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92-625: Zabukh (also rendered Zabuk in Armenian ) is also the name of a tributary of the Hakari River that runs by the village. After coming under Armenian control in 1992, the village was renamed Aghavno, which is one of the Armenian names of the Hakari River. The village is also known as Ariavan ( Armenian : Արիավան ). Several Armenian authors identify Zabukh with the village of Shabaki or Shapoki mentioned by

184-520: A consistent Proto-Indo-European pattern distinct from Iranian, and that the inflectional morphology was different from that of Iranian languages. The hypothesis that Greek is Armenian's closest living relative originates with Holger Pedersen (1924), who noted that the number of Greek-Armenian lexical cognates is greater than that of agreements between Armenian and any other Indo-European language. Antoine Meillet (1925, 1927) further investigated morphological and phonological agreement and postulated that

276-494: A discussion between the Ilham Aliyev and Emine Erdoğan , the first lady of Turkey where both appeared to be pleased by the fact that there exist Armenian POWs and the latter suggested a release of them in several stages. On 22 July 2021, 13 Armenian servicemen were sentenced to 6 years imprisonment and charged with "terrorism" and "illegally entering Azerbaijan". On 22 September 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives passed

368-440: A geopolitical corridor under the pretext of regional connectivity. In May 2021, Pashinyan said that while Armenia is keen on opening transport links as means of direct railway communication with Iran and Russia, it is not willing to discuss any 'corridor logic'. The dispute has been cited as one of the reasons for the 2021 Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis . In September, Russian deputy prime minister Alexei Overchuk insisted that

460-469: A list and timetable of activities to restore or build new transport infrastructure necessary for initiating, implementing and providing for the safety of international traffic through the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Armenia, as well as ensuring the safety of transportations carried out by the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Armenia through the territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan and

552-468: A loan from Armenian (compare to Armenian եւ yev , ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi ). Other loans from Armenian into Urartian includes personal names, toponyms, and names of deities. Loan words from Iranian languages , along with the other ancient accounts such as that of Xenophon above, initially led some linguists to erroneously classify Armenian as an Iranian language. Scholars such as Paul de Lagarde and F. Müller believed that

644-425: A network of schools where modern Armenian was taught, dramatically increased the rate of literacy (in spite of the obstacles by the colonial administrators), even in remote rural areas. The emergence of literary works entirely written in the modern versions increasingly legitimized the language's existence. By the turn of the 20th century both varieties of the one modern Armenian language prevailed over Grabar and opened

736-570: A new start of an era of our national unity and rebirth." Violent protests erupted in Yerevan following the announcement of the ceasefire agreement. The speaker of the Parliament of Armenia, Ararat Mirzoyan , was beaten by an angry mob who stormed the Parliament after the peace deal was announced. Pashinyan indicated, however, that Mirzoyan's life was "not under threat" and he had undergone surgery. The President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev reacted to

828-785: A peacekeeping force under the agreement, were reported to be moving into in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. The force was reported to have been transported to Armenia by air before the agreement was signed. By 12 November, the Russian force consisted mostly of the personnel of the 15th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade had entered Stepanakert and begun deploying observation posts across the region. In December 2020, Armenia and Azerbaijan have begun exchanging groups of prisoners of war mediated by Russia. As of February 2021, 63 prisoners, including civilians , returned to Armenia, and 15 were returned to Azerbaijan. In March 2021, Human Rights Watch (HRW), reported that Azerbaijan has repatriated 69 POWs. After

920-607: A tripartite working group under the joint chairmanship of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and the Deputy Chairman of the RF Government. 2. The Working Group will hold its first meeting by January 30, 2021, according to the results of which it will draw up a list of primary tasks arising from the implementation of the aforementioned Paragraph 9 of

1012-543: Is abhorrent and a war crime", said Hugh Williamson, Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch. "It is also deeply disturbing that a number of missing Armenian soldiers were last seen in Azerbaijan’s custody and it has failed to account for them". Following the signing of the agreement and the deployment of the Russian peacekeepers, a memorandum on establishing a joint Russian–Turkish monitoring centre in Azerbaijan

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1104-545: Is an independent branch of the Indo-European languages . It is of interest to linguists for its distinctive phonological changes within that family. Armenian exhibits more satemization than centumization , although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups. Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, Greek (and Phrygian ), Albanian and Indo-Iranian were dialectally close to each other; within this hypothetical dialect group, Proto-Armenian

1196-545: Is clearly the dialect to be most closely related to Armenian. Eric P. Hamp (1976, 91) supports the Graeco-Armenian thesis and even anticipates a time "when we should speak of Helleno-Armenian" (meaning the postulate of a Graeco-Armenian proto-language). Armenian shares the augment and a negator derived from the set phrase in the Proto-Indo-European language * ne h₂oyu kʷid ("never anything" or "always nothing"),

1288-469: Is derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵipyós , with cognates in Sanskrit (ऋजिप्य, ṛjipyá ), Avestan ( ərəzifiia ), and Greek (αἰγίπιος, aigípios ). Hrach Martirosyan and Armen Petrosyan propose additional borrowed words of Armenian origin loaned into Urartian and vice versa, including grammatical words and parts of speech, such as Urartian eue ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts and likely

1380-415: Is not considered conclusive evidence of a period of common isolated development. There are words used in Armenian that are generally believed to have been borrowed from Anatolian languages, particularly from Luwian , although some researchers have identified possible Hittite loanwords as well. One notable loanword from Anatolian is Armenian xalam , "skull", cognate to Hittite ḫalanta , "head". In 1985,

1472-506: Is the working language. Armenian (without reference to a specific variety) is officially recognized as a minority language in Cyprus , Hungary , Iraq , Poland , Romania , and Ukraine . It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement

1564-579: The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , the Lachin corridor came under the supervision of Russian peacekeeping forces, who set up a post in Aghavno. According to the ceasefire agreement, a new route connecting Armenia with Nagorno-Karabakh bypassing Lachin and Aghavno would be planned within three years. Ahead of the transfer of the Lachin District to Azerbaijan per the ceasefire agreement, many ethnic Armenians fled from

1656-458: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (11–14th centuries) resulted in the addition of two more characters to the alphabet (" օ " and " ֆ "), bringing the total number to 38. The Book of Lamentations by Gregory of Narek (951–1003) is an example of the development of a literature and writing style of Old Armenian by the 10th century. In addition to elevating the literary style and vocabulary of

1748-503: The Armenian genocide , mostly in the diaspora ). The differences between them are considerable but they are mutually intelligible after significant exposure. Some subdialects such as Homshetsi are not mutually intelligible with other varieties. Although Armenians were known to history much earlier (for example, they were mentioned in the 6th-century BC Behistun Inscription and in Xenophon 's 4th century BC history, The Anabasis ),

1840-734: The Armenian highlands , today Armenian is also widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora . Armenian is written in its own writing system , the Armenian alphabet , introduced in 405 AD by Saint Mesrop Mashtots . The estimated number of Armenian speakers worldwide is between five and seven million. Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Armenian

1932-678: The European Parliament adopted a resolution urging Azerbaijan to immediately and unconditionally release all the Armenian prisoners, both military and civilian, detained during or after the conflict. In June the Armenian substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) Tatevik Hayrapetyan raised concern of the situation of the Armenian POWs in the PACE, as in

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2024-631: The Greek language , the Armenian language, and the Indo-Iranian languages . Graeco-Aryan unity would have become divided into Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian by the mid-3rd millennium BC. Conceivably, Proto-Armenian would have been located between Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian, consistent with the fact that Armenian shares certain features only with Indo-Iranian (the satem change) but others only with Greek ( s > h ). Graeco-Aryan has comparatively wide support among Indo-Europeanists who believe

2116-631: The Indo-European homeland to be located in the Armenian Highlands , the " Armenian hypothesis ". Early and strong evidence was given by Euler's 1979 examination on shared features in Greek and Sanskrit nominal flection. Used in tandem with the Graeco-Armenian hypothesis, the Armenian language would also be included under the label Aryano-Greco-Armenic , splitting into Proto-Greek/Phrygian and "Armeno-Aryan" (ancestor of Armenian and Indo-Iranian ). Classical Armenian (Arm: grabar ), attested from

2208-528: The Mekhitarists . The first Armenian periodical, Azdarar , was published in grabar in 1794. The classical form borrowed numerous words from Middle Iranian languages , primarily Parthian , and contains smaller inventories of loanwords from Greek, Syriac, Aramaic, Arabic, Mongol, Persian, and indigenous languages such as Urartian . An effort to modernize the language in Bagratid Armenia and

2300-408: The 5th century to the 19th century as the literary standard (up to the 11th century also as a spoken language with different varieties), was partially superseded by Middle Armenian , attested from the 12th century to the 18th century. Specialized literature prefers "Old Armenian" for grabar as a whole, and designates as "Classical" the language used in the 5th century literature, "Post-Classical" from

2392-451: The Amendment, demanding Azerbaijan's immediate release of about 200 Armenian POWs, hostages and detained persons, "misrepresenting their status in an attempt to justify their continued captivity". Human Rights Watch reported that Azerbaijani armed forces mistreated Armenian POWs, subjecting them to physical abuse and humiliation. "The abuse, including torture of detained Armenian soldiers,

2484-481: The Armenian language by adding well above a thousand new words, through his other hymns and poems Gregory paved the way for his successors to include secular themes and vernacular language in their writings. The thematic shift from mainly religious texts to writings with secular outlooks further enhanced and enriched the vocabulary. "A Word of Wisdom", a poem by Hovhannes Sargavak devoted to a starling, legitimizes poetry devoted to nature, love, or female beauty. Gradually,

2576-482: The Armenian residents left. In March 2023, Azerbaijan's president Ilham Aliyev announced that the village of Zabukh would be completely rebuilt, and over 1000 people would be resettled there. The population is mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry . As of 2015, the village has a municipal building, two shops, and a school. According to the 1856 publication of the Caucasus Calendar , Zabukh in 1855

2668-631: The Artsakh mayor of Lachin (Berdzor), Narek Aleksanyan. In May 2021 the village school was renovated with the assistance of the ACAA Artsakh Fund, which also planned the renovation of the municipal building and the construction of a medical centre in the village, and in December 2021, a new bakery was opened in the village. On 10 August 2022, following renewed clashes in Nagorno-Karabakh to the north of

2760-692: The Azerbaijani media to suggest that she was a "mercenary" fighting for the Armenians. On 14 April 2021, a global campaign was launched among the Armenian diaspora to demand the release of Armenian POWs and other detainees held in Azerbaijan. Protests were held in 14 cities around the world, including Toronto , Paris , Rome , Houston , Sacramento , Montréal , New York , Los Angeles , Warsaw , Berlin , Hamburg and Moscow . According to Armenian authorities, as of April 2021, over 200 Armenian POWs are currently being held captive by Azerbaijan. On 20 May 2021,

2852-460: The Hurro-Urartian and Northeast Caucasian origins for these words and instead suggest native Armenian etymologies, leaving the possibility that these words may have been loaned into Hurro-Urartian and Caucasian languages from Armenian, and not vice versa. A notable example is arciv , meaning "eagle", believed to have been the origin of Urartian Arṣibi and Northeast Caucasian arzu . This word

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2944-527: The Lachin Corridor. 4. The peacemaking forces of the Russian Federation shall be deployed concurrently with the withdrawal of the Armenian troops. The peacemaking forces of the Russian Federation will be deployed for five years, a term to be automatically extended for subsequent five-year terms unless either Party notifies about its intention to terminate this clause six months before the expiration of

3036-464: The Lachin corridor, the Armenian residents of the village were told by Artsakhi authorities to leave the village within 20 days. This came amid demands by Azerbaijan for the Armenian side to speed up the transfer to the new route connecting Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia, the Armenian section of which was still not completed. The village was returned to Azerbaijani control on 26 August 2022, prior to which all of

3128-537: The Lachin corridor, with the BBC Russian Service correspondent, Yuri Vekdik, stating that the vast majority of the Armenians inhabitants had fled. The Artsakh administration initially called on the ethnic Armenian population to evacuate. However, from 27 November, Armenian media reported that the agreement has been amended, adding that Aghavno, as well as Lachin (Berdzor), the district's administrative center, and Sus , would not be handed over to Azerbaijan, citing

3220-533: The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict zone and the implementation process of the January 11, 2021 statement on unblocking all economic and transport infrastructures of the region. We reaffirmed commitment to the further and consistent implementation and unconditional observance of all the provisions of the November 9, 2020 declaration and January 11, 2021 statement for the benefit of the stability, security and economic development of

3312-623: The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan and the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin declare the following: 1. With a view to implementing Paragraph 9 of the November 9, 2020 Statement in terms of unblocking all economic and transport links in the region, we are hereby endorsing the proposal made by RF President Vladimir Putin on setting up

3404-442: The Republic of Armenia, hereinafter referred to as the "Parties", shall stop in their current positions. 2. The Agdam District shall be returned to the Republic of Azerbaijan by 20 November 2020. 3. The peacemaking forces of the Russian Federation, namely, 1,960 troops armed with firearms, 90 armoured vehicles and 380 motor vehicles and units of special equipment, shall be deployed along the contact line in Nagorno-Karabakh and along

3496-511: The Republic of Armenia.” The joint trilateral statement issued in Sochi on 26 November 2021 stated: “We, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia N.V.Pashinyan, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan I.H. Aliyev, President of the Russian Federation V.V.Putin, met on November 26 in Sochi and discussed the implementation process of the declaration of November 9, 2020 on the complete ceasefire and termination of all types of military operations in

3588-456: The Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Armenia, building an atmosphere of trust between the Azerbaijani and Armenian peoples, and establishing good-neighborly relations in the region." After the end of the war, Turkey and Azerbaijan proposed "3+3" – a platform for collaboration between the three South Caucasian countries – Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia and the three regional powers – Turkey, Russia and Iran. The first consultative meeting of

3680-656: The Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the Armenian genocide . In addition to Armenia and Turkey, where it is indigenous , Armenian is spoken among the diaspora . According to Ethnologue , globally there are 1.6 million Western Armenian speakers and 3.7 million Eastern Armenian speakers, totalling 5.3 million Armenian speakers. In Georgia, Armenian speakers are concentrated in Ninotsminda and Akhalkalaki districts where they represent over 90% of

3772-404: The Russian and Ottoman empires led to creation of two separate and different environments under which Armenians lived. Halfway through the 19th century, two important concentrations of Armenian communities were further consolidated. Because of persecutions or the search for better economic opportunities, many Armenians living under Ottoman rule gradually moved to Istanbul , whereas Tbilisi became

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3864-559: The South Caucasus. We agreed to intensify joint efforts aimed at the immediate solution of the remaining issues arising from November 9, 2020 and January 11, 2021 statements. We mentioned the significant contribution of the Russian peacekeeping mission in stabilizing the situation and ensuring security in the region. We agreed to take steps to increase the level of stability and security on the Azerbaijani-Armenian border, to push

3956-815: The Soviet linguist Igor M. Diakonoff noted the presence in Classical Armenian of what he calls a "Caucasian substratum" identified by earlier scholars, consisting of loans from the Kartvelian and Northeast Caucasian languages . Noting that Hurro-Urartian-speaking peoples inhabited the Armenian homeland in the second millennium BC, Diakonoff identifies in Armenian a Hurro-Urartian substratum of social, cultural, and animal and plant terms such as ałaxin "slave girl" ( ← Hurr. al(l)a(e)ḫḫenne ), cov "sea" ( ← Urart. ṣûǝ "(inland) sea"), ułt "camel" ( ← Hurr. uḷtu ), and xnjor "apple (tree)" ( ← Hurr. ḫinzuri ). Some of

4048-577: The Statement. The priorities shall include rail and road communications, as well as the identification of other directions as agreed upon by the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation, hereinafter referred to as the Parties. 3. In order to implement the primary directions, the Working Group’s co-chairs will approve the composition of expert subgroups in these areas from among

4140-399: The agreement by saying, "This statement constitutes Armenia's capitulation. This statement puts an end to the years-long occupation." During his speech, Aliyev mockingly said Nə oldu Paşinyan? ("What happened Pashinyan?"), which became an Internet meme in Azerbaijan and Turkey. Large-scale celebrations erupted throughout Azerbaijan, most notably in its capital city of Baku when news of

4232-926: The agreement was announced. Since 13 November 2020, Armenians in Kalbajar , a district that was mostly inhabited by ethnic Azerbaijanis before the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and was settled by Armenian citizens after it, started to burn their homes and cut trees before leaving for Armenia, to avoid them being reinhabited by the Azerbaijanis. Some Armenians also took their dead relatives' remains with them, while others were carting off everything they could as trucks nearby loaded up with household possessions and cut down trees. Agence France-Presse reported that in Charektar , at least six houses were set on fire. On 15 November, at Armenia's request, Azerbaijan extended

4324-542: The cease-fire on 10 November, and that Azerbaijani forces detained civilians despite the lack of evidence that they posed a security threat that could justify their detention under international humanitarian law. Notably, Maral Najaryan, a recent Lebanese-Armenian emigrant to Shushi in Nagorno-Karabakh who went missing in the last days of the war, was among the detainees. Ani Najaryan, Najaryan's sister, told Radio Free Europe that she had moved to Karabakh after Beirut's massive explosion . Her Lebanese ancestry has been used by

4416-419: The ceasefire, following skirmishes in mid-December 2020, Azerbaijan detained a group of 62 Armenian soldiers. Azerbaijani authorities claimed that the soldiers are not POWs but members of a "sabotage group", and criminal charges will be brought against them. However, European Parliament resolution concluded that credible reports have surfaced of Armenian service personnel and civilians being been kidnapped since

4508-434: The center of Armenians living under Russian rule. These two cosmopolitan cities very soon became the primary poles of Armenian intellectual and cultural life. The introduction of new literary forms and styles, as well as many new ideas sweeping Europe, reached Armenians living in both regions. This created an ever-growing need to elevate the vernacular, Ashkharhabar, to the dignity of a modern literary language, in contrast to

4600-565: The countries. Armenia will have access by rail to the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation" the press service of Prime Minister of Armenia reported after the meeting. The leaders of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia met twice in 2021, issuing statements to confirm continued adherence to the 2020 ceasefire agreement and to elaborate on its implementation. The joint trilateral statement issued in Moscow on 11 January 2021 stated: "We,

4692-622: The current term. 5. For more efficient monitoring of the Parties' fulfilment of the agreements, a peacemaking centre shall be established to oversee the ceasefire. 6. The Republic of Armenia shall return the Kalbajar District to the Republic of Azerbaijan by 15 November 2020, and the Lachin District by 1 December 2020. The Lachin Corridor (5 km wide), which will provide a connection between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia while not passing through

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4784-532: The deadline for Armenians to fully vacate Kalbajar District by 10 days, until 25 November. Azerbaijan's Presidential Office stated that they took the worsening weather and the fact that there was only one road to Armenia into consideration when agreeing to extend the deadline. Azerbaijani authorities also denounced civilians and de-mobilized soldiers leaving the area for burning houses and committing what they called "ecological terror". As early as on 10 November 2020, Russian troops and armour that were to constitute

4876-565: The existence of the two modern versions of the same language was sanctioned even more clearly. The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990) used Eastern Armenian as its official language, whereas the diaspora created after the Armenian genocide preserved the Western Armenian dialect. The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in

4968-455: The following six weeks which culminated in the capture of the strategically important town of Shusha and prompted the two sides to agree to a ceasefire deal on 9   November 2020. According to the agreement, both belligerent parties agreed to exchange prisoners of war and the dead. The Armenian forces were to withdraw from Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh by 1   December 2020. Armenia lost roughly 75% of

5060-425: The hypothetical Mushki language may have been a (now extinct) Armenic language. W. M. Austin (1942) concluded that there was early contact between Armenian and Anatolian languages , based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine gender and the absence of inherited long vowels. Unlike shared innovations (or synapomorphies ), the common retention of archaisms (or symplesiomorphy )

5152-464: The interests of the population at large were reflected in other literary works as well. Konsdantin Yerzinkatsi and several others took the unusual step of criticizing the ecclesiastic establishment and addressing the social issues of the Armenian homeland. These changes represented the nature of the literary style and syntax, but they did not constitute immense changes to the fundamentals of the grammar or

5244-434: The late 5th to 8th centuries, and "Late Grabar" that of the period covering the 8th to 11th centuries. Later, it was used mainly in religious and specialized literature, with the exception of a revival during the early modern period, when attempts were made to establish it as the language of a literary renaissance, with neoclassical inclinations, through the creation and dissemination of literature in varied genres, especially by

5336-593: The medieval Armenian historian Stephen Orbelian , although this is not universally accepted. In 1898 the German archaeologist Emil Rösler studied an archaeological site in the vicinity of the village, which he concluded was as old Armenian cemetery. In the late 19th century, the village was inhabited by Turkic-speaking Kurds . When the village was seized by Armenian forces in 1992 during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War , its Azerbaijani population fled. The village

5428-431: The meeting stated that the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan managed to come to agreement regarding opening the rail routes, but not automobile roads. After the meeting Pashinyan and Aliyev confirmed the agreement on the restoration of the railway communication. "The railway will operate in accordance with internationally recognized border and customs regulations on a reciprocal basis under the sovereignty and jurisdiction of

5520-560: The morphology of the language. Often, when writers codify a spoken dialect, other language users are then encouraged to imitate that structure through the literary device known as parallelism . In the 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland was once again divided. This time Eastern Armenia was conquered from Qajar Iran by the Russian Empire , while Western Armenia , containing two thirds of historical Armenia, remained under Ottoman control. The antagonistic relationship between

5612-559: The necessary social infrastructure were built in Zabukh. On August 25, the first group of 88 IDPs (20 families), who lived in Barda, Shirvan and Mingachevir, moved to Zabukh. On November 16, 2023, 25 IDP families returned from Baku to Zabukh and the total number of residents in the village reached 288. By the end of November 2023, 121 families consisting of 475 persons resettled in the village. On December 25, 27 IDP families moved from Baku to Zabukh and

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5704-403: The now-anachronistic Grabar. Numerous dialects existed in the traditional Armenian regions, which, different as they were, had certain morphological and phonetic features in common. On the basis of these features two major standards emerged: Both centers vigorously pursued the promotion of Ashkharhabar. The proliferation of newspapers in both versions (Eastern & Western) and the development of

5796-526: The official status of the Armenian language. Eastern Armenian is the official variant used, making it the prestige variety while other variants have been excluded from national institutions. Indeed, Western Armenian is perceived by some as a mere dialect. Armenian was also official in the Republic of Artsakh . It is recognized as an official language of the Eurasian Economic Union although Russian

5888-522: The officials of the competent authorities and organizations of the Parties. Within a month after the Working Group’s meeting, the expert subgroups will submit a list of projects, which should specify the necessary resources and activities for their implementation and approval at the highest level by the Parties. 4. By March 1, 2021, the Working Group shall submit for the Parties’ approval at the highest level

5980-619: The oldest surviving Armenian-language writing is etched in stone on Armenian temples and is called Mehenagir . The Armenian alphabet was created by Mesrop Mashtots in 405, at which time it had 36 letters. He is also credited by some with the creation of the Georgian alphabet and the Caucasian Albanian alphabet . While Armenian constitutes the sole member of the Armenian branch of the Indo-European family, Aram Kossian has suggested that

6072-553: The opening of new road connecting Nagorno-Karabach to Armenia meant Zabukh was no longer within the 5-kilometre wide Lachin corridor and so control of the village passed to Azerbaijan. The last of the Armenians left on 25 August 2022. In 2023, the Azerbaijani government started works on rebuilding the village. According to the Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Fuad Huseynov, from February to August 2023, 223 modern private houses and all

6164-474: The parent languages of Greek and Armenian were dialects in immediate geographical proximity during the Proto-Indo-European period. Meillet's hypothesis became popular in the wake of his book Esquisse d'une histoire de la langue latine (1936). Georg Renatus Solta (1960) does not go as far as postulating a Proto-Graeco-Armenian stage, but he concludes that considering both the lexicon and morphology, Greek

6256-407: The path to a new and simplified grammatical structure of the language in the two different cultural spheres. Apart from several morphological, phonetic, and grammatical differences, the largely common vocabulary and generally analogous rules of grammatical fundamentals allows users of one variant to understand the other as long as they are fluent in one of the literary standards. After World War I ,

6348-552: The population. The short-lived First Republic of Armenia declared Armenian its official language. Eastern Armenian was then dominating in institutions and among the population. When Armenia was incorporated into the USSR, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic made Eastern Armenian the language of the courts, government institutions and schools. Armenia was also russified . The current Republic of Armenia upholds

6440-408: The process of establishment of a bilateral commission with the advisory participation of the Russian Federation based on the application of the sides, on delimitation, and afterwards demarcation, of the state border between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. We highly appreciated the activity of the trilateral working group on unblocking all economic and transport communications of

6532-547: The region shall be unblocked. The Republic of Armenia shall guarantee the security of transport connections between the western regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in order to arrange unobstructed movement of persons, vehicles and cargo in both directions. The Border Guard Service of the Russian Federal Security Service shall be responsible for overseeing

6624-519: The region, established in accordance with the January 11, 2021 statement under the joint chairmanship of the Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation. We stressed the need to launch specific programs as soon as possible, aimed at identifying the economic potential of the region. The Russian Federation will continue to provide the necessary assistance for normalizing relations between

6716-436: The representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels, and other phonological and morphological peculiarities with Greek. Nevertheless, as Fortson (2004) comments, "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces". Graeco-(Armeno)-Aryan is a hypothetical clade within the Indo-European family , ancestral to

6808-487: The routes created after unblocking all the regional communications between Armenia and Azerbaijan will be under jurisdiction of the country the territory of which they cross pass through. Nikol Pashinyan and Ilham Aliyev met in Brussels on 15 December 2021 and discussed unblocking regional communications among other issues. The meeting was arranged and moderated by the President of European Council Charles Michel , who after

6900-514: The security of persons, vehicles and cargo moving along the Lachin Corridor in both directions. 7. Internally displaced persons and refugees shall return to the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent areas under the supervision of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 8. The Parties shall exchange prisoners of war, hostages and other detained persons, and dead bodies. 9. All economic and transport connections in

6992-463: The similarities between the two languages meant that Armenian belonged to the Iranian language family . The distinctness of Armenian was recognized when philologist Heinrich Hübschmann (1875) used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian words from the older Armenian vocabulary . He showed that Armenian often had two morphemes for one concept, that the non-Iranian components yielded

7084-512: The terms he gives admittedly have an Akkadian or Sumerian provenance, but he suggests they were borrowed through Hurrian or Urartian. Given that these borrowings do not undergo sound changes characteristic of the development of Armenian from Proto-Indo-European , he dates their borrowing to a time before the written record but after the Proto-Armenian language stage. Contemporary linguists, such as Hrach Martirosyan , have rejected many of

7176-620: The territories in and around Nagorno-Karabakh that it controlled prior to the war. An approximately 2,000-strong Russian peacekeeping force from the Russian Ground Forces was to be deployed to the region for a minimum of five years, one of its task being protection of the Lachin corridor , the only remaining passage between Armenia and Republic of Artsakh. Additionally, Armenia undertook to "guarantee safety" of transport links between mainland Azerbaijan and its Nakhchivan exclave . Russian FSB 's Border Troops would exercise control over

7268-439: The territory of Shusha, shall remain under the control of the Russian Federation peacemaking forces. As agreed by the Parties, within the next three years, a plan will be outlined for the construction of a new route via the Lachin Corridor, to provide a connection between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia, and the Russian peacemaking forces shall be subsequently relocated to protect the route. The Republic of Azerbaijan shall guarantee

7360-399: The total number of residents in the village reached 783. Armenian language Armenian ( endonym : հայերեն , hayeren , pronounced [hɑjɛˈɾɛn] ) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family. It is the native language of the Armenian people and the official language of Armenia . Historically spoken in

7452-419: The transport connections. We, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan and President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, state the following: 1. A complete ceasefire and termination of all hostilities in the area of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is declared starting 12:00 am (midnight) Moscow time on 10 November 2020. The Republic of Azerbaijan and

7544-451: The transport connections. Subject to agreement between the Parties, the construction of new transport communications to link the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic with the western regions of Azerbaijan will be ensured. After signing the agreement, Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan said, "This is not a victory, but there is not defeat until you consider yourself defeated, we will never consider ourselves defeated and this shall become

7636-755: The trilateral group has not discussed "corridors". In October 2021, Azerbaijan unilaterally began using Armenia's airspace, conducting flights to its Nakhchivan exclave. A new round of Russian-mediated negotiations on restoring economic links between their countries began between Armenia and Azerbaijani deputy prime ministers on 20 October, where legal aspects of opening the Armenian-Azerbaijani border for commercial traffic were discussed. The sides have made progress towards restoring their Soviet-era rail links according to Armenian deputy prime minister. On 5 November 2021, Russian vice prime minister Alexey Overchuk and Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that

7728-510: The village was administered as part of the Kashatagh Province of the Republic of Artsakh . The Artsakh administration renovated the village, and it was settled mostly by Armenians from Armenia and some from Armenian communities in Lebanon and Syria. In September 2016, the settlement was officially re-inaugurated as Ariavan ( Armenian : Արիավան ). Following the ceasefire agreement ending

7820-454: Was 150, mostly Armenian. According to the 1915 publication of the Caucasus Calendar , the population of the village in 1914 was 83, mostly Tatar. The village had 149 inhabitants in 2005, 175 inhabitants in 2015, and 270 inhabitants in 2019. Following the ceasefire agreement after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , around 200 Armenians remained in the Lachin corridor , with around 40 of them being in Aghavno. By June 2022 another 125 returned but

7912-882: Was an armistice agreement that ended the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War . It was signed on 9   November by the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev , the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan and the President of Russia Vladimir Putin , and ended all hostilities in the Nagorno-Karabakh region from 00:00, on 10 November 2020 Moscow time . The president of the self-declared Republic of Artsakh , Arayik Harutyunyan , also agreed to an end of hostilities. Renewed hostilities between Azerbaijan and Artsakh together with Armenia began on 27 September 2020. Azerbaijan recovered many of its territories during

8004-409: Was established in January 2021, but no significant progress has been made. Although not discussed in the trilateral negotiations, Azerbaijan has kept insisting on its plans of implementing " Zangezur corridor ", which would entail a transport corridor connecting Nakhchivan to the rest of Azerbaijan via Armenia's Syunik Province . Analytics pointed out that Azerbaijan's ambitions are aimed at creating

8096-428: Was looted and burnt by Armenian forces. Among the looters, there also were civilians from Stepanakert , which had been shelled by the Azerbaijanis for eight months and had been without light and water for several weeks. A Canadian journalist who visited the village a year later noted that the village was "entirely abandoned", and all that remained were "two dozen charred, roofless houses". While under Armenian control,

8188-613: Was populated by Shiite Kurds, who spoke the Tatar ( Azerbaijani ) language. According to the Collection of Statistical Data on the Population of the Transcaucasus krai , the population of the village in 1886 was 112, all Kurds . According to the 1910 publication of the Caucasus Calendar the population of the village in 1908 was 345, mostly Tatar. In the 1912 publication, the population in 1911

8280-528: Was signed by Russian and Turkish defence ministers. Russia, however, insisted that Turkey's involvement would be limited to operating remotely from the monitoring centre on Azerbaijani soil outside of Nagorno-Karabakh, and that Turkish peacekeepers would not go to Nagorno-Karabakh. As of late 2021, the fate of the "transport connections" the article 9 of the ceasefire agreement provisioned is still uncertain. A working group on unblocking communications led by deputy prime ministers of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Russia

8372-405: Was situated between Proto-Greek ( centum subgroup) and Proto-Indo-Iranian ( satem subgroup). Ronald I. Kim has noted unique morphological developments connecting Armenian to Balto-Slavic languages . The Armenian language has a long literary history, with a 5th-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. Another text translated into Armenian early on, and also in the 5th-century,

8464-666: Was the Armenian Alexander Romance . The vocabulary of the language has historically been influenced by Western Middle Iranian languages , particularly Parthian ; its derivational morphology and syntax were also affected by language contact with Parthian, but to a lesser extent. Contact with Greek, Persian , and Syriac also resulted in a number of loanwords. There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian (spoken mainly in Armenia) and Western Armenian (spoken originally mainly in modern-day Turkey and, since

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