36°42′9.3″N 137°12′47.2″E / 36.702583°N 137.213111°E / 36.702583; 137.213111
47-745: The Ainokaze Toyama Railway ( あいの風とやま鉄道株式会社 , Ainokaze Toyama Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese third-sector railway operating company established in 2012 to operate passenger railway services on the section of the JR West Hokuriku Main Line within Toyama Prefecture when it was separated from the JR West network in March 2015, coinciding with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension from Nagano to Kanazawa . The company
94-498: A third-sector railway line is a short line or network of lines operated by a small operating company jointly owned by a prefectural/municipal government and smaller private interests. Third-sector lines are generally former JR Group – or, before 1987, Japanese National Railways (JNR) – lines that have been divested from those larger companies. Most third-sector railway lines in Japan, especially those located in rural areas, operate in
141-400: A new external livery, returning to service on 28 August 2016. This train is also used to provide additional capacity on regular services during the peak periods. From the first half of fiscal 2018, a 413 series set will be rebuilt as a tourist train, returning to service on the line in the second half of fiscal 2018. Five new 521-1000 series two-car sets are scheduled to be introduced over
188-425: A new external livery, returning to service on 28 August 2016. This train is also used to provide additional capacity on regular services during the peak periods. From the first half of fiscal 2018, a 413 series set will be rebuilt as a tourist train, returning to service on the line in the second half of fiscal 2018. Five new 521-1000 series two-car sets are scheduled to be introduced over a period of six years, with
235-513: A period of six years, with the first set delivered in December 2017. These sets will replace the ageing 413 series EMUs. The company was founded on 24 July 2012. The company name "Ainokaze Toyama Railway" was announced on 30 May 2013. Ainokaze refers to a north-easterly breeze that blows in the region in spring and summer, and is mentioned in the Man'yōshū collection of Japanese poetry. The company
282-511: A railway operating license by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism on 28 February 2014. New stations are planned to be built between Takaoka and Nishi-Takaoka, and between Toyama and Higashi-Toyama. *: Rapid service stops | **: Ainokaze Liner stops | bold : Shirasagi / Thunderbird stops Public-Private Partnerships In Japan A number of Australian state governments have adopted systematic programmes based on
329-612: A somewhat similar fashion to that of community rail in the United Kingdom. The PPP model developed in Pakistan is built around this approach, structured to provide a parallel alternatives to traditional healthcare using corporate infrastructures which has been packaged as corporate social responsibility . The Philippine Government ( Filipino Pag tutulungan ng Pampubliko – at Pribadong Sektor ) maintains an online list of PPP projects. Misplaced Pages articles on specific PPP projects in
376-615: A total of 23 stations. While the Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line officially stretches from Kurikara in the west to Ichiburi in the east, most services terminate at Tomari to the east, with a same-platform transfer provided to Echigo Tokimeki Railway Nihonkai Hisui Line services. Some through services continue over the Echigo Tokimeki Railway Nihonkai Hisui Line to and from Itoigawa . To the west, most services continue to and from Kanazawa over
423-455: A total of 23 stations. While the Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line officially stretches from Kurikara in the west to Ichiburi in the east, most services terminate at Tomari to the east, with a same-platform transfer provided to Echigo Tokimeki Railway Nihonkai Hisui Line services. Some through services continue over the Echigo Tokimeki Railway Nihonkai Hisui Line to and from Itoigawa . To the west, most services continue to and from Kanazawa over
470-775: A variety of forms in British Columbia through the focused efforts of Partnerships BC, a company registered under the Business Corporations Act, that is wholly owned by the province of British Columbia and reports to its shareholder the Minister of Finance. Projects include the Canada Line rapid transit line, the Abbotsford Hospital and Cancer Centre and the Sea-to-Sky Highway project. In Quebec , PPPs include
517-535: Is a Japanese third-sector railway operating company established in 2012 to operate passenger railway services on the section of the JR West Hokuriku Main Line within Toyama Prefecture when it was separated from the JR West network in March 2015, coinciding with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension from Nagano to Kanazawa . The company was founded on 24 July 2012, and has its headquarters in Toyama in Toyama Prefecture . As of 2013 , Toyama Prefecture
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#1733084695777564-669: Is also regulated by Federal Law #115-FZ (21.07.2005) "On concessional agreements" and Federal Law #94-FZ (21.07.2005) "On Procurement of Goods, Works and Services for State and Municipal Needs". In some ways PPP is also regulated by Federal Law No.116-FZ (22.07.2005) "On special economic zones" (in terms of providing business benefits on special territories – in the broadest sense it is a variation of PPP). Still all those laws and documents do not cover all possible PPP forms. In February 2013 experts rated subjects of Russian Federation according to their preparedness for implementing projects via public–private partnership. The most developed region
611-584: Is developing PPP Guidelines, following the path of the UK and other nations burdened by PPPs. In September 2018, the first installment on PPP Project Preparation was released. In his paper on P3s in Spain, José Francisco Bellod Redondo notes that one of the main drivers for PFI in Spain is compliance with the fiscal restrictions imposed under the Maastricht Treaty and Stability and Growth Pact, which set concrete limits to
658-618: Is the main shareholder, owning 63% of the company's shares, 27% is owned by municipalities within Toyama Prefecture, and 10% is owned by private-sector businesses. From 14 March 2015, the Ainokaze Toyama Railway took over control of local passenger operations on the 100.1 km section JR West Hokuriku Main Line between Ichiburi in neighbouring Niigata Prefecture and Kurikara in neighbouring Ishikawa Prefecture , with
705-431: Is with the private partner/s) for the creation and/or management of infrastructure for public purpose for a specified period of time (concession period) on commercial terms and in which the private partner has been procured through a transparent and open procurement system." The union government has estimated an investment of $ 320 billion in infrastructure in the 10th plan. The major infrastructure development projects in
752-488: The IR Ishikawa Railway Line . In addition to all-stations "Local" ( 普通 , futsū ) services, limited-stop "Rapid" services named Ainokaze Liner ( あいの風ライナー ) operate between Tomari and Toyama or Kanazawa during the weekday morning and evening peaks. A supplementary liner fare of 300 yen is required to board these services, and all seats are reserved. ICOCA and other compatible IC farecards can be used on
799-420: The IR Ishikawa Railway Line . In addition to all-stations "Local" ( 普通 , futsū ) services, limited-stop "Rapid" services named Ainokaze Liner ( あいの風ライナー ) operate between Tomari and Toyama or Kanazawa during the weekday morning and evening peaks. A supplementary liner fare of 300 yen is required to board these services, and all seats are reserved. ICOCA and other compatible IC farecards can be used on
846-545: The McGill University Health Centre , the new western extension of Autoroute 30 and Université de Montréal 's Hospital Research Center. The PPP model has been adapted to China, where there were 9,575 PPP projects with a total value of 15 trillion RMB in the country as of May 2020. The Chinese government particularly promotes the use of PPP in infrastructure development. In the Chinese PPP model, many of
893-629: The National Highways Authority of India and Midday Meal Scheme with Akshaya Patra Foundation . The Yozma Program that started in Israel in 1993 kick-started the venture capital scene with public incentives , Israel is now know as the Start-up Nation . In Japan since the 1980s, the third sector ( 第三セクター , daisan sekutā ) refers to joint corporations invested in by both public and private sectors. In rail transport terms,
940-919: The Private Finance Initiative . The first, and the model for most others, is Partnerships Victoria. While some PPP projects have proceeded smoothly, others have been highly controversial. Australian examples include the Airport Link , the Cross City Tunnel , and the Sydney Harbour Tunnel , all in Sydney ; the Southern Cross station redevelopment in Melbourne ; and the Robina hospital in Queensland . In
987-625: The September 11 attacks , the government and BAA Limited each invested £65 million in the private sector operator in 2003. Public-private partnerships in America have existed in one form of another since the beginning of the colonial period , as colonial charters were based on a partnership between the British Crown and a company responsible for colonisation. In the United States , they mostly took
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#17330846957771034-475: The "private partners" are state-owned enterprises , often local government financing vehicles . PPP projects in China involving privately-held "private partners" are typically comparatively small projects like sewage works or garbage facilities. The European Commission sees Investments in public-sector infrastructure are seen as an important means of maintaining economic activity. As a result of this increase in
1081-696: The 2010s, the States of New South Wales , Queensland and Victoria implemented policies to encourage market-led proposals, where potential private partners can pitch PS projects for consideration by the government. In Bangladesh , the Infrastructure Investment Facilitation Center facilitates private sector investment. As a result of their efforts, the telecom sector has become a very active private investment area. In Canada , public–private partnerships have become significant in both social and infrastructure development. PPP Canada Inc.
1128-679: The Dutch Ministries of Foreign Affairs , Economic Affairs and Finance to stimulate financial sector development in developing countries and emerging markets . In July 2017, the Polish Council of Ministers approved the Policy for the Development of Public-Private Partnerships. In 2019, the Ministry offered public authorities with information and guidance on public-private partnerships. Poland
1175-605: The Indian state of Maharashtra (more than 50%) are based on the P3 model. In the 2000s, other states such as Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu also adopted this model. Sector-wise, road projects account for about 53.4% of the total projects in numbers, and 46% in terms of value. Ports come in second place and account for 8% of the total projects (21% of the total value). Other sectors including power, irrigation, telecommunication, water supply and airports, have gained momentum through
1222-591: The National Audit Office of the United Kingdom concluded that the private finance initiative model had proved to be more expensive and less efficient in supporting hospitals, schools, and other public infrastructure than public financing. In the UK, two-thirds of the London Underground PPP was taken back into public control in July 2007 after only four and a half years at an estimated cost of £2 billion and
1269-782: The P3 model. As of 2011 , these sectors were expected to get an investment of Rs. 2,027,169 crore (according to 2006–2007 WPI ). Recent failures of the major PPPs in India, such as the Tata Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project and the Khandwa Water Supply Augmentation Project, are now questioning the ability of PPPs to deliver on the Sustainable Development Goals. In India , public–private partnerships have been extremely successful in developing infrastructure, particularly road assets under
1316-627: The Philippines are categorized into Category:Proposed infrastructure in the Philippines . The Philippine BOT Law, Republic Act No. 6957 has been passed on May 5, 1994, and had been subsequently amended by RA 7718 with the Revised 2022 IRR of the BOT Law in 2012. Republic Act 11966 or the PPP Code of the Philippines was signed into law on December 5, 2023. On March 21, 2024, the implementing rules and regulations
1363-517: The country by providing a unified legal framework for all PPPs at both national and local levels," he explained. It clarifies the ambiguities in the Build–operate–transfer Law, last amended in 1994, and other existing PPP legal frameworks. Nowadays there are special laws about PPP in 69 subjects of Russian Federation. But the biggest part of them are just declarations. Besides PPP in Russia
1410-535: The effect on public accounts was largely illusory. The Labour government of Tony Blair , elected in 1997, expanded the PFI initiative but sought to shift the emphasis to the achievement of "value for money", mainly through an appropriate allocation of risk. However, it has since been found that many programs ran dramatically over budget and have not provided value for money for the taxpayer, with some projects costing more to cancel than to complete. An in-depth study conducted by
1457-408: The first set delivered in December 2017. These sets will replace the ageing 413 series EMUs. The company was founded on 24 July 2012. The company name "Ainokaze Toyama Railway" was announced on 30 May 2013. Ainokaze refers to a north-easterly breeze that blows in the region in spring and summer, and is mentioned in the Man'yōshū collection of Japanese poetry. The company was formally granted
Ainokaze Toyama Railway - Misplaced Pages Continue
1504-665: The form of toll roads concessions , which emerged in the mid to late nineteenth century. In recent years, there has been interest in expanding P3s to multiple infrastructure projects, such as schools, universities, government buildings, waste and water. In the early 2000s, P3s were implemented sporadically by different States and municipalities with little federal guidance. However, during Obama's second term , multiple policies were adopted to facilitate P3 projects, and Congress passed bills in that direction with overwhelming bipartisan support. P3s were introduced in Vietnam in 2010, with
1551-587: The form of delays during construction and major cost increases". The Greek Inter-Ministerial PPP Committee authorized two Public-Private Partnership projects in September 2017 and October 2018, including eight schools in the Cretan Municipality of Chania and 13 schools on the island of Rhodes . The Netherlands Financial Sector Development Exchange (NFX) is a platform of ING , Rabobank , ABN AMRO , Fortis , Triodos Bank , FMO (Dutch development bank) and
1598-745: The goal of attracting private investments for the country's infrastructure projects. This development was encouraged by the World Bank . By 2016, Vietnam had introduced 101 P3 projects, totaling $ 18.5 billion. In 2019, Vietnam adopted its first P3 law, which was rafted in collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Source: World Bank Ainokaze Liner 36°42′9.3″N 137°12′47.2″E / 36.702583°N 137.213111°E / 36.702583; 137.213111 The Ainokaze Toyama Railway ( あいの風とやま鉄道株式会社 , Ainokaze Toyama Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha )
1645-409: The line since 26 March 2015. Legend | - All Ainokaze liner trains pass O - All Ainokaze liner trains stop Services on the line use a fleet of 16 two-car 521 series (2nd-batch type) electric multiple unit (EMU) trains and five three-car 413 series EMUs (former sets B01 to B03, B07, and B10) acquired from JR West . The 521 series trains will receive a new livery with a blue wave design on
1692-407: The line since 26 March 2015. Legend | - All Ainokaze liner trains pass O - All Ainokaze liner trains stop Services on the line use a fleet of 16 two-car 521 series (2nd-batch type) electric multiple unit (EMU) trains and five three-car 413 series EMUs (former sets B01 to B03, B07, and B10) acquired from JR West . The 521 series trains will receive a new livery with a blue wave design on
1739-715: The national debt. Examples of PFI projects in Spain include Parque de Valdebebas in Madrid, Ciutat de la Justicia in Barcelona, the Autovia de Noroeste in Murcia, and the Hospital Puerta de Hierro in Majadahonda. The Government of India defines a P3 as "a partnership between a public sector entity (sponsoring authority) and a private sector entity (a legal entity in which 51% or more of equity
1786-677: The onset of the financial crisis in 2008, estimates suggest that the number of PPP deals closed has fallen more than 40 percent that year. A study, conducted by the European Court of Auditors of the European Union, examined 12 public-private partnerships in France, Greece, Ireland and Spain, in road transport and information and communications technology. It concluded that the partnerships were characterized by "widespread shortcomings and limited benefits" and underlined "considerable inefficiencies in
1833-600: The remaining one-third was taken back into public control in May 2010 after seven and a half years for a purchase price of £310 million. The government had paid advisers £180 million for structuring, negotiating and implementing the PPP and had reimbursed £275 million of bid costs to the winning bidders. The 30-year PPP contract for the refurbishment of the Ministry of Defence Main Building in London
1880-541: The role played by PPPs in new public-sector infrastructure projects and the complexity of PPP contracts, the European PPP Expertise Centre (EPEC) was established to support the public sector's capacity to implement PPPs and help overcome problems common across Europe in PPPs. From 1990 to 2009, nearly 1,400 PPP deals were signed in the European Union, representing a capital value of approximately €260 billion. On
1927-461: The seaward (north) side and a green wave design on the landward (south) side. While both the Ainokaze Toyama Railway and neighbouring IR Ishikawa Railway operate similar 521 series trains, the respective operators' trains do not run coupled together. As of 1 October 2017 , the 521 series and 413 series fleets are as follows. Set AM03 was modified for use as a special-event train, named Toyama Emaki ( とやま絵巻 ) with new seat covers and
Ainokaze Toyama Railway - Misplaced Pages Continue
1974-457: The seaward (north) side and a green wave design on the landward (south) side. While both the Ainokaze Toyama Railway and neighbouring IR Ishikawa Railway operate similar 521 series trains, the respective operators' trains do not run coupled together. As of 1 October 2017, the 521 series and 413 series fleets are as follows. Set AM03 was modified for use as a special-event train, named Toyama Emaki ( とやま絵巻 ) with new seat covers and
2021-533: Was Saint Petersburg (with rating 7.8), the least Chukotka (rating 0.0). By 2013 there were almost 300 public–private partnership projects in Russia. In 1992, the Conservative government of John Major in the UK introduced the PFI , the first systematic program aimed at encouraging public-private partnerships. The 1992 program focused on reducing the public-sector borrowing requirement , although, as already noted,
2068-488: Was created as a Crown corporation with an independent board of directors reporting through the Minister of Finance to Parliament. Its mandate is to improve the delivery of public infrastructure by achieving better value, timeliness and accountability to taxpayers, through P3s. The Corporation became operational in February 2009 with the appointments of a chair of the board of directors and a chief executive officer. PPPs exist in
2115-470: Was estimated to give a saving of £100,000 as compared to the £746.2 million cost of public procurement. The refinancing of the Fazakerley Prison PFI contract following the completion of construction delivered an 81% gain to the private sector operator. The NATS PPP saw 51% of the UK's air traffic control service transferred to the private sector; however, following the decline in air traffic after
2162-568: Was founded on 24 July 2012, and has its headquarters in Toyama in Toyama Prefecture . As of 2013, Toyama Prefecture is the main shareholder, owning 63% of the company's shares, 27% is owned by municipalities within Toyama Prefecture, and 10% is owned by private-sector businesses. From 14 March 2015, the Ainokaze Toyama Railway took over control of local passenger operations on the 100.1 km section JR West Hokuriku Main Line between Ichiburi in neighbouring Niigata Prefecture and Kurikara in neighbouring Ishikawa Prefecture , with
2209-463: Was signed by Government officials led by Arsenio Balisacan at The Mega Tower , Mandaluyong . "This pivotal moment underscores the Marcos administration's commitment to its Build Better More program of building and realizing high-quality, game-changing infrastructure projects that enable socioeconomic transformation," Balisacan said. "The PPP Code and its IRR aim to strengthen and institutionalize PPPs in
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