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99-595: The settlement of Agryz first appeared in historical records in 1646. After the suppression of Pugachev's uprising in 1775, Agryz became part of the Sarapulsky county ( uyezd ) within the Vyatka province. In 1914-1915, a railway connecting Kazan with the Urals was built near the Agryz settlement. Since the founding of the railway station, Agryz has become one of the largest railway hubs in

198-472: A barrier between the workers and the government; they inhibited appeals to the state for improvement of conditions. Also, with the loss of Russia's competitive advantage on the world market, the production of the Ural mines and iron-smelting factories declined. This decline hit the workers the hardest because they had no other place to go or no other skill to market. There was enough material to support rebellion against

297-630: A clear unified role in the rebellion, the Buddhist Kalmyks and Muslim Kazakhs , neighboring Turkic tribes in the steppe, were involved in a more fragmented way. The Kazakhs were nomadic herdsman like the Bashkirs, and were in constant struggle with neighboring indigenous groups and Russian settlers over land. Pugachev tried hard to get Kazakh leaders to commit to his cause, but leaders like Nur-Ali would not do so fully. Nur-Ali engaged in talks with both Pugachev's and Tsarist forces, helping each only when it

396-461: A detachment, because there is not a single Tatar or Bashkir detachment, since they have all fled, and the starshins , who have dispersed to their homes, are presently departing for the Nagaybatskaya fortress." ( Dokumenty stavki E. I. Pugacheva, povstancheskikh vlastei i uchrezhdenii, 1773-1774. Moskva, Nauka , 1975. Document number 195. Author's translation) The concept of freedom was applied to

495-453: A frame of mind may also account for the strong urge to take revenge on the nobles and officials, on their modern and evil way of life. Pugachev's followers were particularly frightened by apparent economic and social changes. They wished to recapture the old ideals of service and community in a hierarchy ordained by God. They needed a palpable sense of direct relationship with the source of sovereign power. The Cossacks were most keenly aware of

594-416: A leading role in the economy of the Agryz region and accounts for more than a quarter of the gross regional product. Agricultural lands cover about 100 thousand hectares, or more than 60% of the district's territory. Rye , barley , wheat , and potatoes are among the crops cultivated in the district. Among the most important industries are meat and dairy cattle breeding and beekeeping. The largest investors of

693-587: A meeting of the Minister of Transport and Roads of Tatarstan, Agryz was selected as the future site for a new international transport and logistics center. According to the plan, the Agryz station will become a terminal for the export of goods to China and other destinations in Asia . The project is being developed under the auspices of the All-Russian Research Institute of Railway Transport. Agriculture plays

792-469: A number of nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries in the district, including the large Kichke-Tan natural reserve and the Agryz state hunting reserve. One of the largest natural monuments in the region, "The floodplain of the Kyrykmas River", is located not far from the villages of Devyaterykh and Sosnovo. The natural park covers an area of more than a thousand hectares and consists of subtaiga forests and

891-551: A place in my government and will be designated to serve a glorious duty on my behalf. If there are those who forget their obligations to their natural ruler Peter III, and dare not carry out the command that my devoted troops are to receive weapons in their hands, then they will see for themselves my righteous anger, and will then be punished harshly. From the very beginning of the insurgency , Pugachev's generals carried out mass recruitment campaigns in Tatar and Bashkir settlements, with

990-476: A pretender-liberator. As Peter III, he was seen as Christ-like and saintly because he had meekly accepted his dethronement by his evil wife Catherine II and her courtiers. He had not resisted his overthrow, but had left to wander the world. He had come to help the revolt, but he did not initiate it; according to popular myth, the Cossacks and the people did that. The popular mythology of Peter III linked Pugachev with

1089-419: A strong agro-industrial complex while reducing the natural rate of population decline in the region as well as increasing its average salary. The development of small and medium-sized businesses will be a special priority of this strategy. In 2018, the share of small businesses in the volume of gross territorial product was about 27%, while 42% of the total number of small and medium-sized businesses are engaged in

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1188-567: A third of the city's inhabitants work for the Russian Railways and the industry contributes about 50% of the tax revenue of the district budget. In 2020, Agryz was one of the 50 main marshalling yards in Russia. The station receives up to 10 thousand wagons per day and sorts about three thousand. The Agryz railway junction includes a repair and maintenance depot, a track machine station, communication centers and other departments. In September 2020, at

1287-454: Is a home to rare plants and animals. There are 29 species of fish in the Kyrykmas River and 75 species of birds inhabit its floodplains. The Agryz state hunting reserve with an area of more than 30 thousand hectares was organized in 1984 to restore the population of beavers and wood grouses. The reserve's forests are home to about ten species of animals, the hunting and trapping of which is limited. There are about 30 ancient archaeological sites on

1386-600: Is not Peter III. By early September, the rebellion was crushed. Yemelyan Pugachev was betrayed by his own Cossacks when he tried to flee in mid-September 1774, and they delivered him to the authorities. He was beheaded and dismembered on 21 January 1775, in Moscow. After the revolt, Catherine cut Cossack privileges further and set up more garrisons across Russia. Provinces became more numerous, certain political powers were broken up and divided among various agencies, and elected officials were introduced. The popular interpretation of

1485-542: Is one of the most inaccessible and remote areas in the republic. The main regional road is Agryz—Kryndy— Mendeleyevsk . A small part of the M7 highway "Yelabuga— Izhevsk — Perm ", running through Udmurtia has been laid near the districts' borders. In the village of Krasny Bor  [ ru ] , a wharf on the Kama was opened. In summers, there is a ferry crossing the Izh River between

1584-728: The Marwari people , who settled in Astrakhan between 1636 and 1725 , and called Astrakhan Indians this Men married with Buddhist Kalmyks, with local Muslim Tatar and Orthodox Christian Russian women. The families moved and lived then in the Agryz suburb and the descendants of these Indo-Turkic marriages were named after this suburb. The Agrizhan eventually assimilated with the Muslim Astrakhan Tatars . They speak Tatar language and russian language as first languages, but they know about there Indian Heritage and are proud about it. Currently,

1683-694: The October Revolution , the property of the Yaushev merchant family was nationalized by the bolsheviks. The family went into exile to Japan, China, the United States and Western Europe. Some members of the family later returned to Soviet Russia . A different branch of the Yaushev family became religious leaders in what is now northern Kazakhstan in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century. Gabdelbari Yaushev (1814—1894) and his son Gabdelvagap Yaushev (1859—1924) were imams and akhoonds in

1782-584: The Ottoman Empire . After initial success, Pugachev assumed leadership of an alternative government in the name of the late Tsar Peter III and proclaimed an end to serfdom . This organized leadership presented a challenge to the imperial administration of Catherine II. The rebellion managed to consolidate support from various groups including the peasants , the Cossacks , and Old Believers priesthood. At one point, its administration claimed control over most of

1881-586: The Peasants' War 1773–1775 or Cossack Rebellion ) of 1773–1775 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II seized power in 1762. It began as an organized insurrection of Yaik Cossacks headed by Yemelyan Pugachev , a disaffected ex-lieutenant of the Imperial Russian Army , against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with

1980-559: The Southern Ural ( Troitsk , Chelyabinsk , Kustanay ) and Central Asia ( Tashkent ), as well as cotton, tea, soap and leather manufactures in what now are Russia and Uzbekistan. The Yaushevs were sponsors and active members of the liberal Muslim movement in Russia, Jadidism . They financed several Islamic modernist schools and mosques, such as the White Mosque in Kustanay . After

2079-506: The 18th century, which also added strain on the peasants. Frequent recurrence of crop failures, plagues and epidemics created economic and social instability. The most dramatic was the 1771 epidemic in Moscow , which brought to the surface all the unconscious and unfocused fears and panics of the populace. Each ruler altered the position of the Church, which created more pressure. Peter the Great gave

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2178-422: The Agryz district. The 2015 the inauguration of the "Agryz-Razvitie" industrial site with a total area of twenty thousand square meters played a significant role in the development of the region's economy. Its main activity is the production of meat and meat products. With the commissioning of new workshops and areas, the plant's combined income in 2018 exceeded 1.3 billion rubles, while its share of tax payments to

2277-620: The Agryz station will become a terminal for the export of goods to China and other countries. The project is being developed by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Railway Transport. Agryz district is located in the north-east of the Republic of Tatarstan. It shares borders with the Udmurt Republic ( Alnashsky district , Mozhginsky , Malopurginsky , Kiyasovsky , Sarapulsky, Karakulinsky districts ) to

2376-566: The Agryz territory, many of which date back to the early Iron Age . The following archaeological sites are protected by the state: According to a number of indexes, the ecological situation in the area is described as satisfactory. At the same time, in neighboring Udmurtia, the pollution emissions in 2015 amounted to 148 million tons. In August 2006, the Council of the Agryzsky municipal district approved its new heraldic insignia. The central figure of

2475-478: The Bashkirs the political autonomy and cultural independence they desired. The Bashkirs were crucial to Pugachev's rebellion. Some of the memorable leaders of the rebellion, like Salavat Yulaev were Bashkirs, and historian Alan Bodger argues that the rebellion might have died in the beginning stages were it not for the Bashkir's involvement. In spite of their integral role, Bashkirs fought for different reasons than many of

2574-407: The Church new obligations, while its administration assimilated to a department of the secular state. The Church's resources, or the means of collection, could not meet the new obligations and as a consequence, they heavily exploited and poorly administered their serfs. The unrest spurred constant revolt among Church serfs. Pugachev's image according to folk memory and contemporary legends was one of

2673-574: The City of Kungur . During the revolt the nomadic Kazakhs took the opportunity to raid the Russian settlements. Pugachev's troops suffered from a lack of food and gunpowder. Many fighters deserted, including one general who left the battle and took his entire unit with him. Cossack officers wrote in a report to their superior, Vasily Ivanovich Tornov, "For the sake of your eminence, we humbly request that our Nagaybatskaya Fortress be returned to us with or without

2772-456: The Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for Social and Economic Monitoring, the region's investment in fixed assets in the first half of 2020 amounted 4.2 billion rubles, or two percent of the total investment in the republic. The largest funds were allocated to machinery, equipment and state inventory. During the same time period, more than 11 thousand square meters of housing were commissioned in

2871-408: The Cossacks and peasants, and sometimes their disparate objectives disrupted Pugachev's cause. There are accounts of Bashkirs, upset over their lost land, taking peasant land for themselves. Bashkirs also raided factories, showing their aggression towards Russian expansion and industrialization. Pugachev thought that these raids were ill-advised and not helpful towards his cause. While the Bashkirs had

2970-594: The Emancipation Manifesto of 1762 and the serf's expectations of further liberalizations had he continued as ruler. Pugachev offered freedom from the poll tax and the recruit-levy, which made him appear to follow in the same vein as the emperor he was impersonating. Pugachev attempted to reproduce the St. Petersburg bureaucracy. He established his own College of War with quite extensive powers and functions. He did not promise complete freedom from taxation and recruitment for

3069-566: The Great the Yaushev family was stripped of nobility for the refusal to convert from Islam to the Russian Orthodox Church . In the subsequent decades, parts of the family restored their title. A branch of the larger Yaushev clan became a prominent merchant family in the 19th and early 20th century by trading between Russia and Central Asia. The merchant dynasty was founded in Troitsk in the early 19th century by Gaisa Yaushev (1790–1870). It

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3168-517: The Kalmyk campaign led by II'ia Arapov which, though defeated, caused a total uproar and pushed the rebellion forward in the Stavropol region. By late 1774 the tide was turning, and the Russian army's victory at Tsaritsyn left 9,000-10,000 rebels dead. Russian General Panin's savage reprisals, after the capture of Penza , completed their discomfiture. By 21 August 1774, Don Cossacks recognize that Pugachev

3267-466: The Khlebopischekombinat and the "Bulgar" bakery plant. Additionally, the district specializes in the production of bread and grain procurements, met cattle, pork and dairy products. Economists state that the district has the potential to create an agro-industrial cluster that could unify farmers, processors and trade enterprises. Moreover, the region has large reserves of sand and clay, facilitating

3366-552: The Pugachev Rebellion, these natives responded by assassinating Orthodox clergy members. Because the natives professed allegiance to Pugachev, the rebel leader had no choice but to implicitly condone their actions as part of his rebellion. The Tatars (from the Volga and Kama basin) were the indigenous group with the most complex political structure. They were most closely associated with Russian culture because they had lived within

3465-505: The Pugachev uprising. The Kalmyks' role in the rebellion was not unified either, but historians disagree about how to classify their actions. Historian Alan Bodger argues that the Kalmyks' role was minimal. They helped both sides in the conflict, but not in a way that changed the results. John T. Alexander argues that the Kalmyks were a significant factor in the rebel's initial victories. He cites

3564-641: The Tatar language, four schools teach in Mari language and two more in Udmurt. There is also a children's art school, health centers, a sports school and other extracurricular activities. The district's cultural resources are represented by 39 institutions and establishments including six museums. Since 1997, the Museum of History and Cultural Heritage of the Agryzsky region has operated in the district and displays more than 8 thousand exhibits. The district museum has branches including

3663-421: The Tatar noble family of Yaushevs . In 1774, Yemelyan Pugachev 's rebellious army was stationed near the settlement. After the suppression of the uprising, Agryz became part of the Sarapulsky uyezd of the Vyatka province. In 1881, the local imam established the Agryz madrasah, where many prominent Tatar scholars and religious leaders studied and worked. Among them were the writers Daut Gubaidi and Najip Dumavi ,

3762-402: The Volga, and eastward into Siberia. Pugachev's groups were defeated in late March and early April 1774 by a second relief corps under General Bibikov , but Pugachev escaped to the southern Urals, Bashkiria , where he recruited new supporters. Then, the rebels attacked the city of Kazan, burning most of it on July 23, 1774. Though beaten three times at Kazan by tsarist troops, Pugachev escaped by

3861-503: The Volga, and gathered new forces as he went down the west bank of the river capturing main towns. On September 5, 1774, Pugachev failed to take Tsaritsyn and was defeated in the steppe below that town. His closest followers betrayed him to the authorities. After a prolonged interrogation, Pugachev was publicly executed in Moscow on 21 January [ O.S. 10 January] 1775. Pugachev's vague rhetoric inspired not only Cossacks and peasants to fight, but also indigenous tribes on

3960-564: The Yelabuga agricultural region, but by the following year it had already restored to its former borders. The Agryzhan spelled out Agrizhan Tatar or Agryjan (Indian form), were the Muslim descendants of 51 Indian Hindu Punjabi Khatri Merchant and one Indian Muslim trader from North India mostly from Khatri caste, primarily from the Punjab , but also from Indian Merchants of Sindh and Rajasthan from

4059-631: The appearance of Pugachev as Peter III and his successes, and they also helped him recruit his first followers among the Old Believer Cossack of the Iaik. The Iaik Cossack host was most directly and completely involved in the Pugachev revolt. Most of its members were Old Believers who had settled among the Iaik River. The Cossacks opposed the tide of rational modernization and the institutionalization of political authority. They regarded their relationship to

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4158-409: The blame for the spread of the insurrection must be laid on the local authorities in Russia. "They were lax, timid, and indecisive; their countermeasures were belated, futile, and lost lives needlessly." Catherine herself recognized this assessment. As Catherine said "I consider the weak conduct of civil and military officials in various localities to be as injurious to the public welfare as Pugachev and

4257-409: The city suffered a large fire that destroyed 134 courtyards, a mosque, baths and warehouses, or 18% of the total housing stock. Among other things, about 300 poods (roughly 5.5 tons) of bread were burned in the city. Historical reports do not report any casualties. The Agryzsky canton repeatedly changed its borders and administrative affiliation. In 1924, the canton received the status of a district and

4356-400: The coat of arms is represented by a rider on a white horse harnessed with a red bridle depicted on a green background. The figure is dressed in a white shirt, pants, a black sleeveless jacket and boots with a silver Tatar skullcap (kelapush) on his head. The rider personifies the legendary founder of the village, the warrior Agryz (Egerzhe), who points forward with his right hand as if predicting

4455-457: The consumer market. The city of Agryz serves as the regional center and a large railway junction connecting Udmurtia with Tatarstan and the Urals . The Agryz station is located at the intersection of Moscow — Kazan — Yekaterinburg , Agryz—Izhevsk as well as Agryz— Naberezhnye Chelny —Akbash railway lines. The local road network is poorly developed, and the territory to the east of the Izh River

4554-530: The control of the rebels and passed to Soviets only in the fall of 1918. In 1921, the Agryzsky canton was formed as part of the Tatar ASSR and Agryz received the status of a city. In 1921-1922, a severe famine broke out in the Volga region affecting the lives and killing several millions of people. During the period from January to March 1922, 738 people died of starvation and typhus in the Agryzsky canton. In June 1922,

4653-465: The degradation of the serfs , peasant anger ran high. Peter the Great ceded entire villages to favored nobles, while Catherine the Great confirmed the authority of the nobles over the serfs in return for the nobles' political cooperation. The unrest intensified as the 18th century wore on, with more than fifty peasant revolts occurring between 1762 and 1769. These culminated in Pugachev's Rebellion, when, between 1773 and 1775, Yemelyan Pugachev rallied

4752-431: The district budget doubled. In 2019, another industrial site "Dobrolyubovo Village" with an area of 2.5 hectares was organized on the territory of the district. By its opening, two residents operated on the site, the producers of dairy products "Elis" and the mixed feed producer "Dobrolyubovo". As a part of the republican project "Strategy 2030", the district's administration over the next decade will be focusing on creating

4851-399: The district executive committee is subordinated to the Council, the head of the district and its residents. Since October 2020, the position of the head of the executive committee has been held by Artur E. Akbashev. The head of the region is Azat R. Valeev. In 2020 the Agryzsky district included one city and 72 settlements. According to the results of the 2010 census , Tatars make up 58.1% of

4950-402: The district's coat of arms, the toponym comes from the name of one of the mythical brothers Egerzhe ( Tatar : Əgerce, Ägerce ) who led the Tatar resettlement to this region after the conquest of Kazan. There is also a version that the toponym could derive its name from the local river. The small Tatar village of Agryz was first mentioned in historical sources from 1646 among the possessions of

5049-550: The eastern frontier. These indigenous groups made up a comparatively small portion of those in revolt, but their role should not be underestimated. Each group had a distinct culture and history, which meant that their reasons for following Pugachev were different. The Mordovians , Mari , Udmurts , and Chuvash (from the Volga and Kama basin) for example, joined the revolt because they were upset by Russian attempts to convert them to Orthodoxy. These groups lived within Russia's borders, but held onto their language and culture. During

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5148-565: The empire's borders since the 16th century. Many Tatars owned land or managed factories. As more integrated members of the Russian Empire, the Tatars rebelled in objection to the poll tax and their military and service obligations. The Tatars were closely associated with the Cossacks and were a crucial part of Pugachev's recruitment efforts. As a group, the Bashkirs had the most unified involvement in

5247-465: The empress from the peasantry. The peasants were also subject to an increase in indirect taxes due to the increase in the state's requirements. In addition, a strong inflationary trend resulted in higher prices on all goods. The peasants felt abandoned by the "modern" state. They were living in desperate circumstances and had no way to change their situation, having lost all possibilities for political redress. There were natural disasters in Russia during

5346-456: The future of the region. His figure is accompanied by a silver eight-pointed star with a wing — an allegorical depiction of the wind rose. The golden wing on the coat of arms is a symbol of the railway and Agryz station as a major railway junction. The blue bottom line of the coat of arms symbolizes the waters of the Nizhnekamsk reservoir, while the green field emphasizes the role of agriculture in

5445-510: The historian Jamal Validi , the archaeographer Zeynab Maksudova and others. In 1901, a Tatar women's school was founded in the village. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 667 households in Agryz as well as a school and three mosques. The village experienced significant growth in 1914 when the Kazan- Yekaterinburg railway and the Agryz station were built. During the anti-Bolshevik Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising , Agryz fell under

5544-451: The instructions of recruiting one member from every or every other household and as many weapons as they could secure. He recruited not only Cossacks, but Russian peasants and factory workers, Tatars, Bashkirs, and Chuvash . Famous Bashkir hero Salawat Yulayev joined him. Pugachev's primary target for his campaign was not the people themselves, but their leaders. He recruited priests and mullahs to disseminate his decrees and read them to

5643-582: The insurgency was that Pugachev's men followed him out of the desire to free themselves from the oppression of Catherine's reign of law. However, there are documents from Pugachev's war college and eyewitness accounts that contradict this theory. While there were many who believed Pugachev to be Peter III and that he would emancipate them from Catherine's harsh taxes and policies of serfdom , there were many groups, particularly of Bashkir and Tatar ethnicity, whose loyalties were not so certain. In January 1774, for example, Bashkir and Tatar generals led an attack on

5742-418: The loss of their special status and direct contact with the czar and his government. The Imperial government endeavored to keep the matter of the rebellion strictly secret or, failing that, to portray it as a minor outbreak that would soon be quelled. The absence of an independent Russian press at the time, particularly in the provinces, meant that foreigners could read only what the government chose to print in

5841-492: The masses as a way of lending them credence. Priests in particular were instrumental figures in carrying out Pugachev's propaganda campaigns. Pugachev was known to stage "heroic welcomes" whenever he entered a Russian village, in which he would be greeted by the masses as their sovereign. A few days before his arrival to a given city or village, messengers would be sent out to inform the priests and deacons in that town of his impending arrival. These messengers would request that

5940-464: The masses by the priests and mullahs. In these documents, he begged the masses to serve him faithfully. He promised to grant to those who followed his service land, salt, grain, and lowered taxes, and threatened punishment and death to those who didn't. For example, an excerpt from a ukase written in late 1773: From me, such reward and investiture will be with money and bread compensation and with promotions: and you, as well as your next of kin will have

6039-414: The militia. Pugachev envisioned the nobles returning to their previous status as the czar's servicemen on salary instead of estate and serf owners. He emphasized the peasants' freedom from the nobility. Pugachev still expected the peasants to continue their labor, but he granted them the freedom to work and own the land. They would also enjoy religious freedoms and Pugachev promised to restore the bond between

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6138-451: The movement in regard to being free from the nobility. A peasant was to be free to work and own the land he worked. Pugachev's followers idealized a static, simple society where a just ruler guaranteed the welfare of all within the framework of a universal obligation to the sovereign. The ruler ought to be a father to his people, his children; and power should be personal and direct, not institutionalized and mediated by land- or serf owner. Such

6237-460: The museums of Tazi Gizzat and the local history museums in villages of Salaush, Tabarli and Izh-Bobya . Additionally, Agryz Central Library has 25 branches and owns a fund of more than 285 thousand copies of books and other printed materials. There are 28 mosques and four churches in the district. Since 1931 the local newspaper "Әгерҗе хәбәрләре" ("Agryzskie Vesti") has been published in the region in Tatar and Russian. The sports infrastructure of

6336-416: The operation of local construction and industrial organizations such as Stroygrad, Mirstroy and Stroygigant. In the period January-October 2020, the Agryzsky municipal district was ranked twenty-second in the republic in terms of socio-economic development. In 2019 the Agryzsky region attracted more than 5.3 billion rubles investment which is in excess of the 4 billion raised in the previous year. According to

6435-403: The peasants and Cossacks and promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords. There were various pressures on Russian serfs during the 18th century, which induced them to follow Pugachev. The peasantry in Russia were no longer bound to the land, but tied to their owner. The connecting links that had existed between the peasant community and the tsar, which had been diminishing,

6534-414: The peasants; he granted only temporary relief. His perception of the state was one where soldiers took the role of Cossacks, meaning they were free, permanent, military servicemen. Pugachev placed all other military personnel into this category as well, even the nobles and officers who joined his ranks. All peasants were seen as servants of the state, they were to become state peasants and serve as Cossacks in

6633-544: The priests bring out salt and water and ring the church bells to signify his coming. The priests would also be instructed to read Pugachev's manifestos during mass and sing prayers to the health of the Great Emperor Peter III . Most priests, although not all, complied with Pugachev's requests. One secret report of Catherine's College of War , for example, tells of one such priest, Zubarev, who recruited for Pugachev in Church under such orders. "[Zubarev], believing in

6732-513: The provinces. They were left weakly controlled and consequently, susceptible to outbreaks of peasant violence. The most crucial lesson Catherine II drew from the Pugachev rebellion, was the need for a firmer military grasp on all parts of the Empire, not just the external frontiers. For instance, when the governor of the Kazan Governorate called for assistance against the approaching Pugachev, there

6831-437: The rabble he has collected." The weakness could not have been entirely the fault of the officials. The local bureaucracy in Russia was too remote and too inefficient to adequately deal with even the most basic administrative matters. Pugachev's success in holding out against suppression for over a year proved to be a powerful incentive for future reforms. It made apparent to the government several problems with their treatment of

6930-504: The rebellion in mid-September 1773. He had a substantial force composed of Cossacks, Russian peasants, factory serfs, and non-Russians with which he overwhelmed several outposts along the Iaik and early in October went into the capital of the region, Orenburg. While besieging this fortress, the rebels destroyed one government relief expedition and spread the revolt northward into the Urals, westward to

7029-422: The rebellion. The Bashkirs were nomadic herdsman, angered by newly arrived Russian settlers who threatened their way of life. Russians built factories and mines, began farming on the Bashkir's former land, and tried to get the Bashkirs to abandon their nomadic life and become farmers too. When fighting broke out, Bashkir village leaders preached that involvement in the rebellion would end Russian colonialism, and give

7128-453: The region include the companies Navruz and Agrofirma-Agryz (formerly Ak Bars-Agryz) which have invested in the construction and renovation of livestock farms and agricultural machinery. Other significant agricultural enterprises include Agryz-Agrokhimservis, Nazyar, S.-Omga, as well as individual farms. The main companies of the food and meat processing industry are the Agryz MK meat-packing plant,

7227-513: The region is represented by the Lokomotiv stadium, the Sputnik ice palace, schools and a number of other sports facilities. Regional cultural heritage sites include: Cultural heritage establishments: Pugachev%27s Rebellion Russian government victory 1773 : 1774 : Pugachev's Rebellion ( Russian : Восстание Пугачёва , romanized :  Vosstaniye Pugachyova ; also called

7326-447: The region's population, 25.2% are Russians , 8% are Mari , 6.4% are Udmurts . As of 2018, the birth rate per thousand people was 8.5% and the death rate 13.8%. In 2019, both indexes dropped to 7.9% and 13.2%, respectively. Thus, the rate of natural population decline in 2019 was 5.3%. Since the construction of a railway line and a marshalling yard in 1914-1915, the railway has been Argyz's core enterprise. Economists point out that about

7425-460: The region. The Agryzsky district was first formed in 1924. In 1963, the district's territory was included in the Yelabuga agricultural region, but a year later Agryz would be restored within its former borders. In September 2020, at a meeting of the Minister of Transport and Roads of Tatarstan, Agryz was selected as the site for a future international transport and logistics center. It is planned that

7524-410: The regional economy. The flag is based on heraldic elements of the coat of arms. In the flag, white represents clarity and reconciliation, red for courage, black for eternity and wisdom, green means health and nature, and blue honor and immortality. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 2:3. The district derives its name from the settlement of Agryz. According to a popular legend, which is reflected on

7623-542: The rights to the river Iaik (now the Ural River ) from source to sea, tax-free pasturage, free salt, twelve chetvi of corn and 12 roubles per Cossack per year. Pugachev found ready support among the odnodvortsy (single homesteaders). In the westernmost part of the region swept by the Pugachev rebellion, the right bank of the middle Volga , there were a number of odnodvortsy. These were descendants of petty military servicemen who had lost their military function and declined to

7722-461: The ruler and the people, eradicating the role of the noble as the intermediary. Under the guise of Peter III , Pugachev built up his own bureaucracy and army, which copied that of Catherine. Some of his top commanders took on the pseudonyms of dukes and courtiers . Zarubin Chaika, Pugachev's top commander, for example, took the guise of Zakhar Chernyshev . The army Pugachev established, at least at

7821-636: The ruler as a special and personal one, based on their voluntary service obligations. In return, they expected the czar's protection of their religion, traditional social organization, and administrative autonomy. They followed the promises of Pugachev and raised the standard of revolt in the hope of recapturing their previous special relationship and securing the government's respect for their social and religious traditions. Factory workers supported Pugachev because their situation had worsened; many state-owned factories had been turned over to private owners, which intensified exploitation. These private owners stood as

7920-572: The slander-ridden decree of the villainous-imposter, brought by the villainous Ataman Loshkarev, read it publicly before the people in church. And when that ataman brought his band, consisting of 100 men, to their Baikalov village, then that Zubarev met them with a cross and with icons and chanted prayers in the Church; and then at the time of service, as well as after, evoked the name of the Emperor Peter III for suffrage." ( Pugachevshchina Vol. 2, Document 86. Author's translation) Pugachev's army

8019-491: The state and seeking support among the discontented, as yet unassimilated natives. Each group of people had problems with the state, which Pugachev focused on in order to gain their support. Non-Russians, such as the Bashkirs, followed Pugachev because they were promised their traditional ways of life, freedom of their lands, water and woods, their faith and laws, food, clothing, salaries, weapons and freedom from enserfment. Cossacks were similarly promised their old ways of life,

8118-524: The status of small, but free, peasants who tilled their own lands. Many of them were also Old Believers, and so felt particularly alienated from the state established by Peter the Great . They were hard-pressed by landowners from central provinces who were acquiring the land in their area and settling their serfs on it. These homesteaders pinned their hopes on the providential leader who promised to restore their former function and status. The network of Old Believer holy men and hermitages served to propagandize

8217-429: The system. By and large the factories supported Pugachev, some voluntarily continuing to produce artillery and ammunition for the rebels. In 1773 Pugachev's army attacked Samara and occupied it. His greatest victory came with the taking of Kazan , by which time his captured territory stretched from the Volga to the Ural mountains. Though fairly well-organized for a revolt at the time, Pugachev's main advantage early on

8316-561: The territory between the Volga River and the Urals . One of the most significant events of the insurrection was the Battle of Kazan in July 1774. Government forces failed to respond effectively to the insurrection at first, partly due to logistical difficulties and a failure to appreciate its scale. However, the revolt was crushed towards the end of 1774 by General Michelsohn at Tsaritsyn . Pugachev

8415-411: The turbulent areas; they were read on the public squares and from the parish pulpits. In the countryside local authorities were instructed to read them to gatherings of the people, who were then required to sign the decree. These government proclamations produced little positive effect. They actually added more confusion and even provoked unrest when the peasantry refused to believe or sign them. Much of

8514-556: The two official papers, or whatever news they could obtain from correspondents in the interior. (Alexander, 522) Russian government undertook to propagate in the foreign press its own version of events and directed its representatives abroad to play down the revolt. The Russian government favored the use of manifestos to communicate with the people of Russia. Catherine thought that exhortations to abandon him would excite popular antipathy for his cause and elicit divisions within rebel ranks. Her printed pronouncements were widely distributed in

8613-416: The very regional and local concerns of the people making up his armies. For example, after the very first attack on Yaitsk , he turned not towards the interior, but instead turned east towards Orenburg which for most Cossacks was the most direct symbol of Russian oppression. The heterogeneous population in Russia created special problems for the government, and it provided opportunities for those opposing

8712-566: The very top levels of command, also mimicked Catherine's. The organizational structure Pugachev set up for his top command was extraordinary, considering Pugachev defected as an ensign from Catherine's army. He built up his own War College and a fairly sophisticated intelligence network of messengers and spies. Even though Pugachev was illiterate, he recruited the help of local priests, mullahs , and starshins to write and disseminate his "royal decrees" or ukases in Russian and Tatar languages. These ukazy were copied, sent to villages and read to

8811-424: The villages of Salaushi and Blagodat'. In the Agryzsky district, medical care is provided by the Agryz central regional hospital whose departments include an outpatient hospital, an ambulance service, three outpatient clinics and 34 medical and obstetric stations. In the 2018/2019 academic year 20 general education schools operated in the Agryzsky district with 4,010 students. Ten regional schools offer education in

8910-651: The west, north and east; as well as with the Menzelinsky , Tukaevsky and Mendeleevsky districts of Tatarstan in the south along the watercourse of the Nizhnekamsky reservoir. The area is located in the south of the Sarapulskaya Upland, in the valley of the Izh River. According to experts, the region has the wettest and coldest climate of all the Tatarstan regions with short, rainy summers and rainy springs. There are

9009-594: Was a Volga Tatar noble family that became incorporated into the Russian nobility . The family is a branch of the Ar begs aristocratic clan and descents from Yaush (Russian: Яуш ), a nobleman mentioned in chronicles related to the Siege of Kazan in 1552. Descendants of Yaush were Serving Tatars in Russia and were granted Russian noble title and land by Ivan the Terrible . Under Peter

9108-452: Was advantageous for him. The Kazakhs mostly took advantage of the rebellion's chaos to take back land from Russian peasants and Bashkir and Kalmyk natives. Historian John T. Alexander argues that these raids, though not directly meant to help Pugachev, ultimately did help by adding to the chaos that the Imperial forces had to deal with. The early Volga German settlements were attacked during

9207-408: Was assigned to the Yelabuga executive committee. At its time of formation, the district included 25 village councils and 105 settlements with a population of more than 29 thousand people. In October 1960, almost the entire territory of the abolished Krasnoborsky district was transferred to Agryz. In February 1963, as a result of the republican administrative and territorial reforms, Agryz was included in

9306-411: Was broken by the interposition of the serf owners; these private lords or agents of the Church or state who owned the land blocked serfs' access to the political authority. Many nobles returned to their estates after 1762 and imposed harsher rules on their peasants. The relationship between peasant and ruler was cut off most dramatically in the decree of 1767, which completely prohibited direct petitions to

9405-453: Was captured soon after and executed in Moscow in January 1775. Further reprisals against rebel areas were carried out by General Peter Panin . The events have generated many stories in legend and literature, most notably Pushkin 's historical novel The Captain's Daughter (1836). It was the largest peasant revolt in the history of the Russian Empire. As the Russian monarchy contributed to

9504-430: Was composed of a diverse mixture of disaffected peoples in southern Russian society, most notably Cossacks, Bashkirs , homesteaders, religious dissidents (such as Old Believers) and industrial serfs. Pugachev was very much in touch with the local population's needs and attitudes; he was a Don Cossack and encountered the same obstacles as his followers. It is noticeable that Pugachev's forces always took routes that reflected

9603-521: Was later represented by his son Akhmedzhan Yaushev (1818–1875) and gained the largest influence under his grandsons Abdulvali Yaushev (1840–1906) and Mullagali Yaushev (1864–1927). The family firm was known as the Trading House of the Yaushev Brothers (Russian: Торговый дом братьев Яушевых ) in the early 20th century. The Yaushev merchant family owned stores and trading arcades ("passages") in

9702-569: Was no force available to relieve him. The revolt did occur at a sensitive point in time for the Russian government because many of their soldiers and generals were already engaged in a difficult war on the southern borders with Ottoman Turkey. However, the professional army available outside the gates of Kazan to counter the Cossack-based army of Pugachev only consisted of 800 men. Yaushev family The Yaushev family (Russian: Яушевы , Tatar : Яушевлар , romanized:  Yawşevlar )

9801-461: Was the lack of seriousness about Pugachev's rebellion. Catherine the Great regarded the troublesome Cossack as a joke and put a small bounty of about 500 rubles on his head. But by 1774, the threat was more seriously addressed; by November the bounty was over 28,000 rubles. The Russian general Michelson lost many men due to a lack of transportation and discipline among his troops, while Pugachev scored several important victories. Pugachev launched

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