemeral watercourse. The Azzaraniq Protectorate is on the eastern side of ʻArīsh. There are several hypothetical possibilities for

124-473: A boy living on the island of Samos, to which he had fled with his family from the oppressions of Lygdamis, tyrant of Halicarnassus and grandson of Artemisia. Panyassis , the epic poet related to Herodotus, is reported to have taken part in a failed uprising. The Suda also states that Herodotus later returned home to lead the revolt that eventually overthrew the tyrant. Due to recent discoveries of inscriptions at Halicarnassus dated to about Herodotus's time, it

186-458: A city that already existed in the Byzantine period. However, no Arab source mentions such a change of name for any city in the region, and there is no plausible explanation for this change. A third possibility is that the name el-Arish was created when a new settlement of some "huts" ( Arabic : عرش , romanized :  ʕarš ) was established in the 7th or 8th century . It is possible that

248-646: A historical topic more in keeping with the Greek world-view: focused on the context of the polis or city-state. The interplay of civilizations was more relevant to Greeks living in Anatolia, such as Herodotus himself, for whom life within a foreign civilization was a recent memory. Before the Persian crisis, history had been represented among the Greeks only by local or family traditions. The "Wars of Liberation" had given to Herodotus

310-404: A literary critic of Augustan Rome , listed seven predecessors of Herodotus, describing their works as simple unadorned accounts of their own and other cities and people, Greek or foreign, including popular legends, sometimes melodramatic and naïve, often charming – all traits that can be found in the work of Herodotus himself. Modern historians regard the chronology as uncertain, but according to

372-522: A native of Halicarnassus in Anatolia , and it is generally accepted that he was born there around 485 BC. The Suda says his family was influential, that he was the son of Lyxes and Dryo and the brother of Theodorus, and that he was also related to Panyassis – an epic poet of the time. Halicarnassus was then within the Persian Empire , making Herodotus a Persian subject, and it may be that

434-575: A result, the places where these people came from or relocated to were given new names that reflected their disfigurement. While the Greek name Rinokoloura may have existed from the outset, it is possible that it was a translation of a name with the same meaning in another language. When the city became a part of the Ptolemaic Empire , an Egyptian tradition emerged that may have transformed the Persian king into an Ethiopian king named Actisanes . First mentioned by Diodorus , who based his information on

496-680: A version of the Histories written by "Herodotus of Thurium", and some passages in the Histories have been interpreted as proof that he wrote about Magna Graecia from personal experience there (IV, 15,99; VI, 127). According to Ptolemaeus Chennus , a late source summarized in the Library of Photius , Plesirrhous the Thessalian, the hymnographer, was the eromenos of Herodotus and his heir. This account has also led some historians to assume Herodotus died childless. Intimate knowledge of some events in

558-510: A young Thucydides happened to be in the assembly with his father, and burst into tears during the recital. Herodotus observed prophetically to the boy's father: "Your son's soul yearns for knowledge." Eventually, Thucydides and Herodotus became close enough for both to be interred in Thucydides's tomb in Athens. Such at least was the opinion of Marcellinus in his Life of Thucydides . According to

620-430: Is believed to have been transcribed during the reigns of Trajan or Hadrian , but its composition dates back to the late 1st century . This text contains numerous invocations of Isis and mentions Rinokoloura, where she is called 'all-seeing' ( Ancient Greek : παντόπτιν ). A number of funerary steles with a repeated consolation formula "nobody is immortal" ( Ancient Greek : ούδείς άθάνατος ) were found in and around

682-618: Is consistent with a tyrant under pressure. His name is not mentioned later in the tribute list of the Athenian Delian League , indicating that there might well have been a successful uprising against him some time before 454 BC. Herodotus wrote his Histories in the Ionian dialect , in spite of being born in a Dorian settlement. According to the Suda , Herodotus learned the Ionian dialect as

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744-465: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Herodotus Herodotus ( Ancient Greek : Ἡρόδοτος , romanized :  Hēródotos ; c.  484  – c.  425 BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus , part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum , Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria , Italy. He wrote

806-486: Is generally assumed that he died not long afterwards, possibly before his sixtieth year. Herodotus would have made his researches known to the larger world through oral recitations to a public crowd. John Marincola writes in his introduction to the Penguin edition of the Histories that there are certain identifiable pieces in the early books of Herodotus's work which could be labeled as "performance pieces". These portions of

868-407: Is located 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of the city. Herodotus describes a city named Ienysos ( Ancient Greek : Ιηνυσος ) located between Lake Serbonis and Kadytis . It is possible that Ienysos is the predecessor of Rinokoloura, but there is no clear evidence to support this identification. The foundation of the city is closely linked to the etymology of its name. The explanation given by

930-794: Is now known that the Ionic dialect was used in Halicarnassus in some official documents, so there is no need to assume (like the Suda ) that he must have learned the dialect elsewhere. The Suda is the only source placing Herodotus as the heroic liberator of his birthplace, casting doubt upon the veracity of that romantic account. As Herodotus himself reveals, Halicarnassus, though a Dorian city, had ended its close relations with its Dorian neighbours after an unseemly quarrel (I, 144), and it had helped pioneer Greek trade with Egypt (II, 178). It was, therefore, an outward-looking, international-minded port within

992-602: Is on account of the many strange stories and the folk-tales he reported that his critics have branded him "The Father of Lies". Even his own contemporaries found reason to scoff at his achievement. In fact, one modern scholar has wondered whether Herodotus left his home in Greek Anatolia , migrating westwards to Athens and beyond, because his own countrymen had ridiculed his work, a circumstance possibly hinted at in an epitaph said to have been dedicated to Herodotus at one of his three supposed resting places, Thuria : Herodotus

1054-601: The Histories , a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars , and was the first writer to apply a scientific method to historical events. He has been described as " The Father of History ", a title conferred on him by the ancient Roman orator Cicero , and the " Father of Lies " by others. The Histories primarily cover the lives of prominent kings and famous battles such as Marathon , Thermopylae , Artemisium , Salamis , Plataea , and Mycale . His work deviates from

1116-513: The Palestine campaign . The remains of those who died there were later moved to Kantara Cemetery. In December 1916, during World War I , the Anzac Mounted Division and other British Empire units captured the 'Arish area from Ottoman forces. In Australia, the town of El Arish, Queensland was named in memory of this action. El-ʻArīsh Military Cemetery, designed by Robert Lorimer ,

1178-524: The Alcmaeonids , a clan whose history is featured frequently in his writing. According to Plutarch , Herodotus was granted a financial reward by the Athenian assembly in recognition of his work. Plutarch, using Diyllus as a source, says this was 10 talents . In 443 BC or shortly afterwards, he migrated to Thurii , in modern Calabria , as part of an Athenian-sponsored colony . Aristotle refers to

1240-663: The Brook of Egypt , when identified as the Pelusian branch of the Nile. In ancient times, the Pelusian was the easternmost branch of the Nile, which subsequently ran dry. It was located roughly where the present Suez Canal lies. This usage of the term is found in the Septuagint translation of Isaiah 27:12. Presumably the locality mentioned by Strabo and Diodorus lay in its vicinity and gave its name to

1302-486: The Euphrates to Babylon . For some reason, possibly associated with local politics, he subsequently found himself unpopular in Halicarnassus, and sometime around 447 BC, migrated to Periclean Athens  – a city whose people and democratic institutions he openly admired (V, 78). Athens was also the place where he came to know the local topography (VI, 137; VIII, 52–55), as well as leading citizens such as

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1364-591: The Israeli Defense Forces massacred "hundreds" of Egyptian prisoners of war and wounded soldiers in the Sinai Peninsula , on 8 June 1967. Survivors alleged that approximately 400 wounded Egyptians were buried alive outside the captured El Arish International Airport , and that 150 prisoners in the mountains of the Sinai were run over by Israeli tanks. Certain media sources, including Israeli media, dispute

1426-759: The Peloponnesian War on the abduction of some prostitutes – a mocking reference to Herodotus, who reported the Persians' account of their wars with Greece , beginning with the rapes of the mythical heroines Io , Europa , Medea , and Helen . Similarly, the Athenian historian Thucydides dismissed Herodotus as a story-teller. Thucydides, who had been trained in rhetoric , became the model for subsequent prose-writers as an author who seeks to appear firmly in control of his material, whereas with his frequent digressions Herodotus appeared to minimize (or possibly disguise) his authorial control. Moreover, Thucydides developed

1488-509: The Persian Empire , and the historian's family could well have had contacts in other countries under Persian rule, facilitating his travels and his researches. Herodotus's eyewitness accounts indicate that he traveled in Egypt in association with Athenians, probably sometime after 454 BC or possibly earlier, after an Athenian fleet had assisted the uprising against Persian rule in 460–454 BC. He probably traveled to Tyre next and then down

1550-569: The Suda , he was buried in Macedonian Pella and in the agora in Thurii. Herodotus announced the purpose and scope of his work at the beginning of his Histories: Here are presented the results of the inquiry carried out by Herodotus of Halicarnassus. The purpose is to prevent the traces of human events from being erased by time, and to preserve the fame of the important and remarkable achievements produced by both Greeks and non-Greeks; among

1612-476: The Aegyptiaca of Hecataeus of Abdera , written in the 4th century BC , Actisanes conquered Egypt during the reign of king Amasis. He governed Egypt with justice and benevolence, and instead of executing convicted criminals, he had their noses cut off and relocated them to a city at the desert's edge, near the border between Egypt and Syria. In Ptolemaic Egypt , Rinocoroura was considered the last city of Egypt, on

1674-638: The Jews , Book 14, 14:2; The Jewish War , Book 1, 14). The coastal Rhinocolura (or one of them, if there were two) is commonly identified with El-Arish . It is uncertain if this is identical to the Rhinocorura of Strabo and Diodorus. Archaeologists have found no evidence of occupation prior to the Hellenistic period at El-Arish. As Rhinocolura or Rhinocorura , the Wadi El-Arish . The drying up and disappearance of

1736-667: The Pelusian arm of the Nile led Biblical commentators to identify the Rhinocurara of the Septuagint (the " Brook of Egypt ") with the Wadi El-Arish, which provides water to El-Arish identified with the coastal Rhinocolura of Pliny and Josephus. Rhinocolura or Rhinocorura ( Latin : Rhinocoruritanus ), a Catholic titular see and suffragan diocese of Pelusium , representing the Sinai [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with

1798-407: The ancient account, these predecessors included Dionysius of Miletus , Charon of Lampsacus, Hellanicus of Lesbos , Xanthus of Lydia and, the best attested of them all, Hecataeus of Miletus . Of these, only fragments of Hecataeus's works survived, and the authenticity of these is debatable, but they provide a glimpse into the kind of tradition within which Herodotus wrote his own Histories . It

1860-579: The audience. It was conventional in Herodotus's day for authors to "publish" their works by reciting them at popular festivals. According to Lucian , Herodotus took his finished work straight from Anatolia to the Olympic Games and read the entire Histories to the assembled spectators in one sitting, receiving rapturous applause at the end of it. According to a very different account by an ancient grammarian, Herodotus refused to begin reading his work at

1922-603: The border with Coele-Syria . During the second invasion of Antiochus IV in the spring of 168 BCE , an embassy of Ptolemy VI met him near Rinokoloura, which in about 79 BCE came under the rule of the Judaean Kingdom of Alexander Jannaeus , while in 40 BCE , Herod I sought refuge in Rinokoloura on his way to Pelusium , where he received news of his brother's death. The Oxyrhynchus papyrus , traditionally referred to as 'an invocation of Isis' or 'a Greek Isis litany,'

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1984-408: The challenge is great: The data are so few – they rest upon such late and slight authority; they are so improbable or so contradictory, that to compile them into a biography is like building a house of cards, which the first breath of criticism will blow to the ground. Still, certain points may be approximately fixed ... Herodotus was, according to his own statement, at the beginning of his work,

2046-614: The city of Mohonon" (ⲥⲱⲗⲟⲙⲟⲛ ⲛϣⲱⲣⲡⲟ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙⲟϩⲟⲛⲟⲛ); in the Arabic version, the writer is identified as being "of el-Arish". Timm raises the possibility that Shorpo ( Coptic : ϣⲱⲣⲡⲟ ) may be another name for el-Arish. Arish is in the northern Sinai, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the Rafah Border Crossing with the Gaza Strip . North Sinai is targeted by Egyptian government planners to divert population growth from

2108-488: The city of Rinokoloura fell into ruins in the first half of the 7th century, and a new community arose that the new inhabitants started to call el-Arish, after their poor living conditions. M. Ignace de Rossi derived the Arabic name from the Egyptian ϫⲟⲣϣⲁ(ⲓ) , Jorsha , 'noseless', an analogue of Greek Rinocorura. A Coptic-Arabic colophon dating to 1616 mentions the writer "Solomon of Shorpo, son of Michael, from

2170-463: The city, a church illuminated by oil lamps, and an episcopal dwelling where the entire clergy of the city resided and dined together. Hieronymus reported that in the early 5th century the inhabitants of Rinokoloura and other nearby cities spoke Syrian . However, as most of the epitaphs discovered in the area are written in Greek, and one is in Coptic, it is unclear which segment of the population Hieronymus

2232-460: The city. The earliest reliable Christian reference to Rinokoloura can be found in Athanasius's Epistula ad Serapionem , in which Salomon was appointed as bishop of Rinokoloura, possibly in 339 AD. Sozomen also refers to Rinokoloura in the mid-5th century AD, stating that the city was a center of scholarship, with a meditation school ( Ancient Greek : φροντιστήριον ) located in the desert north of

2294-472: The classic authors is that it comes from a compound of "nose" ( Ancient Greek : ῥίς ) and "curtail, cut short" ( Ancient Greek : κολούω ). Thus modern scholars, following the version given by Seneca , believe that in the 4th century BC, a Persian king, believed to be either Artaxerxes II or Artaxerxes III , conducted a campaign in Syria where he punished people, possibly a tribe, by mutilating their noses. As

2356-439: The festival of Olympia until some clouds offered him a bit of shade – by which time the assembly had dispersed. (Hence the proverbial expression "Herodotus and his shade" to describe someone who misses an opportunity through delay.) Herodotus's recitation at Olympia was a favourite theme among ancient writers, and there is another interesting variation on the story to be found in the Suda : that of Photius and Tzetzes , in which

2418-422: The first genuinely historical inspiration felt by a Greek. These wars showed him that there was a corporate life, higher than that of the city, of which the story might be told; and they offered to him as a subject the drama of the collision between East and West. With him, the spirit of history was born into Greece; and his work, called after the nine Muses, was indeed the first utterance of Clio . Though Herodotus

2480-500: The first years of the Peloponnesian War (VI, 91; VII, 133, 233; IX, 73) suggests that he returned to Athens, in which case it is possible that he died there during an outbreak of the plague. It is also possible he died in Macedonia instead, after obtaining the patronage of the court there; or else he died back in Thurii. There is nothing in the Histories that can be dated to later than 430 BC with any certainty, and it

2542-494: The high-density Nile Delta . It is proposed that by completing infrastructure, transportation and irrigation projects, three million Egyptians may be settled in North Sinai. Arish is the closest city to Lake Bardawil . Its Köppen climate classification is hot desert (BWh), although prevailing Mediterranean winds moderate its temperatures, typical to the rest of the northern coast of Egypt . The highest record temperature

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2604-440: The lawyer David Lloyd George a charter draft, but his application was turned down once an expedition, led by Leopold Kessler had returned and submitted a detailed report to Herzl, which outlined a proposal to divert some of the Nile waters to the area for the purpose of settlement. During World War I , the fort was destroyed by British bombers. It was later the location of the 45th Stationary Hospital which treated casualties of

2666-473: The main topics to provide a cultural, ethnographical , geographical, and historiographical background that forms an essential part of the narrative and provides readers with a wellspring of additional information. Herodotus was criticized in ancient times for his inclusion of "legends and fanciful accounts" in his work. The contemporaneous historian Thucydides accused him of making up stories for entertainment. He retorted that he reported what he could see and

2728-424: The matters covered is, in particular, the cause of the hostilities between Greeks and non-Greeks. His record of the achievements of others was an achievement in itself, though the extent of it has been debated. Herodotus's place in history and his significance may be understood according to the traditions within which he worked. His work is the earliest Greek prose to have survived intact. Dionysius of Halicarnassus ,

2790-544: The occurrence of a massacre. In 1995, two graves holding the remains of 30 to 60 people, allegedly Egyptian soldiers killed after their surrender during the 1967 War, were found near Arish. On 24 November 2017, in the Sinai mosque attack , 305 people were killed in a bomb and gun attack at the mosque in al-Rawda , 45 kilometres (28 mi) west of ʻArīsh. On 9 February 2021 six locals were killed by ISIL terrorists. There are some Australian war graves from WWI. In 1995 two mass graves were found near Arish. An expedition

2852-458: The origin of the modern name of the city, which is first mentioned under it in the 9th century. One possibility is that the name might be an Arab phonetic transcription of a pre-existing toponym. However, there is no name that fully qualifies as such, apart from the Ariza ( Ancient Greek : Αριζα ) of Hierokles , which is difficult to interpret. Another possibility is that the name el-Arish was given to

2914-722: The original site by the Ottoman Empire in 1560. During the Napoleonic Wars , the French laid siege to the fort, which fell after 11 days on February 19, 1799. Theodor Herzl , the founder of Zionism , proposed ʻArīsh as a Jewish homeland since neither Sultan Abdul Hamid II nor Kaiser Wilhelm II supported settlement in Palestine . In 1903, Joseph Chamberlain , the British colonial secretary, agreed to consider ʻArīsh, and Herzl commissioned

2976-468: The research seem independent and "almost detachable", so that they might have been set aside by the author for the purposes of an oral performance. The intellectual matrix of the 5th century, Marincola suggests, comprised many oral performances in which philosophers would dramatically recite such detachable pieces of their work. The idea was to criticize previous arguments on a topic and emphatically and enthusiastically insert their own in order to win over

3038-497: The river. As Rhinocolura , the name of one or two (depending on interpretation) coastal towns mentioned by Pliny and Josephus . Pliny writes, ambiguously, "and the two towns of Rhinocolura, inland Raphia , Gaza and inland Anthedon ". (Pliny, Historia Naturalis , V,14.) Josephus mentions a coastal Rhinocolura near Gaza, Anthedon and Raphia. (Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews , Book 13, 15:4; Book 24, 11:5). He also mentions Rhinocolura in connection with Pelusium ( Antiquities of

3100-911: The same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Authority control databases : Geographic [REDACTED] Pleiades Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhinocorura&oldid=1260059685 " Categories : Set index articles Geography of ancient Egypt Hebrew Bible rivers Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from October 2024 All articles lacking sources Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles containing Latin-language text Articles with short description Short description

3162-470: The son of Sphynx lies; in Ionic history without peer; a Dorian born, who fled from slander's brand and made in Thuria his new native land. Yet it was in Athens where his most formidable contemporary critics could be found. In 425 BC, which is about the time that Herodotus is thought by many scholars to have died, the Athenian comic dramatist Aristophanes created The Acharnians , in which he blames

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3224-585: The translators were perhaps aware of a similar 'brook' in the vicinity of the city. However, it appears that the association between Rinokoloura and the 'brook of Egypt' may be due more to the contemporary political border between Egypt and Syria, which had shifted further southward since the 8th century AD. In the Middle Ages , pilgrims misidentified the site as the Sukkot of the Bible . New fortifications were constructed at

3286-404: The young Herodotus heard local eyewitness accounts of events within the empire and of Persian preparations for the invasion of Greece , including the movements of the local fleet under the command of Artemisia I of Caria . Inscriptions recently discovered at Halicarnassus indicate that Artemesia's grandson Lygdamis negotiated with a local assembly to settle disputes over seized property, which

3348-573: Was 45 °C (113 °F), recorded on May 29, 2003, while the lowest record temperature was −6 °C (21 °F), recorded on January 8, 1994. The city is served by el Arish International Airport . The Northern Coastal Highway runs from el-Qantarah at the Suez Canal through Arish to the Gaza border crossing at Rafah . The railway line from Cairo is under re-construction with formation works completed only as far as Bir al-Abed , west of Arish. The route

3410-589: Was an air battle between Egyptian and Israeli air forces over ʻArīsh. As a result of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War , 'Arish was under Israeli occupation; it was returned to Egypt in 1979 after the signing of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty . In 1967 there was a massacre of Egyptian prisoners of war by the Israeli Defense Forces during the Six Day War . According to the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights ,

3472-443: Was built in 1919 for Commonwealth personnel who died during World War I. It is one of several commonwealth war cemeteries in the region, including two in the Gaza Strip . A Royal Air Force airfield, known as RAF El Arish, was a base for air sea rescue and other operations, during World War II. ʻArīsh was briefly controlled by Israeli forces, during both the 1948 Palestine war and the 1956 Suez War . On December 8, 1958, there

3534-517: Was formerly part of the Palestine Railways built during World War I and World War II to connect Egypt with Turkey. The railway was cut during the formation of Israel. The city is the site of a deep-water seaport capable of serving ships up to 30,000 tonnes, the only such port on the Sinai Peninsula. Its major exports are cement, sand, salt and marble. The Sinai White Cement Company plant

3596-544: Was founded by the Ethiopian king Actisanes as a place of exile for those found guilty of robbery whom he punished by cutting off their noses. Strabo 's version of the story claims that it was settled by Ethiopians who had attempted to invade Egypt and were subsequently punished by having their noses cut off. It may be identical with the Egyptian border fortress Tjaru , to which officials, who had committed crimes, were banished after having their noses cut off. As Rhinocorura ,

3658-439: Was referring to. According to John of Nikiu , in 610 AD the army of general Bonosos passed through Rinocoroura (mentioned under the corrupted name Bikuran) on its way to Athribis . The story of Hesychios of Jerusalem reveals the existence of a wadi near Rinokoloura. In one instance, the Septuagint (Isaiah 27:12) translates 'the brook of Egypt ,' which designates the southern border of Israel, as Rinokoloura, suggesting that

3720-871: Was sponsored by al-Ahram , Cairo 's government-run newspaper found mass graves of Egyptian POWs from 1967. Rhinocorura "Rhinocolura" redirects here. For the genus of planthoppers, see Rhinocolura (planthopper) . [REDACTED] This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Find sources:   "Rhinocorura"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( October 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Rhinocorura ( Ancient Greek : Ῥινοκόρουρα , romanized :  Rhinokóroura , or Ῥινοκούρουρα , Rhinokoúroura ) or Rhinocolura ( Ῥινοκόλουρα , Rhinokóloura )

3782-473: Was the name of a region and one or more associated towns and rivers lying between Ancient Egypt and Palestine. The name may refer explicitly to: As Rhinocorura , a desert location on the border between Ancient Egypt and Palestine mentioned by Strabo ( Geographia XVI, 2, 31-32) and Diodorus Siculus ( Historic Library Vol 1, Chap. 60). This appears to be the original usage of the name, which means " cut-off noses " in Greek . Diodorus relates that it

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3844-457: Was told. A sizable portion of the Histories has since been confirmed by modern historians and archaeologists . Modern scholars generally turn to Herodotus's own writing for reliable information about his life, supplemented with ancient yet much later sources, such as the Byzantine Suda , an 11th-century encyclopedia which possibly took its information from traditional accounts. Still,

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