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57-477: Germany had established Akademische Fliegerschule at several universities after World War I. The first and lead group was established in Berlin, but one of the most prolific, up to World War II, was Akaflieg München. The Akaflieg München Mü13 was a single-seat development of the two-seat Akaflieg München Mü10 Milan , designed and built by Tony Troeger and Kurt Schmidt, under the direction of Egon Scheibe, in two versions,

114-476: A castrum superius (upper castle) on the Nonnberg Terrace as a gift. In return he was to evangelize the east and south-east of the country of Bavaria. Rupert reconnoitred the river for the site of his basilica and chose Juvavum. He ordained priests and annexed the manor of Piding . Rupert built a church at St. Peter on the site of today's cathedral and probably also founded the associated monastery and

171-674: A close relationship with Colloredo. In 1803, the archbishopric was secularised by Emperor Napoleon ; he transferred the territory to Ferdinando III of Tuscany , former Grand Duke of Tuscany , as the Electorate of Salzburg . In 1805, Salzburg was annexed to the Austrian Empire , along with the Berchtesgaden Provostry . In 1809, the territory of Salzburg was transferred to the Kingdom of Bavaria after Austria's defeat at Wagram . After

228-512: A hub for southbound trains through the Alps into Italy . Salzburg Airport has scheduled flights to European cities such as Frankfurt , Vienna , London , Rotterdam , Amsterdam , Brussels , Düsseldorf , and Zürich , as well as Hamburg , Edinburgh and Dublin . In addition to these, there are numerous charter flights. In the main city, there is the Salzburg trolleybus system and bus system with

285-420: A motorglider and a pure sailplane. Two prototypes were built: Tony Troeger's motor glider was named 'Merlin' and Kurt Schmidt's sailplane was named 'Atalante'. One is on display at Gliding Heritage Centre , another at German Gliding Museum . The Mü13s were constructed with welded steel tube fuselages faired and covered using wooden longerons with fabric and conventional wooden wings with plywood skinning back to

342-711: A production version. Among other accolades 'Atalante', piloted by Kurt Schmidt, also set a German goal flight (fly to a specified goal) record of 482 km (260 nm) in May 1939. With improvements the Mü13 went into production as the Mü13D , built by the Schwarzwald-Flugzeugbau Wilhelm Jehle (Wilhelm Jehle Black Forest Aircraft Works) in Donaueschingen , with Mü13D's taking part in most gliding competitions from 1936 to

399-500: A section with reduced twisting and pitching moments and high lift coefficients. Accommodation in the Mü10 Milan was in two cockpits, one forward of the wing leading edge for the student and another under the trailing edge of the centre-section aft of the mainspar. Entry into the front cockpit was via a removable canopy, (largely opaque with portholes in the first iteration), built up with wooden frames and Plexiglas panels. The rear cockpit

456-510: A total of more than 20 lines, and service every 10 minutes. Salzburg has an S-Bahn system with four Lines (S1, S2, S3, S11), trains depart from the main station every 30 minutes, and they are part of the ÖBB network. Suburb line number S1 reaches the world-famous Silent Night chapel in Oberndorf in about 25 minutes. In the 1960s, The Sound of Music , based on the true story of Maria von Trapp , who took up with an aristocratic family and fled

513-472: Is a two-seat glider aircraft that was designed in Germany in 1934. Only one copy of the design was built. The Mü10 Milan is one of the most successful gliders built by Akaflieg München in its early history. Construction of this two-seater, designed by Dipl.-Ing. Egon Scheibe, uses mixed materials with wooden wings and tail surfaces covered with fabric, as well as a welded steel tube fuselage covered with fabric,

570-399: Is comparatively high, mainly in the summer months. The specific drizzle is called Schnürlregen in the local dialect. In winter and spring, pronounced foehn winds regularly occur. Salzburg's official population significantly increased in 1935 when the city absorbed adjacent municipalities . After World War II , numerous refugees found a new home in the city. New residential space

627-529: Is problematic. Nevertheless, some new structures have been added: the Mozarteum at the Baroque Mirabell Garden (Architecture Robert Rechenauer), the 2001 Congress House (Architecture: Freemasons), the 2011 Unipark Nonntal (Architecture: Storch Ehlers Partners), the 2001 "Makartsteg" bridge (Architecture: HALLE1), and the "Residential and Studio House" of the architects Christine and Horst Lechner in

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684-401: Is renowned for its Baroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centers north of the Alps. The historic center was enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. The city has three universities and a large population of students. The name "Salzburg" was first recorded in the late 8th century. It is composed of two parts; the first being " Salz- " German for "salt" and

741-473: Is the reason why there are no churches built in the Rococo style. Sigismund von Schrattenbach continued with the construction of "Sigmundstor" and the statue of holy Maria on the cathedral square. With the fall and division of the former "Fürsterzbistum Salzburg" (Archbishopric) to Upper Austria , Bavaria (Rupertigau) and Tyrol (Zillertal Matrei) began a long period of urban stagnancy. This era didn't end before

798-687: The Celtic Alums in the Kingdom of Noricum . After the Roman invasion in 15 BC, the various settlements on the Salzburg hills were abandoned, following the construction of the Roman city in the area of the old town. The recently created Municipium Claudium Juvavum was awarded the status of a Roman municipium in 45  CE and has become one of the most important cities of the now Roman province of Noricum . When

855-650: The Congress of Vienna with the Treaty of Munich (1816) , Salzburg was definitively returned to Austria, but without Rupertigau and Berchtesgaden, which remained with Bavaria . Salzburg was integrated into the Province of Salzach and Salzburgerland was ruled from Linz . In 1850, Salzburg's status was restored as the capital of the Duchy of Salzburg , a crownland of the Austrian Empire . The city became part of Austria-Hungary in 1866 as

912-750: The Mönchsberg and Kapuzinerberg , which offer green relief within the city. Salzburg is approximately 150 km (93 mi) east of Munich , 281 km (175 mi) northwest of Ljubljana , Slovenia , and 300 km (186 mi) west of Vienna . Salzburg has about the same latitude as Seattle . Due to its proximity to the Austrian-German border, the greater Salzburg urban area has sometimes (unoffcially) been thought of as if it included contiguous parts of Germany: Freilassing (until 1923 known as Salzburghofen), Ainring and Piding . Public transport planning and multiple public transport lines stretch across

969-478: The Schüle München - Munich School. The pilot sat just forward of the main-spar with his head flanked by the wing leading-edges, severely restricting sideways vision. The performance of the Mü13 was regarded as particularly good at an L/D ratio of 28 and the ability to fly at relatively high speeds due to the slender Mü Scheibe aerofoil section. 'Merlin', flown by Hans Wiesehöfer , flew around southern Germany and

1026-455: The market rights and minting rights (probably also the toll law). The first part of Hohensalzburg Fortress was built in 1077. A city judge was first mentioned in a document in 1120/30. On the left bank of the Salzach an extensive spiritual district was created with the cathedral, the bishop's residence north-west of the cathedral, the cathedral monastery on its south side, St Peter's monastery and

1083-511: The monasteries and the early carcass houses dominated the medieval city for a long time. The Cathedral of Archbishop Conrad of Wittelsbach was the largest basilica north of the Alps . The choir of the Franciscan Church , construction was begun by Hans von Burghausen and completed by Stephan Krumenauer , is one of the most prestigious religious gothic constructions of southern Germany. At

1140-676: The 214th anniversary of the 95 Theses , Archbishop Count Leopold Anton von Firmian signed an Edict of Expulsion, the Emigrationspatent , directing all Protestant citizens to recant their non-Catholic beliefs. 21,475 citizens refused to recant their beliefs and were expelled from Salzburg. Most of them accepted an offer by King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia , travelling the length and breadth of Germany to their new homes in East Prussia. The rest settled in other Protestant states in Europe and

1197-463: The 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , all 35 churches of Salzburg rang their bells after 8:00 p.m. (local time) to celebrate the occasion. Major celebrations took place throughout the year. As of 2017 Salzburg had a GDP per capita of €46,100, which was greater than the average for Austria and most European countries. Salzburg is on the banks of the River Salzach , at

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1254-527: The Alps on point to point flights, but 'Atalante' achieved fame as the mount of Kurt Schmidt, who at the age of 16 had been responsible for building a large part of 'Atalante as well as piloting the glider at the 1935 Rhön competition at the Wasserkuppe , achieving the longest flight at 252 km (156.6miles) from the Wasserkuppe to Trier . The success of Kurt Schmidt brought attention to the Mü13 and demand for

1311-569: The Benedictine nunnery on Nonnberg for his relative Erentrude . Salzburg has been the seat of a diocesan bishop since 739  CE and an archbishopric since 798  CE . The first cathedral was built under Archbishop Virgil. The Franciscan Church existed since the beginning of the 9th century at the latest. The Marienkirche dates from 1139. The first use of the German name Salzburg, meaning Salt-Castle , can be traced back to 739  CE when

1368-594: The British colonies in America. In 1772–1803, under archbishop Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo , Salzburg was a center of late Illuminism . Colloredo is known for being one of the main employers of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . Colloredo often had arguments with Mozart and he dismissed him by saying, Soll er doch gehen, ich brauche ihn nicht! (He should go; I don't need him!). Mozart left Salzburg for Vienna in 1781 with his family, although his father Leopold stayed back, as he had

1425-511: The Europark Shopping Centre. (Architecture: Massimiliano Fuksas ) Salzburg has twenty-four urban districts and three extra-urban populations. Urban districts ( Stadtteile ): Extra-urban populations ( Landschaftsräume ): Salzburg is a tourist favorite, with the number of visitors outnumbering locals by a large margin in peak times. In addition to Mozart's birthplace noted above, other notable places include: Old Town Outside

1482-565: The Frauengarten (probably after a former women's convent that was dissolved in 1583). Only during the 12th century did the civil settlement begin to spread into the Getreidegasse, the Abtsgasse (Sigmund Haffner-Gasse) and along the quay. Around 1280 the first city fortifications were created. The oldest known city law document dates from the year 1287. Independence from Bavaria was secured in

1539-582: The Mü10 finally being retired to the Deutsches Museum München for a second time. Data from Flugzeug-Typenbuch. Handbuch der deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie 1944 General characteristics Performance Salzburg Salzburg is the fourth-largest city in Austria . In 2020, it had a population of 156,852. The town is on the site of the Roman settlement of Iuvavum . Salzburg

1596-558: The Old Town Greater Salzburg area Salzburg is a center of education and home to three universities, as well as several professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools) . Salzburg Hauptbahnhof is served by comprehensive rail connections, with frequent east–west trains serving Vienna , Munich , Innsbruck , and Zürich , including daily high-speed ICE services. North–south rail connections also serve popular destinations such as Venice and Prague . The city acts as

1653-407: The border. The Köppen climate classification specifies Salzburg's climate as a humid continental climate (Dfb). However, with the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm for the coldest month, Salzburg can be classified as having a four-season oceanic climate (Cfb) with significant temperature differences between seasons. Due to the location at the northern rim of the Alps, the amount of precipitation

1710-510: The capital city of the Federal State of Salzburg ( Land Salzburg ) and saw the Americans leave the area once Austria had signed a 1955 treaty re-establishing the country as a democratic and independent nation and subsequently declared its perpetual neutrality . In the 1960s, the city became the shooting location and setting of the family musical film The Sound of Music . On 27 January 2006,

1767-656: The capital of a crownland of the Austrian Empire. The nostalgia of the Romantic Era led to increased tourism. In 1892, a funicular was installed to facilitate tourism to Hohensalzburg Fortress . Following World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Salzburg, as the capital of one of the Austro-Hungarian territories, became part of the new German Austria . In 1918, it represented

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1824-787: The city's buildings, especially those around Salzburg railway station. Although the town's bridges and the dome of the cathedral were destroyed, much of its Baroque architecture remained intact. As a result, Salzburg is one of the few remaining examples of a town of its style. American troops entered the city on 5 May 1945 and it became the centre of the American-occupied area in Austria . Several displaced persons camps were established in Salzburg—among them Riedenburg, Camp Herzl (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne), Camp Mülln, Bet Bialik, Bet Trumpeldor, and New Palestine. After World War II, Salzburg became

1881-526: The city's independence led to an increase in wealth and prosperity, culminating in the late 16th to 18th centuries under the Prince Archbishops Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau , Markus Sittikus , and Paris Lodron . It was in the 17th century that Italian architects (and Austrians who had studied the Baroque style) rebuilt the city center as it is today along with many palaces. On 31 October 1731,

1938-614: The city. Political opponents, Jewish citizens and other minorities were subsequently arrested and deported to concentration camps. The synagogue was destroyed. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union, several POW camps for prisoners from the Soviet Union and other enemy nations were arranged in the city. During the Nazi occupation, a Romani camp was built in Salzburg-Maxglan. It

1995-499: The construction of the residential well. Giovanni Gaspare Zuccalli , by order of the same archbishop, created the Erhard and the Kajetan church in the south of the town. The city's redesign was completed with buildings designed by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach , donated by Prince Archbishop Johann Ernst von Thun. After the era of Ernst von Thun, the city's expansion came to a halt, which

2052-659: The end of the Gothic era Nonnberg Abbey , the Margaret Chapel in St Peter's Abbey , St George's Chapel, and the stately halls of the "Hoher Stock" in Hohensalzburg Fortress were constructed. Inspired by Vincenzo Scamozzi , Prince-Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau began to transform the medieval town to the architectural ideals of the late Renaissance . Plans for a massive cathedral by Scamozzi failed to materialize upon

2109-570: The fall of the archbishop. A second cathedral planned by Santino Solari rose as the first early Baroque church in Salzburg. It served as an example for many other churches in Southern Germany and Austria . Markus Sittikus and Paris von Lodron continued to rebuild the city with major projects such as Hellbrunn Palace , the prince archbishop's residence, the university buildings, fortifications, and many other buildings. Giovanni Antonio Daria managed by order of Prince Archbishop Guido von Thun

2166-476: The first time welded steel tubing was used for a practical sailplane. Performance of the Mü10 Milan was found to be good at low speeds, suiting the aircraft to thermalling, due to the use of homegrown aerofoil sections developed by Egon Scheibe, who was now leader of the Akaflieg München design team. The sections used were highly cambered in the leading edge with virtually no camber aft of mid chord, producing

2223-720: The late 14th century. Salzburg was the seat of the Archbishopric of Salzburg , a prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire . As the Reformation movement gained steam, riots broke out among peasants in the areas in and around Salzburg. The city was occupied during the German Peasants' War , and the Archbishop had to flee to the safety of the fortress. It was besieged for three months in 1525. Eventually, tensions were quelled, and

2280-516: The main spar and fabric aft. In the prototypes the trailing edge of the wings were taken up by steel-framed fabric covered flaps and ailerons, all deflectable to improve thermalling and approach control, but later production aircraft had the flaps eliminated, upper surface spoilers fitted for approach control, with the Mü13D-3 gaining increased span wings, a lengthened fuselage and an enlarged fin and rudder. This arrangement from Egon Scheibe became known as

2337-515: The many cross-country flights the aircraft is credited with, such as Hesselberg-Prague (1934), a world record breaking 180 km flight in 1935, Salzburg-Fara d'Alpago / Italy (195 km, 1937) and Bern-Pallanza/Lago Maggiore (136 km; 1938) as a two-seater. Success in gliding competitions was also achieved with the 1934 Rhön-construction prize and 1st place at the ISTUS Conference (International Study Commission for gliding). At Salzburg it

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2394-494: The middle of Salzburg's old town (winner of the architecture award of Salzburg 2010 ). Other examples of contemporary architecture lie outside the old town: the Faculty of Science building (Universität Salzburg – Architecture Willhelm Holzbauer ) built on the edge of free green space, the blob architecture of Red Bull Hangar-7 (Architecture: Volkmar Burgstaller ) at Salzburg Airport, home to Dietrich Mateschitz 's Flying Bulls and

2451-547: The name was used in Willibald 's report on the organization of the Bavarian dioceses by Saint Boniface . The name derives from the barges carrying salt on the River Salzach , which were subject to a toll in the 8th century as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers. Hohensalzburg Fortress , the city's fortress was built on the site of a Roman fort in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard, who made it his residence. It

2508-402: The northern boundary of the Alps . The mountains to Salzburg's south contrast with the rolling plains to the north. The closest alpine peak, the 1,972‑metre-high Untersberg , is less than 16 km (10 mi) from the city center. The Altstadt , or "old town", is dominated by its baroque towers and churches and the massive Hohensalzburg Fortress . This area is flanked by two smaller hills,

2565-546: The old town), the "Lepi" (public baths in Leopoldskron ) (built 1964), and the original 1957 constructed congress-center of Salzburg, which was replaced by a new building in 2001. An important and famous example of the architecture of this era is the 1960 opening of the Großes Festspielhaus by Clemens Holzmeister . Adding contemporary architecture to Salzburg's old town without risking its UNESCO World Heritage status

2622-527: The period of promoterism ( Gründerzeit ) brought new life into urban development. The builder dynasty Jakob Ceconi and Carl Freiherr von Schwarz filled major positions in shaping the city in this era. Buildings of classical modernism and in particular, post-war modernism is frequently encountered in Salzburg. Examples are the Zahnwurzen house (a house in the Linzergasse ;22 in the right center of

2679-539: The province of Noricum collapsed in 488 at the beginning of the migration period , part of the Romano-Celtic population remained in the country. In the 6th century they came under the rule of the Baiuvarii . The Life of Saint Rupert credits the 8th-century saint with the city's rebirth, when around 696  CE , Bishop Rupert of Salzburg received the remains of the Roman town from Duke Theodo II of Bavaria as well as

2736-521: The residual German-speaking territories of the Austrian heartlands. This was replaced by the First Austrian Republic in 1919, after the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) . The Anschluss (the occupation and annexation of Austria, including Salzburg, into Nazi Germany ) took place on 12 March 1938, one day before a scheduled referendum on Austria's independence. German troops moved into

2793-571: The retractable mainwheel superfluous. Taking part in the 1937 Rangsdorf competition the Mü13M Motormerlin scored highly demonstrating the best performance. Data from Jane's World Sailplanes & Motor Gliders, Flugzeug-Typenbuch. Handbuch der deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie 1944. General characteristics Performance Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Akaflieg M%C3%BCnchen M%C3%BC10 Milan The Akaflieg München Mü10 Milan

2850-560: The second being "-burg" from Proto-West-Germanic : *burg conveying the same meaning as Latin : oppidum , lit.   'fortified settlement, city' and not that of the New High German : Burg , lit. 'fortress'. The area of the city has been inhabited continuously since the Neolithic Age until the present. In the La Tène period it was an administrative centre of

2907-500: The start of World War II. The tandem two seat Mü13E , produced post-war as the Scheibe Bergfalke series of Trainers, was, in essence a new design. Tony Troeger's 'Merlin' had an 18 hp (13 kW) Kroeber M4 Köller two cylinder horizontally opposed engine fitted in the nose, re-designated Mü13M Motormerlin , reaching a top speed of 125 km/h (78 mph) and landed at 45 km/h (28 mph) making wheel brakes on

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2964-413: Was accessed via a large door on the port side of the fuselage with windows under the wings forward to the front cockpit glazing and in the centre-section above the instructor's head. The rear access door could also be used as an airbrake to assist in approach control. Despite the low performance of the Mü10 Milan, with an L/D of 20, the aircraft was listed as high performance as late as 1938, perhaps due to

3021-575: Was an Arbeitserziehungslager (work 'education' camp), which provided slave labor to local industry. It also operated as a Zwischenlager (transit camp), holding Roma before their deportation to German camps or ghettos in German-occupied territories in eastern Europe. Salzburg was also the location of five subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp . Allied bombing destroyed 7,600 houses and killed 550 inhabitants. Fifteen air strikes destroyed 46 percent of

3078-404: Was constructed for American soldiers of the postwar occupation and could be used for refugees when they left. Around 1950, Salzburg passed the mark of 100,000 citizens, and in 2016, it reached the mark of 150000 citizens. Salzburg is home to large German, Bosnian, Serbian, and Romanian communities. Largest groups of immigrants by 1 January 2021 : The Romanesque and Gothic churches ,

3135-437: Was flown by Ludwig Karch to a height gain of 2980m (9777 feet) and 195 km (121 miles) distance over the Austrian Alps. The 'Milan' was retired to the Deutsches Museum München , at Oberschleissheim, before World War II , surviving the war to be resurrected by Akaflieg München in 1951 to assist with training new students, as well as carry out long-distance cross-country flights and mountain flying, until at least 1959 with

3192-464: Was founded as an episcopal see in 696 and became a seat of the archbishop in 798. Its main sources of income were salt extraction, trade, as well as gold mining. The fortress of Hohensalzburg , one of the largest medieval fortresses in Europe, dates from the 11th century. In the 17th century, Salzburg became a center of the Counter-Reformation , with monasteries and numerous Baroque churches built. Salzburg's historic center ( German : Altstadt )

3249-401: Was greatly expanded during the following centuries. This site is not the site of the Roman castrum superius , which was located on the Nonnberg nearby. The state of Salzburg and its counties soon gained more and more influence and power within Bavaria due to the flourishing salt mining and the wide-ranging missionary activities. In 996 Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor rented Archbishop Hartwig

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