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58-502: Ainos may refer to: Aenus (Thrace) , an ancient Greek city in Thrace, near the Aegean coast Mount Ainos , on the island Cefalonia Ainu people of Japan Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ainos . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

116-502: A distinct district ( catepanikium de Eno ). Under Latin rule , it was the seat of a Catholic bishop (a suffragan of Trajanopolis ), while in a document of 1219 the Crusader barons Balduin de Aino and Goffred de Mairi are mentioned as lords of the city. In 1237 a Cuman raid reached the city, and in 1294 it was besieged by the Bulgarians under Constantine Tikh and his Tatar allies until

174-554: A few small fishing boats are moored. The city has two excellent archaeological museums, one by the south harbour in an old mansion and the other two hundred metres further north in a large new purpose built structure. The former contains the rich Bronze Age remains from Thermi, a site north of Mytilene dug by the British in the 1930s as well as extensive pottery and figurine displays; the former coach house accommodates ancient inscriptions, architectural pieces, and coins. The latter museum

232-464: A land area of 107.46 square kilometres (41.49 sq mi) and a population of 41,379 inhabitants (2021). With a population density of 390/km it is by far the most densely populated municipal unit in Lesbos. The next largest towns in the municipal unit are Loutrá (pop. 1,339), Pámfila (1,264), and Mória (1,237). The Greek National Road 36 connects Mytilene with Kalloni . Farmlands surround Mytilene,

290-530: A large Greek population, and was affected from the 19th century onwards by ethnic conflicts and nationalistic aspirations. After the Turkish War of Independence (1919–23), the Treaty of Lausanne drew the current borders of Turkey and required Greek communities to leave Turkey while Turkish communities left Greece and Bulgaria. Overnight Enez became a provincial backwater, a dead-end, up against an unfriendly border. It

348-563: A military function during the First World War , and it's therefore known as the İngiliz Kışlası ("English barracks"). The city was already an episcopal see in the 4th century under bishop Olympius who was driven from the see by the Arians in the reign of Constantius II . At first it was a suffragan of Trajanopolis , the capital and metropolitan see of the Roman province of Rhodope , but by

406-705: A million people arrived in Lesbos. The number of individuals coming through Lesbos has dwindled since the signing of the EU-Turkey deal which restricted the number of refugees that could legally resettle in Europe. As of July 2017 , seventy to eighty refugees were still arriving in Greece daily despite the deal and "many of them on Lesbos", according to Daniel Esdras, the chief of the International Organization for Migration . A regional television station operates from

464-567: A more ancient name for the place was Poltyobria while Stephanus says it was also called Apsinthus. As a subject ally of Athens, Aenus provided peltasts at the Battle of Sphacteria in 425 BC and sent forces to the Sicilian Expedition in 415. During the Hellenistic period Ainos changed hands multiple times. After a spell of Macedonian rule, the city passed to Lysimachos of Thrace after

522-601: A multiperiod site with remains extending from a late Ottoman cemetery (including a "vampire" burial, a middle aged man with 20 cm (8 in) spikes through his neck, middle and ankles) to a substantial Roman building constructed around a colonnaded courtyard (probably a tavern/brothel in its final phase in the mid-4th century AD) to remains of Hellenistic structures and debris from different Hellenistic manufacturing processes (pottery, figurines, cloth making and dyeing, bronze and iron working) to archaic and classical levels with rich collections of Aeolic grey wares. A section of

580-574: A residential bishopric, Aenus is now listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . Mytilene Mytilene ( / ˌ m ɪ t ɪ ˈ l iː n i / ; Greek : Μυτιλήνη , romanized :  Mytilíni [mitiˈlini] ) is the capital of the Greek island of Lesbos , and its port. It is also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts

638-538: A small island just offshore that later was joined to Lesbos, creating a north and south harbor. The early harbors of Mytilene were linked during ancient times by a channel 700 m long and 30 m wide. The Roman writer Longus speaks of white stone bridges linking the two sides. The Greek word εὔριπος eúripos is a commonly-used term when referring to a strait. The strait allowed ancient warships called triremes , with three tiers of rowers or more. The boats that passed were ca. 6 m wide plus oars and had depth of 2 m. The areas of

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696-558: A treaty with Venice here on 10 October 1352, securing financial assistance in exchange for ceding the island of Tenedos as collateral. After Palaiologos' Serbian and Bulgarian allies were defeated by Kantakouzenos' Ottoman allies, Ainos was captured by Kantakouzenos loyalists and was placed under the rule of the exiled ruler of Epirus, Nikephoros II Orsini . Following the death of the Serbian emperor Stephen Dushan and his governor of Thessaly , Preljub , in 1355, however, Nikephoros abandoned

754-643: Is especially rich in mosaics and sculpture , including the famous late Roman mosaic floor from the "House of Menander" with scenes from plays by that Athenian 4th-century BC playwright. There are also mosaics and finds from other Roman mansions excavated by the Greek Archaeological Service under the direction of the archeologist Aglaia Archontidou-Argyri. There are 15 primary schools in Mytilene, along with seven lyceums , and eight gymnasiums . There are six university schools with 3671 undergraduates,

812-607: Is necessary to travel north to İpsala . The town is located on the left (eastern) bank of the river Meriç ( Greek : Evros, historically the Hebrus) where its estuary broadens to flow into the Gulf of Saros (the ancient Melas Gulf) and so into the Aegean Sea . Enez occupies a ridge of rock surrounded by broad marshes. In ancient Greek times it lay on a land route for trade from the Black Sea to

870-618: The Castle of Mytilene by the University of British Columbia and directed by Caroline and Hector Williams revealed a previously unknown sanctuary of Demeter and Kore of late classical/Hellenistic date and the burial chapel of the Gattelusi , the medieval Genoese family that ruled the northern Aegean from the mid-14th to mid-15th centuries of our era. The Demeter sanctuary included five altars for sacrifices to Demeter and Kore and later also to Cybele,

928-416: The 186 nautical miles (344 km) in less than a day and brought the decision to cancel the general massacre, but a thousand citizens were executed for taking part in the rebellion. Aristotle lived on Mytilene for two years, 337–335 BC, with his friend and successor, Theophrastus (a native of the island), after being the tutor to Alexander , son of King Philip II of Macedon . The Romans, among whom

986-432: The Aegean and was a port for transporting the wood and fruit produced in eastern and central Thrace. The mythical and eponymous founder of the ancient Greek city of Ainos/Aenus was said to be Aeneus , a son of the god Apollo and father of Cyzicus . Another mythical ruler, named Poltys , son of Poseidon , entertained Heracles when he came to Aenus. On that occasion, Heracles slew Poltys' insolent brother Sarpedon on

1044-629: The Bay of Kalloni , olive oil , ladotyri cheese and woodwork . The town of Mytilene has a large number of neoclassical buildings, public and private houses. Some of them are the building of the Lesbos Prefecture, the old City Hall, the Experimental Lyceum and various mansions and hotels all over the town. The Baroque church of Saint Therapon dominates at the port with its impressive style. Archaeological investigations at Mytilene began in

1102-506: The Byzantines released Sultan Kaykawus II . In June 1265 Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos granted the Venetians the right to settle and trade in the city. In 1347, John Palaiologos, Marquess of Montferrat, planned to take over the city. In 1351, John V Palaiologos demanded possession of Ainos from the senior emperor John VI Kantakouzeno. In the ensuing civil war , Palaiologos signed

1160-715: The Council of 1030/38, and Michael in the councils of 1092 and 1094. Between 1285 and 1315, the see was awarded to the Metropolitan of Antioch in Pisidia . In 1361 the see was awarded to the Metropolitan of Makre , two years later to the Metropolitan of Sougdaia and in 1369 to the Bishop of Athyra . It remained a residential see of the Greek Orthodox Church until the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey . No longer

1218-472: The European Union. The tense situation around the border has tended to limit development in the area which has been a boon for the delta wildlife. Enez was the site of a Byzantine Church of Hagia Sophia built in the 12th century (although some sources suggest the sixth century) but converted into a mosque during the reign of Sultan Mehmed II . The mosque was repaired several times in the 18th century but

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1276-515: The European continent (excluding Imbros which is an island). The town of Alexandroupoli (Dedeağaç) lies just across the border with Greece but the two towns are separated by a swampland reserve and the Evros/Meriç River delta so that what should be a short journey actually takes about 1.5 hours. In the late 2010s and early 2020s the area became especially sensitive since it separates Turkey from

1334-578: The Genoese nobleman Domenico Cattaneo . In 1355, emperor John V Palaiologos gave it to the Genoese adventurer Francesco Gattilusio , who married the emperor's sister, Maria. They renovated the fortress in 1373, and it remained in Genoese hands until 1462, when it was besieged and captured by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror . As part of the wider Great Turkish War , the Battle of Mytilene took place off

1392-503: The Meriç/Evros river forming the border with neighbouring Greece ; the harbour and Pırlanta Beach, 3 km southwest across the lagoon; and Altınkum Sahili (Golden Sands Beach), another 2 km south, which has been developed as a resort strip mainly catering for domestic tourists. Despite Enez's proximity to the Greek border there is no crossing point by land here. To cross the border into Greece it

1450-499: The Romans in 185 BC, whereupon the Romans declared Aenus a free city . It was still a free city in the time of Pliny the Elder . The city is mentioned first among the cities of the province of Rhodope in the 6th-century Synecdemus of Hierocles. Under Justinian I (r. 527–565), the city wall was heightened and the previously unprotected shore fortified. In the middle Byzantine period,

1508-478: The beach of Aenus. According to Strabo, Sarpedon is the name of the coastline near Aenus, so both Poltys and Sarpedon would appear to be eponyms. The Suda suggests that the first settlers were Greeks from the Alopeconnesus and later more settlers came from Mytilene and Kyme which agrees with what Harpocration had written. Presumably because of the similarity of the names, Virgil had Aeneas founding

1566-571: The castle which started life as a Byzantine chapel. Has Yunus Bey was the commander who captured Enez for the Ottomans and who was buried here. The only historic monument in the resort area of Enez is the Sahil KervansarayI , the shell of an Ottoman caravanserai, which might have functioned as a customs office. It's believed to date back to the 16th century, when it probably stood on the coastline, now 500 m away. Local accounts suggest that it served

1624-517: The city after the destruction of Troy . A surer sign of its antiquity comes from the Iliad , where Homer mentions that Peirous , who led Troy's Thracian allies, came from Aenus. Herodotus (7.58) and Thucydides say Aenus was an Aeolian colony. Pseudo-Scymnus and Scymnus Chius (696) say that the colonists came from Mytilene on Lesbos Island , while Stephanus Byzantius says they came (also?) from Cumae . According to Strabo (p. 319),

1682-401: The city and sailed to Thessaly to claim his ancestral inheritance. His admiral Limpidarios took over control of the city in his absence, despite the opposition of Nikephoros' wife Maria Kantakouzene (daughter of John VI). Maria locked herself in the city's citadel and continued to resist for a while, before agreeing to depart. With the gradual Ottoman conquest of Thrace in the 1360s and '70s,

1740-559: The city became a haven for the Greek population. From ca. 1384 on the city came under the rule of the Genoese Gattilusio family, beginning with Niccolo Gattilusio . The Gattilusi maintained their possession by exploiting the city's wealth, chiefly derived from salt pans and fisheries, and sending an annual tribute to the Ottomans. In 1408/9 Niccolo Gattilusio was deposed by his son Palamede , who ruled until his death in 1454. His younger son, Dorino II, squabbled with Helena Notaras,

1798-631: The city have revealed sites going back to the Early Bronze Age although most have been much later (Hellenistic and Roman). Particularly significant is a large stoa over a hundred metres long recently dug on the North Harbour of the city. It is clear from various remains in different parts of the city that Mytilene was indeed laid out on a grid plan as the Roman architect Vitruvius had written. Archaeological excavations carried out between 1984 and 1994 in

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1856-401: The city in 1462 resulted in the destruction of many graves, some remained. The great earthquake of February 1867 damaged the building beyond repair and it was demolished; the Ottomans built a new mosque over the ruins to replace it later in the 19th century. Other excavations done jointly with the 20th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities near the North Harbour of the city uncovered

1914-484: The city that were densely populated connected the two bodies of land with marble bridges. They usually followed a curved line. The strait begins at the old market called Apano Skala. It was also close to Metropolis Street and ended at the Southern Harbor. One could argue that the channel transversed what is now called Ermou Street. Over time the strait began to collect silt and earth. There was also human intervention for

1972-613: The city was part of the Theme of Thrace . In 1091, in the nearby hamlet of Lebounion, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) and his Cuman allies dealt a crushing defeat on the Pechenegs . In 1189, the town was plundered by soldiers of the Third Crusade under Duke Frederick of Swabia, with the inhabitants fleeing by ship. In the Partitio Romaniae of 1204, the city is attested as

2030-645: The coast of Mytilene in 1690 when Venetian sailing ships attacked Ottoman and Barbary flagships. Resulting in a victory for the Venetians. Mytilene along with the rest of Lesbos remained under Ottoman control until the First Balkan War in 1912, when in November it was captured by the Kingdom of Greece . Mytilene is located in the southeastern part of the island, north and east of the Bay of Gera. Its municipal unit has

2088-468: The current municipal units Mytilene, Agiasos , Evergetoulas , Gera , Loutropoli Thermis , Mantamados and Polichnitos . It was abolished in 2006. Mytilene has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ) with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. Mytilene has a port with ferries to the nearby islands of Lemnos and Chios and Ayvalık and at times Dikili in Turkey. The port also serves

2146-623: The death of Alexander the Great , and was subsequently taken by the Seleucid Empire after his defeat and death at the Battle of Corupedium in 281 BC. It then became a possession of the Ptolemaic Kingdom , when it was captured as a result of the Third Syrian War around 246 BC, it was subsequently captured by Philip V of Macedon in 200 BC, and later by Antiochus the Great , who lost it to

2204-463: The great mother goddess of Anatolia. Among the discoveries were thousands of oil lamps, terracotta figurines, loom weights and other dedications to the goddesses. Numerous animal bones, especially of piglets, also appeared. The Chapel of St. John served as the church of the castle and as a burial place for the Gattelusi family and its dependents. Although conversion to a mosque after the Ottoman capture of

2262-488: The headquarters of the University of the Aegean . It was founded in the 11th century BC. Mytilene is one of the two municipalities on the island of Lesbos , created in 2019; the other is West Lesbos . Mytilene is built on the southeast edge of the island. It is the seat of a metropolitan bishop of the Eastern Orthodox Church . As an ancient city, lying off the east coast, Mytilene was initially confined to

2320-683: The island. In the Middle Ages, it was part of the Byzantine Empire and was occupied for some time by the Seljuqs under Tzachas in 1085. In 1198, the Republic of Venice obtained the right to commerce from the city's port. In the 13th century, it was captured by the Emperor of Nicaea , Theodore I Laskaris . In 1335, the Byzantines, with the help of Ottoman forces, reconquered the island, then property of

2378-713: The largest in the University of the Aegean . Here also is the Headquarters, the Central Library and the Research Committee of Aegean University. The University of Aegean is housed in privately owned buildings, in rented buildings located in the city centre and in modern buildings on the University Hill. By 2015, the city of Mytilene had become a primary entry point for refugees and migrants who seek to pass through Greece to resettle elsewhere in Europe. In 2015, over half

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2436-467: The late 19th century when Robert Koldewey (later excavator of Babylon ) and a group of German colleagues spent many months on the island preparing plans of the visible remains at various ancient sites like Mytilene. Significant excavations, however, do not seem to have started until after the First World War when in the mid-1920s Evangelides uncovered much of the famous theatre (according to Plutarch it

2494-410: The late classical city wall runs across the site which was close to the channel that divided the mainland from the off shore island part of the city. Considerable remains of the two moles that protected the large North Harbour of the city are still visible just below or just breaking the surface of the sea; it functioned as the commercial harbour of the ancient city although today it is a quiet place where

2552-411: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ainos&oldid=802826950 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Aenus (Thrace) Enez consists of an old town centre, backing on to

2610-523: The mainland cities of Piraeus , Athens and Thessaloniki . One ship, named during the 2001 IAAF games in Edmonton Aeolus Kenteris , after Kostas Kenteris , used to serve this city (his hometown) with 6-hour routes from Athens and Thessaloniki. The main port serving Mytilene on the Greek mainland is Piraeus . The city produces ouzo . There are more than 15 commercial producers on the island. The city exports also sardines harvested from

2668-458: The mountains cover the west and to the north. The airport is located a few kilometres south of town. The municipality, as created in 2019, consists of the following six subdivisions: Each municipal unit is subdivided into municipal communities. The communities of the municipal unit of Mytilene are: The province of Mytilene ( Greek : Επαρχία Μυτιλήνης ) was one of the provinces of the Lesbos Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of

2726-483: The protection of the Castle of Mytilene . The strait eventually filled with earth. Mytilene contested successfully with Mithymna in the north of the island for the leadership of the island in the seventh century BC and became the centre of the island's prosperous eastern hinterland. Her most famous citizens were the poets Sappho and Alcaeus and the statesman Pittacus (one of the Seven Sages of Greece ). The city

2784-448: The return trip of Paul's third missionary journey ( Acts 20:14 ), having sailed from Assos (about 50 km (31 mi) away). From Mytilene they continued towards Chios ( Acts 20:15 ). The novel Daphnis and Chloe by Longus , is set in the country around it and opens with a description of the city. Scholar and historian Zacharias Rhetor , also known as Zacharias of Mytilene was from Mytilene and lived from 465 to around 536. He

2842-728: The time of the Notitia Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius (c. 640), it was an autocephalous archbishopric and rose to become a separate metropolitan see (without suffragans) at the end of the 11th century. Macarius took part in the Council of Chalcedon (451), Paul in the Second Council of Constantinople (553), George in the Trullan Council of 692, and John in the Photian Council of Constantinople (879) . Another John took part in

2900-640: The town until 1467, when he fell into disgrace. The Venetians briefly captured the city in 1469. The town gave its name to the Enos-Midia line, which briefly marked the border of the Ottoman Empire in Europe in the disastrous aftermath of the First Balkan War . The border was shifted further northwest after the Turks made some limited gains in the Second Balkan War , recapturing the city of Edirne . Enez had

2958-589: The widow of Niccolo's elder son Giorgio Gattilusio, and ruled for only two years. Helena Notaras appealed to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II who attacked the city from land and sea and forced it to surrender in January 1456. In 1463 Ainos was given by Mehmed II to the deposed Despot of the Morea , Demetrios Palaiologos , as an appanage (along with parts of Thasos and Samothrace ). He remained in possession of

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3016-421: Was a garrison town and military zone, off-limits to foreigners, right into the 21st century. Although foreigners are now allowed to visit, modern Enez makes a living largely from local tourism. Improved highways bring many weekenders from Istanbul. - the original town has a steady population while that of the beach strip soars in summer and drops to near zero in winter. Enez remains the westernmost Turkish town on

3074-634: Was a young Julius Caesar , successfully defeated Mytilene in 81 BC at the Siege of Mytilene . Although Mytilene supported the losing side in most of the great wars of the first century BC, her statesmen succeeded in convincing Rome of her support of the new ruler of the Mediterranean and the city flourished in Roman times. In AD 56, Luke the Evangelist , Paul the Apostle and their companions stopped there briefly on

3132-408: Was exiled to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos by her second husband, Michael IV the Paphlagonian . The death of Michael IV and the overthrow of Michael V in 1042 led to Constantine being recalled from his place of exile and appointed as a judge in Greece. Lesbos and Mytilene had an established Jewish population since ancient times. In 1170, Benjamin of Tudela found ten small Jewish communities on

3190-416: Was famed for its great output of electrum coins struck from the late sixth through mid-fourth centuries BC. The Mytilenean revolt against Athens in 428 BC was overcome by an Athenian expeditionary force. The Athenian public assembly voted to massacre all the men of the city and to sell the women and children into slavery but the next day in the Mytilenian Debate changed its mind. A fast trireme sailed

3248-444: Was left in ruins after an earthquake in 1965. Work began on a new restoration in 2016 and the mosque reopened for worship in 2021. The mosque stands inside the remains of Enez Castle ( Turkish : Enez Kalesi ) which probably dates back to the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and was probably built as a defence against raids from the Balkans. The Has Yunus Bey Türbesi is a historic mosque and graveyard 300 m south of

3306-428: Was made Bishop of Mytilene and may have been a Chalcedonian Christian . He either died or was deposed between 536 and 553. The city of Mytilene was also home to 9th century Byzantine saints who were brothers, Archbishop George, Symeon Stylites , and David the Monk. The Church of St. Symeon, Mytilene venerates one of the three brothers. Catching the eye of the Empress Zoë Porphyrogenita , Constantine IX Monomachos

3364-401: Was the inspiration for Pompey's theatre in Rome in 55 BC, the first permanent stone theatre in Rome) on the hill on the western side of town. Subsequent work in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s by various members of the Archaeological Service revealed more of the theatre, including a Roman conversion to a gladiatorial arena. Salvage excavations carried out by the Archaeological Service in many areas of

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