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61-581: After the death of Ahmad al-Badawi in the 13th century, his trusted student Abd al-Mu'tal succeeded him and built a khanqah next to his grave. This khanqah was eventually demolished and the site was incorporated into a mosque by the Mamluk Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad. It was further expanded by Sultan Qaytbay. Years later, on the orders of Ali Bey al-Kabir , the Mamluk governor of the Ottoman Empire,

122-716: A Damascene notable. When the Ottomans lost their nominal authority over Egypt in 1911, the Sultan of Egypt assigned an amir al-hajj by decree on a yearly basis, although by then the importance of the office had receded significantly amid radical political changes occurring in the country. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I signalled an end to the Damascene amir al-hajj . The dynasty of Muhammad Ali in Egypt continued to appoint an amir al-hajj for

183-426: A campaign to eliminate his rivals. On 30 November 1767 he assassinated two top-ranking mamluks, Ali Bey Jinn and Hasan Bey, and followed it up by expelling from Egypt four other beys and their retinues. On 1 March 1768, he exiled some thirty officers, including eighteen high-ranking mamluks of his ally Salih Bey's household. In May, Husayn Bey and Khalil Bey launched a campaign against Ali Bey from Gaza, sweeping through

244-515: A certain David, a Greek Orthodox priest. However, according to Alexander Mikaberidze , Ali Bey's father was a priest in the Georgian Orthodox Church . He was kidnapped and brought to Cairo , the capital of Ottoman Egypt , in 1741, when he was around 13, and was sold into slavery . He was purchased by two Jewish customs agents who gave him to Ibrahim Ketkhuda in 1743. Ibrahim Ketkhuda

305-477: A check on his power by the Ottoman imperial government. It appointed a new governor, Hamza Pasha, with secret instructions to bring down Ali Bey. The governor invited Ali Bey's main mamluk rival, Husayn Bey Kishkish, back to Egypt from exile. Ali Bey made an abortive attempt to kill Husayn Bey by poisoning, but the plot was detected and prompted Husayn Bey and Hamza Pasha to retaliate by besieging Ali Bey in his palace. He

366-455: A check on the ruling beys' power. On 6 September 1766, Ali Bey and his top mamluks appeared at the Cairo houses of the leading beys and demanded their restoration to the mamluk decision-making council. The council's members did not readmit them, but allowed them to stay in Egypt, with Ali Bey banished to Nusat, where he was to live off its revenues, and the others in his party sent to Upper Egypt, where

427-470: A collection of his possessions, including his rosary, which is ten meters long and contains a thousand beads. His turban, garb, and wooden staff are also preserved in the private collection there. The birthday celebration of Ahmad al-Badawi, known as the Mawlid (Milad) is celebrated every year. During this time and on Ramadan , special candies are sold at the entrance of the mosque which are sweet and named after

488-497: A large military force to protect the caravan in the event of an attack by local Bedouin, or would pay off the various Bedouin tribes whose territories the caravan had to traverse on the way to the Muslim holy cities in the Hejaz. The procurement of supplies (water and food), and transportation (camels), were also the responsibility of the amir al-hajj , as was securing the funds to finance

549-428: A metal zarih was built around the grave of Ahmad al-Badawi. In the 1960s, the mosque received a new pair of minarets and an iwan. In 1975, during the presidency of Anwar Sadat, the mosque was further expanded. The mosque is built in the style of Mamluk architecture . Muqarnas were used in both exterior and interior designs. The mihrab of the mosque incorporates pieces of rare mosaic material. The mosque also includes

610-546: A new governor from the Ottoman capital of Istanbul was assigned by the sultan (although he doesn't name him). It is likely that Uzunçarşılı read Al-Jabarti's chronicle, but failed to note the narrative about the new governor coming from Istanbul in 1769, since after that, Al-Jabarti does not name any other pasha by name or sequence until 1773 with Kara Halil Pasha. According to historians Cleveland and Bunton, "During his time in power, he successfully expanded Egypt's trade with Britain and France. He also hired European advisers to

671-528: A plot led by Husayn Bey Kashkash, a prominent bey of Ibrahim Ketkhuda's household, who recalled Ali Bey from his exile. Another 'Ali Bey', known as 'al-Ghazzawi', who had also been a mamluk of Ibrahim Ketkhuda, was recalled from his exile as well and was chosen in the council of preeminent beys as the new shaykh al-balad . While al-Ghazzawi was leading the Hajj caravan in 1760, he attempted to assassinate Abd al-Rahman, who remained influential in his retirement. The plot

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732-578: A subsequent order to execute the conspirators who attempted to assassinate Abd al-Rahman, Ghazzawi took up exile in Gaza on his way back from the Hajj. Although Ali Bey was officially shaykh al-balad , Abd al-Rahman, who lived in relative seclusion from daily politics, wielded actual power. Abd al-Rahman was neither a bey nor a mamluk, but a son of a mamluk, who were not favored in the mamluk system for advancement, and used Ali Bey as his political puppet. The limitation of his power by Abd al-Rahman, as well as by

793-613: Is not definitely known, but was likely in 978 CE when al-Aziz ( r.  975–996 ), the caliph of the Fatimids of Egypt, appointed Badis ibn Ziri to the position. The first amir al-hajj for the Kufa caravan was likely the Seljuk emir Qaymaz, appointed by Seljuk sultan Muhammad II in 1157, and the first likely amir al-hajj for the Damascus caravan was Tughtakin ibn Ayyub , appointed by

854-519: The umara al-hajj for Damascus were nominated from the high-ranking mamluks of Damascus, but afterward, mamluks and local leaders from lesser cities and towns such as Gaza , Ajlun , Nablus and al-Karak led the caravan with general success. In 1708, the Ottoman imperial government adopted a new policy whereby the wali (governor) of Damascus would serve as the amir al-hajj . With this change in policy also came an elevation of

915-520: The Abbasids , the tradition began of annual, state-sponsored caravans setting out from Damascus and Cairo , with the pilgrim caravans from remoter regions usually joining them. A third major point of departure was Kufa , where pilgrims from Iraq , Iran , and Central Asia gathered; Damascus gathered pilgrims from the Levant and in later times Anatolia ; and Cairo gathered the pilgrims from Egypt, Africa,

976-617: The Ayyubid sultan Saladin after the reconquest of Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187. With the virtual destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate and its capital Baghdad by the Mongol Empire in 1258, the role of Damascus and Cairo as gathering and departure points for the Hajj caravan was elevated. The Mamluk Sultanate was established two years later. From then on, Damascus served as

1037-451: The Maghreb , and al-Andalus (Spain). The early Abbasids placed much value on the symbolic importance of the pilgrimage, and in the first century of Abbasid rule members of the ruling dynasty were usually chosen to lead the caravans. Caliph Harun al-Rashid ( r.  786–809 ) led the caravan in person several times. The specific year when the amir al-hajj office was established

1098-894: The Nile River , preventing food supplies to Cairo from Upper Egypt, and stopping tax payments from the Upper Egyptian districts. After abortive expeditions from the ruling mamluks against Ali Bey and Salih Bey, the latter two launched their offensive, appearing before Cairo in autumn 1767. Rakım Mehmed Pasha, intent on toppling the beys, ordered the ojaqs back to their barracks, thus depriving Husayn Bey and Khalil Bey of crucial military support. Without any actual fighting, Ali Bey and Salih Bey entered Cairo in October, while Khalil Bey and Husayn Bey left for Gaza. Rakım Mehmed Pasha recognized Ali Bey as shaykh al-balad and restored his subordinate beys to their former offices. Soon after, Ali Bey launched

1159-518: The Ottoman Empire independent for a short time. His rule ended following the insubordination of his most trusted general, Abu al-Dahab , which led to Ali Bey's downfall and death. Ali Bey was born in Principality of Abkhazia and was of ethnic Georgian origin. The Encyclopedia of Islam adds that according to Ali Bey's contemporary biographer, Sauveur Lusignan, he was "supposedly" the son of

1220-577: The Bedouin, who were as elusive as clouds. His less common, Arabic nickname, Jinn Ali ('Ali the demon'), was similarly a reference to his ferocity against the Bedouin. Upon his return from the Hajj, Ali attained the rank of bey. Ibrahim Ketkhuda died in November 1754, after which he was succeeded as head of the Qazdughli faction by Abd al-Rahman Ketkhuda, while Ridwan succeeded him as shaykh al-balad . Ridwan

1281-526: The Damascene caravan carried the corresponding covering for Muhammad's tomb in Medina. A few Mamluk sultans made the pilgrimage themselves, but usually their symbolic presence was represented by a mahmal (palanquin), escorted by musicians. The role of amir al-hajj was continued by the Ottoman Empire when they gained control over the Mamluks' territories in 1517. Besides the latter year, during which

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1342-626: The Damascene commander's rank. His rank became superior to that of the Cairene commander, any imperial Ottoman official traveling with the caravan, the Ottoman governor of the Hejaz in Jeddah , and the Meccan sharifs . The Arab al-Azm family of Damascus were able to hold on as governors of Damascus for lengthy periods partly due to their success commanding the caravan. When the Wahhabis first took control of

1403-667: The Hejaz in the early 19th century, they prohibited the carrying of the mahmal and the musicians, but when Muhammad Ali recovered the area in 1811, they were reinstated. When the Saudis recaptured the Hejaz in 1925, the ban was re-applied. The exclusivity of the amir al-hajj office enjoyed by the governors of Damascus ended at some time in the mid-19th century when the Ottomans regained control of Syria from Muhammad Ali's Egyptian forces. The security threat from Bedouin raiders also decreased during that time. From then on, amir al-hajj became an honorary office typically occupied by

1464-498: The Mamluk state that had disappeared in 1517. However, a few days after a major victory over Governor Uthman Pasha al-Kurji by the allied forces of Zahir al-Umar and Ali Bey's forces on 6 June 1771, Abu al-Dhahab, the commander of his troops in Syria, refused to continue the fight after an Ottoman agent stirred up mistrust between him and Ali Bey, and hastily returned to Egypt. As a result, Ali Bey lost power in 1772. The following year, he

1525-527: The Mamluks of Egypt once again became the favored appointees for the office. In the 16th century, the amir al-hajj assigned to the caravan from Damascus commanded 100 sipahi , professional troops who owned fiefs in Damascus Eyalet (Province of Damascus), and janissaries , soldiers from the Damascus garrison. The first amir al-hajj for Damascus was the province's former Mamluk viceroy-turned Ottoman governor, Janbirdi al-Ghazali . Until 1571,

1586-515: The Nile Delta, before establishing base in Tanta . Ali Bey obtained a firman from Rakım Mehmed Pasha officially declaring them as rebels, enabling him to use imperial funds against them, though he still imposed heavy exactions on the local and foreign merchants toward the same purpose. Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab and Salih Bey, confronted the rebels, who surrendered after running out of ammunition. Husayn Bey

1647-528: The Ottoman governor and the other mamluk beys, did not reconcile with Ali Bey's ambitions for total power. He resolved to eliminate his rivals, promote mamluks of his own household and engineer their appointments to powerful positions, and expand his sources of income. He began his thrust for power in 1763, when he exiled several officers of the janissaries from Alexandria and arrested for ransom four priests in Alexandria. The following year, he may have engineered

1708-414: The Ottoman sultan appointed a bureaucrat to the post, the umara al-hajj from Cairo for much of the 16th century continued to come from the ranks of Circassian Mamluks with occasional appointments of important Arab sheikhs or high-ranking Bosnian or Turkish officials. This was followed by a period where commanders for the Cairene caravan came from Constantinople until the early 18th century when

1769-852: The black cloth that is annually draped over the Kaaba in Mecca. According to Singer and Philipp, an amir al-hajj needed to possess logistical capabilities and military skills. To procure supplies and ensure safe transportation for the caravan, the amir al-hajj often maintained a network of connections to various Ottoman officials and local community leaders. An amir al-hajj brought with him an array of officials, including additional mamluk commanders to maintain order and religious functionaries, such as imams , muezzins , qadis , all of whom were typically educated Arabs . Other officials included Arab desert guides, doctors, an official in charge of intestate affairs for pilgrims who died during

1830-407: The caravans—typically an amir mia muqaddam alf (commander of a thousand soldiers) —occasionally including freeborn Mamluks ( awlad al-nas ), who were considered of lower status than manumitted Mamluks. During the Mamluk era, the main pilgrimage caravan left from Cairo. Its amir al-hajj was always appointed by the sultan. The amir al-hajj of Damascus was either appointed by

1891-512: The defterdar, the qa'imiqam , who wielded executive authority during the absence of the governor, the amir al-hajj , who commanded the annual Muslim pilgrim caravan to Mecca , and the chief of the janissaries, were all held by mamluk beys. In 1711 a civil war broke between the two dominant mamluk factions of the country, the Faqariya and the Qasimiya, the former backed by the janissaries and

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1952-419: The dominant military power in Egypt. For the remainder of the 18th century, the mamluk beys controlled Egypt's politics, but their incessant factionalism and internal strife allowed the Ottomans to maintain an important influence in provincial affairs. A testament to the newfound power and prestige of the mamluks in Egypt was the inauguration of a new title, shaykh al-balad (chief of the country), bestowed by

2013-498: The hands of its governor, set up a complex system of government in the province to balance his power. While the governor, always chosen from the Ottoman imperial personnel, remained the sultan's chief executive in Egypt and held the high rank of pasha , the defterdar , or treasurer, who was typically a mamluk, was given extensive power over the economy, and held the next highest rank of sanjakbey , often abbreviated to ' bey '. The province had seven Ottoman army units, called ojaqs ,

2074-474: The latter by the other Ottoman ojaqs and a newly-emergent mamluk faction, the Qazdughliya. The Faqariya were trounced during the war, but the victorious Qasimiya splintered into a spent force of warring factions by the 1730s, enabling the rise of the Qazdughliya to power. Despite the internal bloodletting among the mamluks, the civil war had signaled the triumph of the mamluk beys over the Ottoman ojaqs as

2135-509: The main gathering point for pilgrims from the Levant, Anatolia, Mesopotamia and Persia, while Cairo was the marshalling point for pilgrims coming from the Nile Valley , North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa . According to historian Jane Hathaway, the amir al-hajj assumed its "classical" form under the Mamluks. Despite its importance, however, the Mamluks chose middle-ranking officials to lead

2196-487: The military and bought European weapons". However, according to Bidwell, "...   he did not make use of native Egyptians or call in foreigners for technical advice. He made no effort to build a modern army   ..." Amir al-hajj Amir al-hajj ( Arabic : أمير الحج , romanized :  amīr al-ḥajj , lit.   'commander of the pilgrimage' or Arabic : أمير الحج , romanized :  amīr al-ḥājj , lit.   'commander of

2257-573: The most powerful administrators in those parts of the countryside that were not controlled by the Bedouin (nomadic) tribes. In 1753 or 1754, Ali was the amir al-hajj , the second most important office in the mamluk beylicate of the 18th century. In the course of leading the caravan, he made daring attacks against the Bedouin tribes who dwelt in the desert regions through which the caravan route passed. He earned his popular Turkish nickname, Balut Kapan , meaning 'he who catches clouds', an allusion to

2318-429: The most powerful of which was the janissaries . The remnant mamluks maintained a parallel military structure in the province that was initially loyal to the Ottoman rulers, who allowed them to continue importing and training new recruits, critical to the continuation of the mamluk tradition. By the early 18th century, the ojaqs had become considerably weakened and dominated by the mamluk beys. The powerful offices of

2379-454: The office of qa'immiqam , thereby attaining the executive powers of the governor during his absence. Crecelius notes by "combining the leadership of the mamluk regime with the executive functions of the Ottoman government Ali Bey had gained complete mastery of the Ottoman administration and reduced the governor to impotence". Rakım Mehmed Pasha attempted to depose Ali Bey in November by enlisting Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab. The latter revealed

2440-562: The officers he eliminated were replaced by his own mamluks. He allowed the beys from his household to build up households of their own, while he acquired substantial numbers of new mamluks and commissioned mercenaries to supplement his forces. After Salih Bey's assassination, Ali Bey promoted three more of his mamluks as beys, appointed Isma'il Bey as defterdar, Ayyub Bey as governor of the major district of Girga , and another of his mamluk beys, Hasan Bey Ridwan, as amir al-hajj and amir misr (commander of Cairo). In September, he had assumed

2501-456: The pilgrim'; plural: Arabic : أمراء الحج , romanized :  umarāʾ al-ḥajj ) was the position and title given to the commander of the annual Hajj pilgrim caravan by successive Muslim empires, from the 7th century until the 20th century. Since the Abbasid period, there were two main caravans, one departing from Damascus and the other from Cairo . Each of the two annual caravans

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2562-447: The pilgrimage's safety, and its success or failure significantly reflected on the ruler's prestige. Thus, "talented and successful Hajj commanders were crucial". In Ottoman times, the importance of successful umara al-hajj generally rendered them immune from punitive measures by the Ottoman authorities for abuses they committed elsewhere. The main threat to a Hajj caravan was Bedouin raiding. An amir al-hajj would command

2623-505: The pilgrimage, and a muhtasib who was in charge of overseeing financial transactions. Muslim tradition ascribes the first Hajj caravan to the lifetime of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , who in 630 ( AH 9) instructed Abu Bakr to lead 300 pilgrims from Medina to Mecca. With the Muslim conquests , large numbers of pilgrims converged from all the corners of the expanding Muslim world. Under

2684-401: The pilgrimage. The funds mostly came from province revenues specifically designated for the Hajj. Some funds came from large endowments established by various Mamluk and Ottoman sultans that were mainly meant to ensure the availability of water and supplies in the cities of Mecca and Medina to accommodate incoming pilgrims. The Cairene commander was responsible for the kiswa , which was

2745-604: The plot to Ali Bey, who then denounced and ousted the governor. Ali Bey stopped the annual tribute to the Sublime Porte and in an unprecedented usurpation of the Ottoman Sultan 's privileges had his name struck on local coins in 1769 (alongside the sultan's emblem), effectively declaring Egypt's independence from Ottoman rule. In 1770 he gained control of the Hijaz and a year later temporarily occupied Syria , thereby reconstituting

2806-485: The poisoning death of Egypt's incoming governor before he could assume office. In 1765 he exiled Abd al-Rahman to the Hejaz (western Arabia). In the meantime he was rapidly acquiring and promoting his mamluks, such that he had 3,000 mamluks and made eight of them beys by 1766. Ali Bey's intensifying moves against the ojaqs and fellow mamluk emirs and the empowerment of his own mamluks and tyrannical rule all brought about

2867-481: The powerful Hawwara tribe was already hosting several mamluk exiles from the Qasimiya faction under Salih Bey. In February 1767, illicit communications between Ali Bey and his sympathizers in Cairo were detected, leading to the killings or exile of the sympathizers by the ruling beys and an order to exile Ali Bey to Jeddah . Around the same time, however, Hamza Pasha moved against the mamluks, per orders from Constantinople. Although several beys were slain and Husayn Bey

2928-507: The province. By September, the French consul reported "never has the Janissary ojaq been reduced to the point it is today". That month, Ali Bey had Salih Bey assassinated, and soon after broke up his household, exiling his mamluks to Tanta, Damietta , Jeddah, and Upper Egypt. With every move against his rivals, Ali Bey consolidated his hold over the military and bureaucracy in Egypt. All of

2989-424: The rank of kashif in 1749. Kashifs were a rank below the beys, whom they expected to succeed in time, and were chosen among the favorite mamluks of their patron. In the early 18th century, there were thirty-six administrative offices open to kashifs , who numbered between sixty and seventy at that time. Their jurisdiction typically included a group of villages in a rural province and they were essentially

3050-565: The saint himself. Ali Bey al-Kabir Ali Bey al-Kabir ( Arabic : علي بك الكبير , romanized :  ʿAlī Bey al-Kābīr , Georgian : ალი ბეი ალ-ქაბირი; 1728 – 8 May 1773) was a Mamluk leader in Egypt . Nicknamed Jinn Ali ("Ali the Devil") and Bulut Kapan ("Cloud-Catcher"), Ali Bey rose to prominence in 1768 when he rebelled against his Ottoman rulers, making the Egypt Eyalet of

3111-498: The significance of the Hajj pilgrimage in Islam , the protection of the caravan and its pilgrims was a priority for the Muslim rulers responsible. Any mishandling of the caravan or harm done to the pilgrims by Bedouin raiders would often be made known throughout the Muslim world by returning pilgrims. The leader of the Muslim world, or the ruler aspiring to this position, was required to ensure

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3172-502: The sultan on the preeminent mamluk bey. Ali's master, Ibrahim Ketkhuda, had led the Qazdughli faction to victory over the Qasimiya in 1730 and in 1739, drove out the head of the Faqariya, Uthman Bey. By 1748, Ibrahim Ketkhuda and his partner in power, Ridwan Ketkhuda, head of the smaller Julfiyya mamluk faction, stabilized the country under their joint leadership. Moving up the ranks in Ibrahim Ketkhuda's mamluk household, Ali reached

3233-519: The sultan or his viceroy in Syria. The Damascene commander was generally subordinate to the Cairene commander, normally playing a neutral or supportive role to the latter in meetings or quarrels with the Meccan sharifs or the caravan commanders from what is now Iraq or Yemen. Because the kiswa , the ceremonial covering for the Kaaba, was usually woven in Egypt, it was carried by the Cairo caravan, while

3294-470: Was also of Georgian origin. Although the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1518–1519, the new rulers incorporated the remnant mamluk (manumitted slave soldier) troops and officials into the governance systems of the newly-formed province of Egypt. The Ottoman sultan , wary of concentrating the full extent of Egypt's large military and economic resources into

3355-402: Was assigned an amir al-hajj whose main duties were securing funds and provisions for the caravan, and protecting it along the desert route to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina in the Hejaz . According to historian Thomas Philipp, "the office of amir al-hajj was an extremely important one", which brought with it great political influence and religious prestige. Given

3416-574: Was beheaded, while Khalil Bey took refuge in the Sayyid Tantawi Mosque until Ali Bey permitted him to enter exile in Alexandria . There, in July 1768, he was strangled. For the remainder of the year, Ali Bey continued eliminating or substantially weakening rivals among the mamluks and in the ranks of the ojaqs , especially the janissaries, who remained the only influential government military force in

3477-400: Was detected, after which Abd al-Rahman allied with Ali Bey, who wielded significant influence with the janissaries, to strengthen his position against al-Ghazzawi. In a council of the leading beys held in al-Ghazzawi's absence, Abd al-Rahman proposed that Ali Bey replace the acting shaykh al-balad , Khalil Bey al-Daftardar, to which the council agreed. Upon hearing the election of Ali Bey and

3538-495: Was forced to step down as shaykh al-balad . Although he agreed to exile in Medina , he took refuge in Gaza, on Egypt's border. In Gaza, Ali Bey established contact with the Acre -based strongman of northern Palestine , Zahir al-Umar , and gained the latter's support. The tyrannical rule of Khalil Bey and Husayn Bey led to Hamza Pasha facilitating Ali Bey's return to Egypt to use him as

3599-660: Was killed in Cairo. However, the date of 1772 is highly disputed; other sources and historians give varying dates for the end of Ali Bey's power in Egypt. Uzunçarşılı claims that he held power until 1773 (when Kara Halil Pasha became governor), but Sicill-i Osmani disagrees, saying that he fell out of power in 1769 and naming three interceding governors by name between the end of Ali Bey's reign in 1769 and Kara Halil Pasha's appointment in 1773; these are Köprülü Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1769), Kelleci Osman Pasha (1769–1771), and Vekil Osman Pasha (1772–1773). First-person source Al-Jabarti declares that Ali Bey gave up power in 1769 when

3660-507: Was ousted in May 1755, and by October, Uthman Bey al-Jirjawi became shaykh al-balad and Abd al-Rahman largely retired from politics. Ali became a bey during al-Jirjawi's reign. Al-Jirjawi was ousted by Husayn Bey al-Sabunji, who became shaykh al-balad and exiled Ali Bey to the village of Nusat in Lower Egypt as part of a purge of potential rivals. In November, al-Sabunji was overthrown in

3721-638: Was wounded, the mamluks prevailed against the governor, whom they deposed. The imperial government soon after sent a new governor, Rakım Mehmed Pasha , with orders to rein in the beys and prop up Ali Bey. Despite the threat he posed to them, Ali Bey was allowed by his mamluk rivals in power to join his mamluks in exile at Asyut in Upper Egypt. There, the leader of the Hawwara, Sheikh Humam, brokered an alliance between Ali Bey and Salih Bey. The two now rebelled against Husayn Bey and Khalil Bey by blocking traffic along

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