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96-469: The name Agrolândia was received by the municipality because its economy is based on agriculture, an economic activity in which the inhabitants of the municipal territory are dedicated to this source of income. In 1880, at the time when the Germans began to colonize the region of Rio do Sul, in an expressionless manner, they also began to populate the municipal territory of Agrolândia. It is possible to mention as

192-873: A few highland areas of Tasmania , and the Australian and Southern Alps . This type of climate is even found in very remote parts of the New Guinea Highlands . The classification used for this regime is Cfc. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) and below −20 °C (−4 °F) are rare. In the most marine areas under this regime, temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) are extreme weather events, even during summer. Small areas in Yunnan, Sichuan ; parts of Bolivia and Peru ; and parts of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania have summers sufficiently short to be Cwc with fewer than four months over 10 °C (50 °F). This

288-509: A product and reflection of the cool ocean adjacent to them. In the autumn, winter, and early spring, when the polar jet stream is most active, the frequent passing of marine weather systems creates the frequent fog, cloudy skies, and light drizzle often associated with oceanic climates. They are typically found poleward of Mediterranean climates , except in Australia where they are poleward of both such climates and humid subtropical climates due to

384-559: A quantity similar to that of districts in the state. Inside the sinople rhombus, jalde stars symbolized the municipalities. According to the 2022 Brazilian census conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Santa Catarina has a total population of 7.6 million and a population density of 79.5 inhabitants per square kilometre. This ranks it as the tenth most populous state in Brazil , accounting for 3.75% of

480-561: A relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature. Oceanic climates can be found in both hemispheres generally between 40 and 60 degrees latitude, with subpolar versions extending to 70 degrees latitude in some coastal areas. Other varieties of climates usually classified together with these include subtropical highland climates , represented as Cwb or Cfb , and subpolar oceanic or cold subtropical highland climates , represented as Cfc or Cwc . Subtropical highland climates occur in some mountainous parts of

576-612: A result of their location, these regions tend to be on the cool end of oceanic climates, approaching polar regions . Snowfall tends to be more common here than in other oceanic climates. Subpolar oceanic climates are less prone to temperature extremes than subarctic climates or continental climates , featuring milder winters than these climates. Subpolar oceanic climates feature only one to three months of average monthly temperatures of at least 10 °C (50 °F). As with oceanic climates, none of its average monthly temperatures fall below -3.0 °C (26.6 °F) or 0 °C depending on

672-477: A significant portion of the state's territory. Comprising basaltic sediments (lava flows), interspersed with sandstone deposits, its eastern boundary is a mountainous edge known as the Serra Geral . In the north of the state, the edge of the basaltic plateau is situated inland. Moving southwards, it progressively approaches the coast until, at the border with Rio Grande do Sul, it starts to descend directly towards

768-738: A strict air-mass sense, not oceanic: they are affected by southerlies directly from the Mediterranean, and polar intrusions from Siberia. Yet their position near the Black Sea makes them too wet in summer to be Mediterranean , too mild during winter to be humid continental , and not hot enough in summer to be humid subtropical ; therefore Köppen classifies them as oceanic. Despite their anomalous position, however, their temperatures, around 4–5 °C (39–41 °F) in winter and 20–22 °C (68–72 °F) in summer, are not wholly atypical for European oceanic climates. Some Eastern European regions such as

864-405: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Santa Catarina (state) Santa Catarina ( Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈsɐ̃tɐ kataˈɾinɐ] ) is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil . It is located in the centre of the country's Southern region . It is bordered to the north by the state of Paraná , to the south by the state of Rio Grande do Sul , to the east by

960-425: Is a climate variety, often grouped together with oceanic climates, which exists in some mountainous or elevated portions of the world in either the subtropics or tropics. Despite the latitude, the higher elevations of these regions mean that the climate shares characteristics with oceanic climates. Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall ( Cfb ) usually have rainfall spread relatively evenly throughout

1056-463: Is below 18 °C (64 °F). Without their elevation, many of these regions would likely feature either humid subtropical or tropical climates. This type of climate exists in parts of east, south and southeastern Africa , interior southern Africa and elevated portions of eastern Africa as far north as Ethiopia and of western Africa (west region of Cameroon) up to the southwestern Angola highlands also share this climate type. It also exists in

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1152-571: Is climatically Mediterranean , some parts of Southern Europe also have oceanic climates. However, these instances of the climate are highly variable, and often somewhat anomalous. The north coast of Spain , the western Azores off the coast of Portugal are too wet in summer to be Mediterranean, and too mild in summer to be humid subtropical , though they often have winter means above 9 °C (48 °F), unusual for European oceanic climates. Another anomalous case can be found in northwestern Turkey, including northern Istanbul . These places are, in

1248-705: Is formed by a group of massifs isolated by the deep valleys of the rivers that descend to the Atlantic Ocean. Behind the Serra do Mar , the Palaeozoic plateau extends. Its flattened area is divided into spaces separated by rivers, which flow eastward. The Palaeozoic plateau decreases in altitude from north to south. In the southern portion of the state, it merges with the coastal plain, since the Serra do Mar does not extend to this region of Santa Catarina. The Basaltic plateau encompasses

1344-594: Is found in parts of coastal Iceland , the Faroe Islands , upland/mountainous parts of Scotland and Northern England , northwestern coastal areas of Norway (most of Lofoten , Vesterålen , warmest part of Tromsø reaching to 71°N on some islands), uplands/highlands in western Norway, the Aleutian Islands of Alaska and northern parts of the Alaskan Panhandle , the southwest of Argentina and Chile , and

1440-704: Is in South Africa from Mossel Bay on the Western Cape coast to Plettenberg Bay (the Garden Route ), with additional pockets of this climate inland of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal coast. It is usually warm most of the year with no pronounced rainy season, but slightly more rain in autumn and spring. The Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the South Atlantic also has an oceanic climate. Although oceanic climate

1536-448: Is more frequent and commonplace in the subpolar oceanic climates due to the colder weather in those locations. Overall temperature characteristics of the oceanic climates feature cool temperatures and infrequent extremes of temperature. In the Köppen climate classification , oceanic climates have a mean temperature of 0 °C (32 °F) or higher (or −3 °C (27 °F) or higher) in

1632-695: Is rare in Asia, subtropical highland climates and cold subtropical highland climates can be found in parts of Southwestern China , and the Himalayan regions of the northern Indian subcontinent . The oceanic climate is prevalent in the more southerly parts of Oceania . A mild maritime climate is in existence in New Zealand. In Australia, the climate is found in Tasmania , southern half of Victoria and southeastern New South Wales (southwards from Wollongong ). Some parts of

1728-436: Is said to have dedicated the island. At that time, the renowned Venetian explorer and cartographer passed through the area between 1526 and 1527. He is thought to have consecrated it to Saint Catherine , or rather, honoured his wife, Catarina Medrano. The name of the state is derived from that of the island. The state's native inhabitants are called Catarinenses or Barrigas-Verdes (lit. Green-Belly). The origin of

1824-566: Is situated at latitudes lower than Santa Catarina. Despite this, it is in the higher areas of the Santa Catarina southern plateau where there is a higher occurrence of snowfall in Brazil during the winter months. The state also holds the record for the lowest temperature recorded in Brazilian territory by official bodies. The temperature reached −14 °C in Caçador on 11 June 1952. On the other hand,

1920-639: Is the Iguazu River , and that of the Uruguay River . The latter has as its main tributaries the Pelotas , Canoas , Chapecó , and Do Peixe rivers. Fully embedded within the Atlantic Forest biome, the original vegetation of Santa Catarina encompasses two formations: forests and grasslands . On the plateau, they occur in the form of mixed coniferous ( Araucaria ) forests with broadleaved trees and, in

2016-404: Is the federative unit with the least economic inequality in Brazil. Francisco Dias Velho, who arrived on the island now known as Santa Catarina around 1675, is said to have given the place its name. There, he built a chapel dedicated to Catherine of Alexandria , whom, it is claimed, one of his daughters was named after. Other authors attribute the origin of the name to Sebastian Cabot , who

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2112-908: Is the toponym translator of the economic activity that predominated in the municipality, whose inhabitants are dedicated, above all, to farming. Its area is 207,119 km and is a municipality belonging to the Vale do itajaí region. Currently its economy is based on the metal-mechanic and textile industry. Agrolândia is located in the Alto Vale do Itajaí region. Its main access is BR 470, followed by SC 426. Geographically divided into Centro, Bairro São João, Bairro Três Barras, Bairro Siegel, Bairro Ipiranga and rural communities of Serra dos Alves, Carrapatos, Serra Velha, Ribeirão Garganta, Rio Novo, Ribeirão das Pedras, Rio Bonito, São João Novo, Alto São João, Ribeirão Xaxim, Ribeirão do Tigre, Valada do Tigre, Barra do Tigre and Pitangueira. This Santa Catarina , Brazil location article

2208-513: The Atlantic Ocean , and to the west by the Argentine province of Misiones . The state covers an area of approximately 95,730.69 square kilometres (37,000 sq mi), comparable to Hungary , and ranking as the seventh smallest Brazilian state by area . With a population of 7.6 million inhabitants in 2022, it is the tenth most populous state in Brazil . Its capital is Florianópolis ,

2304-686: The Grand Banks of Newfoundland , is thought to greatly modify the climate of northwest Europe. As a result of the North Atlantic Current , west coast areas located in high latitudes like Ireland, the UK, and Norway have much milder winters (for their latitude) than would otherwise be the case. The lowland attributes of western Europe also help drive marine air masses into continental areas, enabling cities such as Dresden , Prague , and Vienna to have maritime climates in spite of being located well inland from

2400-800: The Guiana Shield , The highest elevations of the Brazilian Highlands , and due to variations in rainfall and temperature patterns in some places of the Tropical Andes in Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. Most of Yunnan and mountainous areas across Southeast Asia , parts of the Himalayas , parts of Sri Lanka , and parts of the Hawaiian Islands of Maui and Hawaii . In the Caribbean , only

2496-529: The Japanese . In Santa Catarina, two different groups of languages are spoken: indigenous languages and allochthonous languages , some of which are minority languages. There are three indigenous or native languages: Kaingang , Mbyá-Guarani , and Xokleng . With the European settlement of the state, allochthonous or immigrant languages emerged and persist today. These languages include Portuguese (by far

2592-615: The Juliana Republic in July 1839. Defeated by the troops of the Empire of Brazil , the rebels left Laguna. The new South American country had a short duration because, when its independence was proclaimed, it stopped paying the Riograndense Republic due to lack of resources. The last Ragamuffin trenches were demolished in 1840. European colonisation, especially from Germany and Italy ,

2688-532: The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system , Santa Catarina predominantly features a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) in the coastal lowlands and the lower altitude areas of the plateau, whilst the remainder of the plateau is characterised by a subtropical oceanic climate ( Cfb ). Both have the four seasons well-defined and a rainfall regime evenly distributed throughout the year. The humid subtropical climate (Cfa) records average temperatures of 20 °C in

2784-455: The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system , Santa Catarina predominantly features a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) in the coastal lowlands and the lower altitude areas of the plateau, whilst the remainder of the plateau is characterised by an oceanic climate ( Cfb ). The state of Santa Catarina is one of the oldest states in Brazil. It separated from São Paulo in 1738, with José da Silva Pais serving as its first governor. The state

2880-752: The Northern Hemisphere include parts of coastal Iceland , the coast of Norway north of Bodø , the Scottish Highlands , the mountains of Vancouver Island , and Haida Gwaii in Canada . In the Southern Hemisphere examples include extreme southern Chile and Argentina (such as Punta Arenas and Ushuaia ), the Tasmanian Central Highlands , and parts of New Zealand . Oceanic climates are not necessarily found in coastal locations on

2976-563: The Tupi-Guarani group . These Indigenous peoples were catechised (educated and pacified in the Catholic faith) starting from 1549. Expeditions from Portugal and Spain commenced exploration of the Santa Catarina coast in the early years following Brazil's discovery by Europeans. Sebastian Cabot , en route to the Rio de la Plata , navigated past the island then known as Dos Patos , bestowing upon it

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3072-425: The subtropics or tropics , some of which have monsoon influence, while their cold variants and subpolar oceanic climates occur near polar or tundra regions. Locations with oceanic climates tend to feature frequent cloudy conditions with precipitation, low hanging clouds, and frequent fronts and storms. Thunderstorms are normally few, since strong daytime heating and hot and cold air masses meet infrequently in

3168-893: The subtropics . It exists in both hemispheres between 35° and 60°: at low altitudes between Mediterranean , humid continental , and subarctic climates. Western sea breezes ease temperatures and moderates the winter, especially if warm sea currents are present, and cause cloudy weather to predominate. Precipitation is constant, especially in colder months, when temperatures are warmer than elsewhere at comparable latitudes. This climate can occur farther inland if no mountain ranges are present or nearby. As this climate causes sufficient moisture year-round without permitting deep snow cover, vegetation typically prospers in this climate. Deciduous trees are predominant in this climate region. However, conifers such as spruce , pine , and cedar are also common in few areas, and fruits such as apples , pears , and grapes can often be cultivated here. In

3264-561: The Latin verb sancire, "to consecrate". Sanctus, "holy, consecrated, which must, above all, be treated with respect", is the past participle of the verb itself. Etymologically, the name Catherine derives from the Greek term εκατερινα , meaning "pure" or "immaculate". At the outset of the 16th century , the area now known as the state of Santa Catarina was populated by the Carijós, a tribe belonging to

3360-452: The Portuguese colonisers. This was due to the absence of precious metals and its colder climate (as frosts hindered the cultivation of sugarcane ). The Portuguese only began to take an interest in the region in the mid- 17th century . The settlement of Nossa Senhora da Graça do Rio de São Francisco was established by Manuel Lourenço de Andrade and his friends in 1658. The present-day city

3456-665: The Rosary of Paranaguá was founded by the Marquis of Cascais in 1656. It replaced the Captaincy of Santana, which began at the mouth of the Paranaguá Bay and ended in the current city of Laguna . It is bounded by the Captaincy of Santo Amaro (part of the second section of São Vicente ) to the north, the salty waters of the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Governorate of New Andalusia to

3552-436: The Serra do Mar. Meanwhile, towards the south, it gradually narrows. The Serra do Mar occupies the coastal lowland in the western part. In the north of the state, it forms the mountainous edge of a reasonably average plateau. It has a very different feature from what is found in other states such as Paraná and São Paulo . In Santa Catarina, it constitutes a range of mountains, with points above one thousand metres. This range

3648-424: The aforementioned parallels; however, in most cases oceanic climates parallel higher middle latitude oceans. The polar jet stream , which moves in a west to east direction across the middle latitudes, advances low pressure systems, storms, and fronts. In coastal areas of the higher middle latitudes (45–60° latitude), the prevailing onshore flow creates the basic structure of most oceanic climates. Oceanic climates are

3744-413: The backlanders. Moreover, Paraná and Santa Catarina were disputing the region where they lived, which is why the area was called Contestado. The disagreement between the two federative units and the armed conflict of the caboclos only ended completely in 1916. Santa Catarina's territory was invaded by the rebellious forces, which came from Rio Grande do Sul, in 1930. However, Florianópolis resisted until

3840-570: The coldest month, compared to continental climates where the coldest month has a mean temperature of below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) in the coldest month. Summers are warm but not hot, with the warmest month having a mean temperature below 22 °C (72 °F). Poleward of the latter is a subtype of it, the subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc ), with long but relatively mild (for their latitude) winters, and cool and short summers with average temperatures of at least 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months. Examples in

3936-473: The colonisation of the far west and the centre of the state by Italian-Brazilian settlers has contributed to the progress of Santa Catarina. These settlers came from Rio Grande do Sul. Santa Catarina is one of the three states in the Southern Region of Brazil. It is bordered to the north by the state of Paraná , to the south by the state of Rio Grande do Sul , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to

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4032-484: The country's total population. The state's largest city, Joinville , has a population of 616,317, making it the 34th most populous city in Brazil. Meanwhile, its capital, Florianópolis , which is the state's second-largest city, has a population of 537,211, ranking it 39th among Brazilian municipalities by population. The population grew by approximately 1.3 million inhabitants since 2010, representing an increase of 21.79% between 2010 and 2022. In 2022, around 50.71% of

4128-426: The country. It holds also the third-highest GDP per capita , and the third-lowest rates of infant mortality and illiteracy . Additionally, it is the federative unit with the least economic inequality in Brazil.  †  Region seat  ††  State capital and region seat population Ethnicities and racial groups of Santa Catarina in 2022 According to the 2022 Brazilian census ,

4224-544: The east, and (in some locations) summers become hotter. The line between oceanic Europe and Mediterranean Europe normally runs west to east and is related to changes in precipitation patterns and differences to seasonal temperatures; although intrusions of polar air, remnants of marine air-masses, and higher summer precipitation can create oceanic climates in Eastern Europe and transcontinental regions as far south as 40°N. The oceanic climate exists in an arc spreading across

4320-608: The exposed areas of the High Atlas , some mountainous areas across southern Europe , mountainous sections of North America , including parts of the southern Appalachians and the Central America Volcanic Arc . In South America , it can be found mainly in temperate mountainous areas in the Tropical Andes , Venezuelan Coastal Range , the highest elevations of Serra do Mar in Southeastern Brazil , and tepuis of

4416-760: The first immigrants to live in the region, the pioneers Leopoldo and Oswaldo Zwicker, Atwig Will and the Prochnow family. Initially, Agrolândia was called Trombudo Alto, because its lands are crossed by the Trombudo river. The book "Agrolândia from Trombudo Alto to our times" mentions Agrolândia pioneers Eduard and Johann Will, Otto Zwicker, Wilhelm Kanitz and Otto, Leopold and Bruno Prochnow. And eight years before they arrived in Agrolândia, they had already arrived in Serra dos Alves José Alves da Silveira, Domingos Alves and Ricardo Alves, in 1908. Administrative training and recent history It

4512-458: The formation of the state's population. The socioeconomic indicators of Santa Catarina rank among the best in Brazil. The state leads in life expectancy and public safety , and boasts the lowest rates of homicide , illiteracy , poverty and extreme poverty in the country. It holds also the third-highest Human Development Index (HDI), the third-highest GDP per capita , and the third-lowest rates of infant mortality . Additionally, it

4608-599: The fourth-largest national producer in 2018. Santa Catarina was the third-largest producer of garlic in Brazil in 2018, with a planted area of approximately two thousand hectares. The Curitibanos region is the largest producer in the state. Oceanic climate An oceanic climate , also known as a marine climate or maritime climate , is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb , typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool to warm summers and cool to mild winters (for their latitude), with

4704-525: The highest relief . Four geomorphological units, ranging from the coast to the interior, form the state's relief: the coastal lowland, the Serra do Mar, the Palaeozoic plateau, and the Basaltic plateau. The lowest altitudes are found in the coastal lowland, which encompasses lands located below 200 metres. In the northern part, it is quite wide, extending far inland through the valleys of the rivers that flow from

4800-454: The highest temperature reached 44.6 °C in Orleans on 6 January 1963. The hottest localities in the state are located in the regions of the southern coast, Itajaí Valley, and extreme west. This is because here lies the city considered the hottest in Santa Catarina, Itapiranga . In these regions, temperatures can exceed 40 °C in the summer or on other extreme occasions. The rivers that flow through

4896-817: The hottest month, the average temperature is below 22 °C (72 °F), and at least four months feature average temperatures higher than 10 °C (50 °F). The average temperature of the coldest month must not be colder than −3–0 °C (27–32 °F), or the climate will be classified as continental. The average temperature variations in the year are between 10–15 °C (50–59 °F), with average annual temperatures between 6–13 °C (43–55 °F). Rain values can vary from 50–500 cm (20–197 in), depending on whether mountains cause orographic precipitation . Frontal cyclones can be common in marine west coast regions, with some areas experiencing more than 150 rainy days annually, but strong storms are rare. Cfb climates are predominant in most of Europe except

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4992-755: The immediate west and northwest in transition for humid continental , the remainder of Cape Cod ) and northeastern Georgia both in the eastern United States . It is also found in the highest portions of the Brazilian state of Bahia and Roraima (in transition or strongly influenced for Cwb ), Brønnøy Municipality in Nordland at 65.28 °N ( Norway north-central coast), the provinces of Sabah (northeastern Malaysia ), and Baluchistan , Pakistan . Although there are more or less rare places associated with relatively isolated mountainous regions (e.g., North Oceania islands and China ). The subtropical highland climate

5088-546: The incursion of polar air masses is more common, some being stronger and more extensive, causing temperatures to fall below zero in various cities. The majority of these cities are located in the Midwest, North Plateau, and South Plateau. Notably, Bom Jardim da Serra , São Joaquim , Urubici , and Urupema , situated on the South Plateau, rank among the coldest municipalities in the country. A large part of Rio Grande do Sul

5184-422: The index into indicators of income, education, and life expectancy, the state ranks 4th in income (with an index of 0.759), 3rd in education (with an index of 0.790), and 3rd in life expectancy (with an index of 0.827). The socioeconomic indicators of Santa Catarina rank among the best in Brazil. The state leads in public safety , and boasts the lowest rates of homicide , poverty and extreme poverty in

5280-556: The isotherm used. Typically, these areas in the warmest month experience daytime maximum temperatures below 17 °C (63 °F), while the coldest month features highs slightly above freezing and lows near or just below freezing while keeping the average warm enough. It typically carries a Cfc designation, though very small areas in Argentina and Chile have summers sufficiently short to be Cwc with fewer than four months over 10 °C (50 °F). This variant of an oceanic climate

5376-442: The lowland and foothills of the Serra do Mar, solely as broadleaved forest. The grasslands appear as scattered patches within the mixed forest. The main ones are those of São Joaquim, Lages , Curitibanos , and Campos Novos . In the fauna of Santa Catarina, about 600 species of birds, 150 mammals, and 140 systematic denominations of amphibians are catalogued. There are 1,150 Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), in addition to

5472-512: The lowlands and the Uruguay Valley, and 18 °C in the western extremity of the state. Conversely, the temperate subtropical climate ( Cfb ) sees average temperatures ranging between 16 and 18 °C. There is a significant difference between summer and winter temperatures, leading to a considerable thermal amplitude throughout the year. Winters vary from cool to cold, with some regions experiencing about 25 days of frost annually. During this period,

5568-539: The most widely spoken and used language in the state), Talian and other Italian dialects, High German variants, and Low German variants such as the Pomeranian dialect near Blumenau and Pomerode . Certain dialects were born in the region. Among them is Portuñol , a combination of Portuguese and Spanish spoken in the border regions with Argentina . And Katarinensisch, part of the Hunsrik dialect, originating from

5664-432: The name Santa Catarina in 1526. In 1534, John III of Portugal awarded the mainland territories to Pedro Lopes de Sousa . Nevertheless, these lands remained largely uninhabited, with Jesuits , Spanish, and Portuguese settlers exploring them but failing to establish any permanent settlements throughout the 16th century. From the outset of Brazil's colonisation, the lands of Brazil's southern region did not greatly interest

5760-452: The national apple production, and Santa Catarina tops, competing with the Rio Grande do Sul. The São Joaquim region is responsible for 35% of the apple planting. Santa Catarina is also a national leader in the production of onions. In 2017, it produced 630,000 tons, especially in the municipalities of Alfredo Wagner, Angelina and Rancho Queimado. In banana production, Santa Catarina was

5856-1143: The national language of Germany. Other linguistic nuclei on a smaller scale include Spanish, Polish , Lithuanian , Japanese , Arabic , Yiddish and others. According to the 2010 population census, the population of Santa Catarina comprises Roman Catholics (73.07%); Protestants or Evangelicals (20.4%); Spiritists (1.58%); Jehovah's Witnesses (0.74%); Mormons (0.11%); the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (0.17%); Buddhists (0.05%); new Eastern religions (0.04%), among which Messianics constitute 0.03%; Muslims (0.01%); Orthodox Christians (0.07%); followers of Umbanda (0.14%); Jewish (0.02%); Spiritualists (0.03%); adherents of esoteric traditions (0.17%); Indigenous religions (0.03%); practitioners of Candomblé (0.09%); and Hindus (0.01%). Another 3.27% had no religion , including atheists (0.29%) and agnostics (0.6%); 0.29% followed other Christian denominations; 0.21% had an undetermined faith; 0.04% were unsure, 0.04% followed other Eastern religions, and 0.03% did not declare. With only 1.12% of

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5952-510: The national territory, Santa Catarina was the eighth-largest producer of maize and the eleventh-largest producer of soybeans in Brazil, in the year 2017. When production per unit area is considered, the State becomes the national leader in corn, with an average of 8,100 kilograms per hectare, and second in soybeans, with 3.580 kilos per hectare. In 15 years, there has been a 118% growth in corn productivity and 58% in soybean. In 2019, corn production in

6048-539: The north of Croatia and Serbia and some parts of the Czech Republic , also have oceanic climates; these are generally near the boundary for being humid continental . The line between oceanic and continental climates in Europe runs in a generally northwest to southeast direction. For example, western Germany is more impacted by milder Atlantic air masses than eastern Germany. Thus, winters across Europe become colder to

6144-795: The north, the Saí-Guaçu river in the municipality of Itapoá ; to the south, the Mampituba river in Praia Grande ; to the east, the Ponta dos Ingleses in Florianópolis ; to the west, the confluence of the Uruguay and Pepiri-Guazu rivers in Itapiranga , on the border with Argentina . Santa Catarina has 77% of its territory above 300 metres and 52% above 600 metres, making it one of the Brazilian federative units with

6240-573: The northeast, as global temperatures became warmer towards late 20th and early 21st century. They are the main climate type in New Zealand and the Australian states of Tasmania , Victoria , and southeastern New South Wales (starting from the Illawarra region). In North America, they are found mainly in Vancouver Island and neighbouring parts of British Columbia , as well as many coastal areas of southeast Alaska . There are pockets of this iteration of Cfb climates in South American countries, mostly in regions of southern Chile and Argentina, parts of

6336-539: The northeastern coast of Honshu , such as Mutsu, Aomori in Japan, feature this climate, which is rare in Asia due to the lack of a west coast in the middle latitudes. Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul , both part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands , are located in the subtropics and have an oceanic climate (akin to Tristan da Cunha; see above). Temperate oceanic climates, also known as "marine mild winter" climates or simply oceanic climates, are found either at middle latitudes . They are often found on or near

6432-513: The northwestern coast of North America from the Alaskan panhandle to northern Washington . In addition, some east coast areas such as Block Island , Cape Cod , Martha's Vineyard , and Nantucket have a similar climate. And in the highlands of Central and South America with the variant Cfb. An extensive area of oceanic climates distinguishes the coastal regions of southern Chile and extends into bordering Argentina . The only noteworthy area of maritime climate at or near sea-level within Africa

6528-578: The ocean. Oceanic climates in Europe occupy a large stretch of land, from Norway 's Atlantic coast, Ireland and the United Kingdom and southeast to some parts of Turkey . Western Europe is almost exclusively oceanic between 45°N to 54.913°N; including most of France (away from the Mediterranean), nearly all of Belgium , the Netherlands , Austria , most of Luxembourg , most of Denmark , western Germany , northwestern Switzerland , south coast and western areas of Norway north to Skrova and extreme southern Sweden . While most of Southern Europe

6624-547: The peaks in the highest mountain ranges have this climate (including the Blue Mountains in Jamaica and Cerro Maravilla in Puerto Rico ), with only Hispaniola 's Cordillera Central and Chaîne de la Selle having significant urban settlements under this climate zone, such as cities like Kenscoff in Haiti and Constanza in the Dominican Republic . Areas with subpolar oceanic climates feature an oceanic climate but are usually located closer to polar regions, with long but relatively mild winters and short, cool summers. As

6720-437: The population (3,859,258 people) were female , whilst about 49.28% of the population (3,751,103 people) were male . The Human Development Index of Santa Catarina is considered high according to the UNDP . According to the latest Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, released in 2023 with data pertaining to 2021, the state has the 3rd highest HDI among the federal units in Brazil, with an overall index of 0.792. Breaking down

6816-407: The population of Santa Catarina was primarily composed of White Brazilians (76.28%), mixed race individuals (19.22%), Afro-Brazilians (4.07%), indigenous peoples (0.25%) and Asian Brazilians (0.18%). Historically, the region was primarily inhabited by the Kaingang , Xokleng , and Guarani peoples, whose populations were reduced since the beginning of colonisation but have survived to

6912-667: The present day. During colonial Brazil , Spanish colonisers were the first to initiate settlement in the territory of Santa Catarina. However, the territory later came under Portuguese control, marked by Portuguese immigration and the arrival of African slaves . Subsequently, the territory experienced further population growth with the arrival of more Portuguese (especially Azoreans ) and other European immigrants ( Italians , Germans , Poles , Ukrainians , Lithuanians , Jews , Dutch , Belgians , Swiss , Austrians , French , English , Irish , Norwegians , Swedes , Danes , Czechs , Slovaks , Greeks , and Russians ), as well as by

7008-678: The provinces of Chubut , Santa Cruz , and southeast Buenos Aires province in Argentina. In Western Asia , the climate can be found on the Black Sea coast of northern Turkey and Georgia , often transitional to humid subtropical . While Cfb zones are rare in Africa, one dominates the coastline of the Eastern Cape in South Africa . The climate subtype can also be found in Nantucket , Massachusetts (in

7104-419: The regions, but are more common in subtropical highland climates where these air masses meet more frequently due to the influence of hotter weather in the subtropics or tropics, especially in monsoon-influenced climates. In most areas with an oceanic climate, precipitation comes in the form of rain for the majority of the year. Most oceanic climate zones, however, experience at least one snowfall per year. Snowfall

7200-409: The registration of about 2,300 vascular plants . The flag of Santa Catarina is a rectangle divided into three horizontal bands: the upper and lower, sips, and the central, argent. In the middle you can see a sinople rhombus with the coat of arms in the center. On August 15, 1895, Santa Catarina received a flag, designed by José Artur Boiteux. It had thirteen horizontal stripes of sips and argent in

7296-400: The revolutionary squadron led by Custódio José de Melo . The armed conflicts spread throughout the coast of Santa Catarina. Defeated in 1894, the revolutionaries were severely punished by the loyalist troops. Hercílio Luz was elected governor in 1894 and developed a policy for the pacification of the region and the repair of the infrastructural problems that the state had suffered. Desterro

7392-420: The sea. The plateau area is reasonably average and slopes gently westward. The rivers, flowing towards the neighbouring state of Paraná, have carved deep valleys into it. The lands of the mixed ombrophilous forest are infertile, as are the soils of the grasslands , which are utilised for dairy and beef cattle farming. The soils of the humid subtropical forest are characterised by their fertility. According to

7488-424: The second most populous city in the state after Joinville . Alongside Espírito Santo , Santa Catarina is one of the two states whose capital is not the largest city. Jorginho Mello , a member of the conservative Liberal Party , has been the governor of the state since 2023. It is one of the Brazilian states with the most mountainous terrain, where 52% of the territory is located above 600 metres. According to

7584-597: The shape of the continent. Only in Europe do they penetrate far inland, where they eventually transition into warm-summer humid continental climates ; in other continents, they are blocked by a large mountain range or limited by nearby oceans. The North Atlantic Gulf Stream , a tropical oceanic current that passes north of the Caribbean and up the East Coast of the United States to North Carolina , then heads east-northeast to

7680-432: The state harvested 2.3 million tons (Brazil produced 116 million tons this year, being the largest producer in the world). The state was the second-largest rice producer in the country in 2020, second only to the Rio Grande do Sul, harvesting around 1.1 million tons of the product. Total national production was 10.5 million tons this year. The three Southern States of the country are responsible for 95% of

7776-562: The state reached 2.8 million tons (in 2018, Brazil was the third-largest producer in the world, with 82 million tons. However, the annual demand for corn in the state is 7 million tons—97% is for animal consumption, especially for pigs and broilers (83.8%), as Santa Catarina has the largest pig population among Brazilian states and the second largest in poultry. The corn deficit is covered by interstate imports, mainly from Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Paraná and Goiás, and from countries like Argentina and Paraguay. In soy production, in 2019

7872-562: The state's territory are part of both autonomous systems delineated by the Serra Geral and Serra do Mar mountain ranges. The South Atlantic basin is made up of inter-delimited basins, such as those of the Itajaí-Açu , Tubarão , Araranguá , Tijucas , and Itapocu rivers. In the interior of the state, two basins come together to form the Plata basin : that of the Paraná , whose most important tributary

7968-620: The term comes from the waistcoat worn by the soldiers of the Portuguese military forces, under Joaquim Francisco do Livramento. These troops, in 1753, departed from Santa Catarina to fight in Rio Grande do Sul and secured for Brazil the conquest of the Captaincy of Santa Catarina . Originating from Catholicism , the name honours the state's patron saint. The Romans worshipped an ancient deity, Sancus , who ensured promises and oaths were not violated, mandating their fulfilment. From his name comes

8064-473: The triumph of the revolution throughout the country . During the Second World War , it was necessary to address the issue of Nazi infiltration in the state. In this area, the Brazilian military effort was not compromised by groups of Germans, following a futile attempt. Up until 1945, intervenors governed the state throughout President Getúlio Vargas 's administration. Since the 1950s, encouragement for

8160-448: The tropics, a subtropical highland climate typically features mild weather year-round. Temperatures there remain relatively constant throughout the year and snowfall is seldom seen due to warmer winters than most oceanic climates. Areas with this climate feature monthly averages below 22 °C (72 °F) but above either 0 °C (32 °F) or −3 °C (27 °F) depending on isotherm used. At least one month's average temperature

8256-574: The west by the Argentine province of Misiones . The state covers an area of approximately 95,730.69 square kilometres (37,000 sq mi), comparable to Hungary , and ranking as the seventh smallest Brazilian state by area . Its territory is entirely below the Tropic of Capricorn , in the southern temperate zone of the planet. It follows the UTC−03:00 time zone ( Brasília time ), three hours behind Greenwich Mean Time . Its extreme points are: to

8352-414: The west coast of continents; hence another name for Cfb, "marine west coast climates". In addition to moderate temperatures year-round, one of the characteristics is the absence of a dry season. Except for Europe , this type of climate is confined to narrow bands of territory, largely in mid or high latitudes, although it can appear in elevated areas of continental terrain in low latitudes, e.g. plateaus in

8448-530: The west. These extinct states were delimited by the Treaty of Tordesillas . The captaincy was elevated to the status of a province with the declaration of independence of Brazil . The province of Santa Catarina suffered profound consequences from the Ragamuffin War , which took place in Rio Grande do Sul in 1835. The revolutionaries, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and David Canabarro , invaded Laguna and declared

8544-571: The year, similar to other oceanic climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high diurnal temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high elevation. Subtropical highland climates with monsoon influence ( Cwb ) have distinctive wet summers and dry winters . In locations outside the tropics, other than the drying trend in the winter, subtropical highland climates tend to be essentially identical to an oceanic climate, with mild summers and noticeably cooler winters, plus, in some instances, some snowfall. In

8640-517: Was boosted in the second half of the 19th century. The colonies of Dona Francisca, later Joinville , were established in 1850; Blumenau in 1852; and Brusque in 1860. The province adhered to the proclamation of the Republic . However, the appointed governor rebelled against the federal government of the time, supporting the Federalist Revolution in 1893. Desterro became the naval base of

8736-419: Was elevated to the category of District in 1957. Some years after its elevation to the district, on June 12, 1962, Agrolândia was elevated to the category of municipality, by means of State Law nº 831, with territory that was separated from Central Trombudo. The new municipality was installed on July 25 of the same year. The first mayor who won the first municipal elections was Mr. Adolfo Hedel. The name Agrolândia

8832-596: Was established to extend Portuguese dominions to southern Brazil, reaching as far as the Rio de la Plata region. It is also the oldest state in the South Region of Brazil, predating Rio Grande do Sul (1807) and Paraná (1853). The state was populated by various peoples throughout its history, such as the indigenous Carijós people of the Tupi-Guarani group, and later became an important destination for Azorean Portuguese , Italian , German , and other European immigrants. African slaves and their descendants also contributed to

8928-504: Was founded in 1738. It was separated from São Paulo and incorporated into Rio de Janeiro's in 1739. From the 1740s onwards, initiated by Alexandre de Gusmão , minister of King John V , Portugal began a colonisation and settlement project in southern Brazil, aiming to secure possession of the territory disputed by the Spanish. With this objective, immigration from Madeira Island and the Azores

9024-451: Was renamed Florianópolis, in honour of Floriano Peixoto , following a turn of events that cost the lives of the defenders of the revolution. The Contestado War began in 1912. This conflict pitted the needy inhabitants of the region located between the Negro , Iguazu , Canoas , and Uruguay rivers against the official forces. José Maria de Santo Agostinho, a healer considered sacred, led

9120-433: Was sought. An insular defensive system was implemented. From 1748 to 1756, around five thousand Azorean immigrants began to populate the island and the coastline of the captaincy. Disputes between Portugal and Spain led to the occupation and destruction of the island of Santa Catarina by Spanish troops in 1777. The First Treaty of San Ildefonso forced the Spanish to surrender the invaded region. The Captaincy of Our Lady of

9216-491: Was the first permanent settlement in the region. The settlement of Nossa Senhora do Desterro , on the island of Santa Catarina, was established by the Paulista bandeirante Francisco Dias Velho in 1675. At that time, the notable settler was accompanied by his heirs, slaves, and servants. In 1676, the settlement of Laguna was initiated by Domingos de Brito Peixoto. The Captaincy of Santa Catarina, initially linked to São Paulo ,

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