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74-494: Aki Olavi Kaurismäki ( Finnish pronunciation: [ˈɑki ˈkɑu̯rismæki] ; born 4 April 1957) is a Finnish film director and screenwriter. He is best known for the award-winning Drifting Clouds (1996), The Man Without a Past (2002), Le Havre (2011), The Other Side of Hope (2017) and Fallen Leaves (2023), as well as Leningrad Cowboys Go America (1989). He has been described as Finland's best-known film director. After graduating in media studies from

148-434: A deck . Upon ingestion, a digital video stream from tape is converted to computer files. These files can be edited directly or converted to an intermediate format for editing. Then video is output in its final format, possibly to a film recorder for theatrical exhibition, or back to video tape for broadcast use. Original video tapes are kept as an archival medium. The files generated by the non-linear editing application contain

222-544: A feature film . The term is seldom applied when digital acquisition is substituted for video acquisition, as with live broadcast television programs. Professional cameras include the Sony CineAlta (F) Series, Blackmagic Cinema Camera , Red One, Arriflex D-20 , D-21 and Alexa , Panavision Genesis , Silicon Imaging SI-2K , Thomson Viper , Vision Research Phantom , IMAX 3D camera based on two Vision Research Phantom cores, Weisscam HS-1 and HS-2, GS Vitec noX, and

296-585: A "digital print" fee to theater owners, have helped to alleviate these concerns. Digital projection also offers increased flexibility with respect to showing trailers and pre-show advertisements and allowing theater owners to more easily move films between screens or change how many screens a film is playing on, and the higher quality of digital projection provides a better experience to help attract consumers who can now access high-definition content at home. These factors have resulted in digital projection becoming an increasingly attractive prospect for theater owners, and

370-453: A Past FIPRESCI Award 2011 Le Havre FIPRESCI Grand Prix 2002 The Man Without a Past 2017 The Other Side of Hope 2023 Fallen Leaves Jussi for Best Film 2006 Lights in the Dusk Jussi for Best Debut Film 1983 Crime and Punishment Jussi for Best Script 1983 Crime and Punishment 1996 Drifting Clouds 2002 The Man Without

444-528: A Past 2011 Le Havre Jussi for Best Direction 1990 The Match Factory Girl 1992 La vie de bohème 1996 Drifting Clouds 2002 The Man Without a Past São Paulo Audience Award for Best Feature 1996 Drifting Clouds Drifting Clouds (film) Drifting Clouds ( Finnish : Kauas pilvet karkaavat ) is a 1996 Finnish comedy drama film edited, written, produced, and directed by Aki Kaurismäki and starring Kati Outinen , Kari Väänänen and Markku Peltola . The film

518-415: A Sony HDW-F900 camera, following Robert Rodriguez's introduction to the camera at Lucas' Skywalker Ranch facility whilst editing the sound for Spy Kids . A lesser-known movie, Russian Ark (2002), was also shot with the same camera and was the first tapeless digital movie, recorded on HDD instead of tape. In 2009, Slumdog Millionaire became the first movie shot mainly in digital to be awarded

592-473: A ceasefire and an end to the killing of civilians amid the 2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip , and for a humanitarian corridor into Gaza to be established for humanitarian aid, and the release of hostages. Feature films Documentaries Short films Music Videos As an actor Kaurismäki's film Ariel (1988) was entered into the 16th Moscow International Film Festival where it won

666-406: A characteristic grain structure. Different film stocks have different grain. Digitally acquired footage lacks this grain structure. It has electronic noise . The process of using digital intermediate workflow, where movies are color graded digitally instead of via traditional photochemical finishing techniques, has become common. In order to utilize digital intermediate workflow with film,

740-455: A giant poster for Robert Bresson 's L’Argent . It also features the jukebox from Leningrad Cowboys Meet Moses . Kaurismäki is known for his extremely minimalistic style. He has been called an auteur , since he writes, directs, produces and usually edits the films himself, and thus introduces his personal "drollery and deadpan" style. The camera is usually still. Events are shown in a plain manner and characters are usually left alone facing

814-708: A handful of other frames referring to this frame. If the full frame, called I-frame , is lost due to transmission or media error, none of the P-frames or B-frames (the referenced images) can be displayed. In this case, the whole GOP is lost. Discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding is the most common data compression process used in digital film recording and editing, including the JPEG image compression standard and various video coding standards such as DV , DigiBeta , HDCAM , Apple ProRes , Avid DNxHD , MPEG , Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and AVCHD . An alternative to DCT coding

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888-428: A name and is owned by a tax-evading crook. After six weeks, the restaurant gets shut down by the government and Ilona is not paid by the dishonest owner. During their search for employment, Lauri and Ilona have bouts of heavy drinking, all the while running into former colleagues who have similar difficulties. They think of opening a new restaurant but can't raise the money. At one point, they even sell their car and take

962-479: A number of frames from before & after it. In normal playback this is not a problem, as each successive frame is played in order, so the preceding frames have already been decompressed. In editing, however, it is common to jump around to specific frames and to play footage backwards or at different speeds. Because of the need to decompress extra frames in these situations, inter-frame compression can cause performance problems for editing systems. Inter-frame compression

1036-507: A safer medium for storage, benefiting insurance and storage costs. As long as the negative does not completely degrade, it will always be possible to recover the images from it in the future, regardless of changes in technology, since all that will be involved is simple photographic reproduction. In contrast, even if digital data is stored on a medium that will preserve its integrity, highly specialized digital equipment will always be required to reproduce it. Changes in technology may thus render

1110-525: A single computer workstation), are necessary due to the throughput required for real-time (320 MB/s for 2K @ 24fps) or near-real-time playback in post-production , compared to throughput available from a single, yet fast, hard disk drive. Such requirements are often termed as "on-line" storage. Post-production not requiring real-time playback performances (typically for lettering, subtitling, versioning and other similar visual effects) can be migrated to slightly slower RAID stores. Short-term archiving, "if ever",

1184-702: A single large bayer pattern CMOS sensor. A bayer pattern sensor does not sample full RGB data at every point; instead, each pixel is biased toward red, green or blue, and a full color image is assembled from this checkerboard of color by processing the image through a demosaicing algorithm. Generally with a bayer pattern sensor, actual resolution will fall somewhere between the "native" value and half this figure, with different demosaicing algorithms producing different results. Additionally, most digital cameras (both bayer and three-chip designs) employ optical low-pass filters to avoid aliasing ; suboptimal antialiasing filtering can further reduce system resolution. Film has

1258-449: A television which he purchased on hire purchase . They talk about whether they can meet their financial obligations, but agree that the TV payments are manageable. Next day, as Lauri gets to work, he learns that the company will be laying off workers due to the non-profitability of certain tram routes and he is randomly chosen as one of those. The day after Lauri has finished his last shift, Ilona

1332-412: A vocal critic of digital cinematography , calling it "a devil's invention" and saying he "won't make a digital film in this life". In March 2014, however, he reconciled, saying that "in order to maintain my humble film oeuvre accessible to a potential audience, I have ended up in rendering it to digital in all its present and several of its as yet unknown forms". The political context of Kaurismäki's work

1406-518: A war." He was alarmed by their reaction and decided to make a film, The Other Side of Hope , in an effort to "change the Finns' attitude." "I respect Mrs. Merkel," he said, referring to the German chancellor's open-door refugee policy, "She is the only politician who seems to be at least interested in the problem." In a 2007 interview with the film scholar Andrew Nestingen, Kaurismäki said: "The real disgrace here

1480-659: Is JPEG 2000 discrete wavelet transform (DWT) coding, used in the Redcode and DCI XYZ video codecs as well as digital cinema distribution. For theaters with digital projectors, digital films may be distributed digitally, either shipped to theaters on hard drives or sent via the Internet or satellite networks. Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC , a joint venture of Disney, Fox, MGM, Paramount, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Universal and Warner Bros. Studios, has established standards for digital cinema projection. In July 2005, they released

1554-435: Is 1920×1080 pixels), digital cinema formats are usually specified in terms of horizontal resolution. As a shorthand, these resolutions are often given in " n K " notation, where n is the multiplier of 1024 such that the horizontal resolution of a corresponding full-aperture , digitized film frame is exactly 1024 n {\displaystyle 1024n} pixels. Here the "K" has a customary meaning corresponding to

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1628-543: Is Finland's refugee policy, which is shameful. We refuse refugee status on the flimsiest of grounds and send people back to secure places like Darfur, Iraq, and Somalia. It's perfectly safe, go ahead. Our policy is a stain among the Nordic nations. Shameful." In 2023, he said he was against Finland's entry into NATO . In December 2023, alongside 50 other filmmakers, Kaurismäki signed an open letter published in Libération demanding

1702-419: Is accomplished by moving the digital files into "slower" RAID arrays (still of either managed and unmanaged type, but with lower performances), where playback capability is poor to non-existent (unless via proxy images), but minimal editing and metadata harvesting is still feasible. Such intermediate requirements easily fall into the "mid-line" storage category. Long-term archiving is accomplished by backing up

1776-474: Is also disadvantageous because the loss of a single frame (say, due to a flaw writing data to a tape) will typically ruin all the frames until the next keyframe occurs. In the case of the HDV format, for instance, this may result in as many as 6 frames being lost with 720p recording, or 15 with 1080i. An inter-frame compressed video stream consists of groups of pictures (GOPs), each of which has only one full frame, and

1850-549: Is critical and singularly unromantic. Indeed, his characters often speak about how they wish to get away from Helsinki. Some end up in Mexico ( Ariel ), others in Estonia ( Shadows in Paradise , Calamari Union , and Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatjana ). Kaurismäki also uses, on purpose, characters, elements and settings that hark back to the 1960s and 1970s. Kaurismäki has been influenced by

1924-410: Is identical to that of a traditional negative from a film camera. Unlike a digital sensor, a film frame does not have a regular grid of discrete pixels. Determining resolution in digital acquisition seems straightforward, but it is significantly complicated by the way digital camera sensors work in the real world. This is particularly true in the case of high-end digital cinematography cameras that use

1998-446: Is informed by the owner of Dubrovnik that the restaurant is being sold to a chain and that all employees will be let go since the new company will be bringing in its own staff. Both start looking for work but with discouraging results. Lauri is offered a job as a bus driver but is unable to pass the medical exam and subsequently loses his professional driver's licence. Ilona gets a job at a rundown bar/restaurant which does not even have

2072-516: Is recorded as digital files onto random-access media like optical discs, hard disk drives or flash memory-based digital "magazines". These files can be easily copied to another storage device, typically to a large RAID (array of computer disks) connected to an editing system. Once data is copied from the on-set media to the storage array, they are erased and returned to the set for more shooting. Such RAID arrays, both of "managed" (for example, SANs and NASs ) and "unmanaged" (for example, JBoDs on

2146-778: Is the first in Kaurismäki's Finland trilogy, the other two films being The Man Without a Past and Lights in the Dusk . The film was selected as the Finnish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 69th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee. Ilona Koponen, a head waitress at Dubrovnik restaurant, is married to Lauri, a tram driver. They live in a small, modestly furnished apartment in Helsinki . As they come home from work late one night, Lauri surprises Ilona with

2220-472: Is very much influenced by his attitude to Finland's treatment of the working class. In his view, the social and political ramifications of class structures and lack of economic parity render lower-class workers replaceable cogs in an outdated machine. In December 2019, along with 42 other leading cultural figures, Kaurismäki signed a letter endorsing the UK Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn 's leadership in

2294-487: The 2019 UK general election . The letter stated that "Labour's election manifesto under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership offers a transformative plan that prioritises the needs of people and the planet over private profit and the vested interests of a few." Kaurismäki has been a critic of Finland's immigration policy . When Iraqi refugees arrived in Finland, Kaurismäki said many people in the country "perceived that as an attack, like

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2368-563: The Academy Award for Best Cinematography . The highest-grossing movie in the history of cinema, Avatar (2009), not only was shot on digital cameras as well, but also made the main revenues at the box office no longer by film, but digital projection . Major movies shot on digital video overtook those shot on film in 2013. Since 2016 over 90% of major films were shot on digital video. As of 2017 , 92% of films are shot on digital. Only 24 major films released in 2018 were shot on 35mm. Since

2442-549: The Midnight Sun Film Festival . His debut as an independent director was Crime and Punishment (1983), an adaptation of Dostoyevsky 's novel set in modern Helsinki . He gained worldwide attention with Leningrad Cowboys Go America (1989). In 1992, the New York Times film critic Vincent Canby declared Kaurismäki "an original ... one of cinema's most distinctive and idiosyncratic new artists, and possibly one of

2516-477: The Red One camera, followed by The Social Network in 2010. As of 2017 , 4K cameras are now commonplace, with most high-end films being shot at 4K resolution. Broadly, two workflow paradigms are used for data acquisition and storage in digital cinematography. With video-tape -based workflow, video is recorded to tape on set. This video is then ingested into a computer running non-linear editing software, using

2590-546: The University of Tampere , Kaurismäki worked as a bricklayer, postman, and dish-washer, long before pursuing his interest in cinema, first as a critic, and later as a screenwriter & director. He started his career as a co-screenwriter and actor in films made by his older brother, Mika Kaurismäki . He played the main role in Mika's film The Liar (1981). Together they founded the production company Villealfa Filmproductions and later

2664-407: The binary prefix " kibi " (ki). For instance, a 2K image is 2048 pixels wide, and a 4K image is 4096 pixels wide. Vertical resolutions vary with aspect ratios though; so a 2K image with an HDTV (16:9) aspect ratio is 2048×1152 pixels, while a 2K image with a SDTV or Academy ratio (4:3) is 2048×1536 pixels, and one with a Panavision ratio (2.39:1) would be 2048×856 pixels, and so on. Due to

2738-517: The " n K" notation not corresponding to specific horizontal resolutions per format a 2K image lacking, for example, the typical 35mm film soundtrack space, is only 1828 pixels wide, with vertical resolutions rescaling accordingly. This led to a plethora of motion-picture related video resolutions, which is quite confusing and often redundant with respect to the relatively few available projection standards. All formats designed for digital cinematography are progressive scan , and capture usually occurs at

2812-577: The 2000s, most movies across the world have been captured as well as distributed digitally. Today, cameras from companies like Sony , Panasonic , JVC and Canon offer a variety of choices for shooting high-definition video. At the high-end of the market, there has been an emergence of cameras aimed specifically at the digital cinema market. These cameras from Sony , Vision Research , Arri , Blackmagic Design , Panavision , Grass Valley and Red offer resolution and dynamic range that exceeds that of traditional video cameras, which are designed for

2886-561: The Cannes Film Festival in 2023. Kaurismäki became the second director, after Paul Thomas Anderson , to win his third FIPRESCI Grand Prix . Cannes Jury Prize 2023 Fallen Leaves Silver Bear 2017 The Other Side of Hope Cannes Grand Prix 2002 The Man Without a Past Cannes Ecumenical Jury Special Mention 1996 Drifting Clouds Cannes Prize of the Ecumenical Jury 2002 The Man Without

2960-770: The French directors Jean-Pierre Melville , Jacques Becker , and Robert Bresson , the Japanese director Yasujirō Ozu , the American director John Cassavetes , and some critics have also inferred the influence of Rainer Werner Fassbinder . His movies have a humorous side that can also be seen in the films of Jim Jarmusch , who has a cameo in Kaurismäki's film Leningrad Cowboys Go America . Jarmusch used actors who have appeared frequently in Kaurismäki's films in his own film Night on Earth , part of which takes place in Helsinki. Kaurismäki has been

3034-902: The Fusion Camera System. Independent micro-budget filmmakers have also pressed low-cost consumer and prosumer cameras into service for digital filmmaking. Flagship smartphones like the Apple iPhone have been used to shoot movies like Unsane (shot on the iPhone 7 Plus ) and Tangerine (shot on three iPhone 5S phones) and in January 2018, Unsane's director and Oscar winner Steven Soderbergh expressed an interest in filming other productions solely with iPhones going forward. Digital cinematography cameras capture digital images using image sensors , either charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors or CMOS active-pixel sensors , usually in one of two arrangements. Single chip cameras designed specifically for

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3108-612: The Prix FIPRESCI . Kaurismäki's most acclaimed film has been The Man Without a Past , which won the Grand Prix and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Foreign Language Film category in 2003. However, Kaurismäki refused to attend the Oscar ceremony, asserting that he did not feel like partying in a country that

3182-417: The camera negative must first be processed and then scanned to a digital format. Some filmmakers have years of experience achieving their artistic vision using the techniques available in a traditional photochemical workflow, and prefer that finishing/editing process. Digitally shot movies can be printed, transferred or archived on film. Large scale digital productions are often archived on film, as it provides

3256-412: The consequences. However, despite their tragedies and setbacks, the characters do not give up and eventually survive. Much of Kaurismäki's work is centred on Helsinki, such as the film Calamari Union , the proletariat trilogy ( Shadows in Paradise , Ariel and The Match Factory Girl ) and the Finland trilogy ( Drifting Clouds , The Man Without a Past and Lights in the Dusk ). His vision of Helsinki

3330-425: The desired results. The basis for digital cameras are metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) image sensors . The first practical semiconductor image sensor was the charge-coupled device (CCD), based on MOS capacitor technology. Following the commercialization of CCD sensors during the late 1970s to early 1980s, the entertainment industry slowly began transitioning to digital imaging and digital video over

3404-671: The digital cameras were subject to strobing or electrical damage from dust. Since 2015 digital has almost totally replaced film for high speed sequences up to 1000 frames per second. Some film directors such as Christopher Nolan , Paul Thomas Anderson and Quentin Tarantino have publicly criticized digital cinema, and advocated the use of film and film prints. Tarantino has suggested he may retire because he will no longer be able to have his films projected in 35mm in most American cinemas. Tarantino considers digital cinema to be simply "television in public." Christopher Nolan has speculated that

3478-472: The digital cinematography market often use a single sensor (much like digital photo cameras ), with dimensions similar in size to a 16 or 35 mm film frame or even (as with the Vision 65) a 65 mm film frame. An image can be projected onto a single large sensor exactly the same way it can be projected onto a film frame, so cameras with this design can be made with PL , PV and similar mounts, in order to use

3552-404: The digital cinematography world compress footage one frame at a time, as if a video stream is a series of still images. This is called intra-frame compression. Inter-frame compression systems can further compress data by examining and eliminating redundancy between frames. This leads to higher compression ratios, but displaying a single frame will usually require the playback system to decompress

3626-901: The digital files from the RAID, using standard practices and equipment for data backup from the IT industry, often to data tapes (like LTOs ). Most digital cinematography systems further reduce data rate by subsampling color information. Because the human visual system is much more sensitive to luminance than to color, lower resolution color information can be overlaid with higher resolution luma (brightness) information, to create an image that looks very similar to one in which both color and luma information are sampled at full resolution. This scheme may cause pixelation or color bleeding under some circumstances. High quality digital cinematography systems are capable of recording full resolution color data (4:4:4) or raw sensor data . Most compression systems used for acquisition in

3700-585: The digital material. Archiving digital material is turning out to be extremely costly, and it creates issues in terms of long-term preservation. In a 2007 study, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences found that the cost of storing 4K digital masters is "enormously higher – 1100% higher – than the cost of storing film masters." Furthermore, digital archiving faces challenges due to the insufficient longevity of today's digital storage: no current media, be it magnetic hard drives or digital tape, can reliably store

3774-520: The film Inception , "Out of six times that we shot on the digital format, we only had one useable piece and it did not end up in the film. Out of the six times we shot with the Photo-Sonics camera and 35mm running through it, every single shot was in the movie." Michael Bay stated that when filming Transformers: Dark of the Moon , 35mm cameras had to be used when filming in slow-motion and sequences where

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3848-776: The film 4 stars out of 5 calling it "an examination of life and how to survive misfortune, unscrupulous characters and your own lack of foresight" and concluding that "Kaurismäki succeeds impressively". Digital cinematography Many vendors have brought products to market, including traditional film camera vendors like Arri and Panavision , as well as new vendors like Red , Blackmagic , Silicon Imaging , Vision Research and companies which have traditionally focused on consumer and broadcast video equipment, like Sony , GoPro , and Panasonic . As of 2017 , professional 4K digital cameras were approximately equal to 35mm film in their resolution and dynamic range capacity. Some moviemakeres still prefer to use film picture formats to achieve

3922-405: The film industry's adoption of digital formats has been driven purely by economic factors as opposed to digital being a superior medium to film: "I think, truthfully, it boils down to the economic interest of manufacturers and [a production] industry that makes more money through change rather than through maintaining the status quo." Another concern with digital image capture is how to archive all

3996-415: The film, all of which were positive and averaged a 7.1 rating out of a possible 10. Film critic Roger Ebert awarded the film three-and-a-half stars out of 4, all the while praising Kaurismäki's "subtle irony" and challenging the widely accepted description of Kaurismäki as a minimalist by offering his opinion that the "screen is saturated with images and ideas". Damian Cannon of Movie Reviews UK awarded

4070-782: The first version of the Digital Cinema System Specification, which encompasses 2K and 4K theatrical projection. They also offer compliance testing for exhibitors and equipment suppliers. JPEG 2000 , a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based image compression standard developed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) between 1997 and 2000, was selected as the video coding standard for digital cinema in 2004. Theater owners initially balked at installing digital projection systems because of high cost and concern over increased technical complexity. However new funding models, in which distributors pay

4144-453: The footage shot on film and he announced later that year he would film its sequels entirely on hi-def digital video. Also in 1999, digital projectors were installed in four theaters for the showing of The Phantom Menace . In May 2000, Vidocq , which was directed by Pitof , began principal photography shot entirely using a Sony HDW-F900 camera, with the video being released in September

4218-487: The form of a Digital Cinema Package (DCP), content is letterboxed or pillarboxed as appropriate to fit within one of these container formats. In the early years of digital cinematography, 2K was the most common format for digitally acquired major motion pictures however, as new camera systems gain acceptance, 4K is becoming more prominent. The Arri Alexa captured a 2.8k image. During 2009 at least two major Hollywood films, Knowing and District 9 , were shot in 4K on

4292-470: The format unreadable or expensive to recover over time. For this reason, film studios distributing digitally-originated films often make film-based separation masters of them for archival purposes. Film proponents have argued that early digital cameras lack the reliability of film, particularly when filming sequences at high speed or in chaotic environments, due to digital cameras' technical glitches . Cinematographer Wally Pfister noted that for his shoot on

4366-461: The front steps of the restaurant unable to express their feelings of joy, looking at the skies as more people enter. Although the film was not as widely distributed as an average Hollywood feature and, as a result, was not a commercial success to the same extent, it was well received by film critics worldwide while also winning several major film awards. As of 5 February 2008, the aggregate review website Rotten Tomatoes only registered 9 reviews for

4440-589: The idea, now re-branded as "digital cinematography," began to gain traction in the market. Shot and released in 1998, The Last Broadcast is believed by some to be the first feature-length video shot and edited entirely on consumer-level digital equipment. In May 1999, George Lucas challenged the supremacy of the movie-making medium of film for the first time by including footage filmed with high-definition digital cameras in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace . The digital footage blended seamlessly with

4514-540: The information necessary to retrieve footage from the proper tapes, should the footage stored on the computer's hard disk be lost. With increasing convenience of file-based workflows, the tape-based workflows have become marginal in recent years. Digital cinematography has mostly shifted towards "tapeless" or "file-based" workflows. This trend has accelerated with increased capacity and reduced cost of non-linear storage solutions such as hard disk drives, optical discs, and solid-state memory. With tapeless workflows digital video

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4588-425: The limited needs of broadcast television . Digital cinematography captures motion pictures digitally in a process analogous to digital photography . While there is a clear technical distinction that separates the images captured in digital cinematography from video , the term "digital cinematography" is usually applied only in cases where digital acquisition is substituted for film acquisition, such as when shooting

4662-468: The most serious.... [He] could well turn out to be the seminal European filmmaker of the '90s." In 1989 he emigrated with his wife, Paula Oinonen, to Portugal, saying "in all of Helsinki there is no place left where I could place my camera". As of 2023, he is still based in Portugal. In Helsinki, Kaurismäki is the co-owner of a complex, Andorra, that incorporates a cinema, several bars and a pool hall featuring

4736-511: The next two decades. The CCD was followed by the CMOS active-pixel sensor ( CMOS sensor ), developed in the 1990s. Beginning in the late 1980s, Sony began marketing the concept of " electronic cinematography ," utilizing its analog Sony HDVS professional video cameras . The effort met with very little success. However, this led to one of the earliest high definition video shot feature movies, Julia and Julia (1987). Rainbow (1996)

4810-700: The next year. According to the Guinness World Records, Vidocq is the first full length feature filmed in digital high resolution. In June 2000, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones began principal photography shot entirely using a Sony HDW-F900 camera as Lucas had previously stated. The film was released in May 2002. In May 2001 Once Upon a Time in Mexico was also shot in 24 frame-per-second high-definition digital video , partially developed by George Lucas using

4884-401: The pace of adoption has been rapidly increasing. Since some theaters currently do not have digital projection systems, even if a movie is shot and post-produced digitally, it must be transferred to film if a large theatrical release is planned. Typically, a film recorder will be used to print digital image data to film, to create a 35 mm internegative . After that the duplication process

4958-460: The proceeds to a casino in hopes of increasing the money but end up losing it all. Most of their furniture and the new TV that Lauri bought is repossessed. One day, Ilona accidentally runs into Mrs Sjöholm, her former boss. Sjöholm agrees to lend her the capital to open a restaurant. Ilona, humbled by her recent experiences, is initially reluctant to accept for fear of failing and not being able to repay Mrs Sjöholm, but eventually agrees. Ilona names

5032-404: The restaurant Work and hires some of the staff from Dubrovnik , including the troubled chef, Lajunen, plus Lauri. Filled with anxiety during a slow lunch hour on opening day, Ilona's worries disappear as she watches the restaurant fill to capacity later the same afternoon. After receiving a call from a Helsinki union asking for a reservation for thirty people that evening, Lauri and Ilona stand on

5106-473: The same 24 frame per second rate established as the standard for 35mm film. Some films such as The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey have a High Frame Rate of 48 fps, although in some theatres it was also released in a 24 fps version which many fans of traditional film prefer. The DCI standard for cinema usually relies on a 1.89:1 aspect ratio, thus defining the maximum container size for 4K as 4096×2160 pixels and for 2K as 2048×1080 pixels. When distributed in

5180-497: The wide range of existing high-end cinematography lenses available. Their large sensors also let these cameras achieve the same shallow depth of field as 35 or 65 mm motion picture film cameras, which many cinematographers consider an essential visual tool. Codecs Professional raw video recording codecs include Blackmagic Raw, Red Raw, Arri Raw and Canon Raw. Unlike other video formats , which are specified in terms of vertical resolution (for example, 1080p , which

5254-700: Was Windhorse , shot in Tibet and Nepal in 1996 on the Sony DVW-700WS Digital Betacam and the prosumer Sony DCR-VX1000 . The offline editing ( Avid ) and the online post and color work (Roland House / da Vinci ) were also all digital. The film, transferred to 35mm negative for theatrical release, won Best U.S. Feature at the Santa Barbara Film Festival in 1998. In 1997, with the introduction of HDCAM recorders and 1920 × 1080 pixel digital professional video cameras based on CCD technology,

5328-475: Was in a state of war. Kaurismäki's next film Lights in the Dusk was also chosen to be Finland's nominee for best foreign-language film, but Kaurismäki again boycotted the awards and refused the nomination, as a protest against U.S. President George W. Bush 's foreign policy. In 2002 Kaurismäki also boycotted the 40th New York Film Festival in a show of solidarity with the Iranian director Abbas Kiarostami , who

5402-526: Was not given a US visa in time for the festival. Kaurismäki's 2017 film The Other Side of Hope won the Silver Bear for Best Director award at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival . At the same festival he also announced that it would be his last film as a director, although the retirement was short-lived as he began filming another film, Fallen Leaves , in 2022, which premiered at

5476-505: Was the world's first film to utilize extensive digital post production techniques. Shot entirely with Sony's first Solid State Electronic Cinematography cameras and featuring over 35 minutes of digital image processing and visual effects, all post production, sound effects, editing and scoring were completed digitally. The Digital High Definition image was transferred to a 35mm negative via an electron beam recorder for theatrical release. The first digitally videoed and post produced feature

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