23-498: 85; See text The Agaricaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi and include the genus Agaricus , as well as basidiomycetes previously classified in the families Tulostomataceae, Lepiotaceae, and Lycoperdaceae. The family Agaricaceae was published by French botanist François Fulgis Chevallier in 1826. It is named after the type genus Agaricus , originally circumscribed by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum . In his authoritative 1986 classification of
46-469: A cosmopolitan distribution , but with a preference for warm areas, meaning there are fewer species in colder climates. Around 400 species are currently recognized worldwide. Several species contain amatoxins and are lethally poisonous, if consumed. Those known to have caused fatalities include Lepiota brunneoincarnata , L. brunneolilacea , L. castanea , L. helveola , and L. subincarnata (synonym L. josserandii ). No Lepiota species
69-528: A centrally attached stipe and a membrane-like partial veil . The species formerly classified in the family Lycoperdaceae are also known as the "true puffballs ". Their fruiting bodies are round and are composed of a tough skin surrounding a mass of spores. When they mature, the skin splits open and they release their spores. The spore print color of Agaricaceae species is highly variable, ranging from white to greenish to ochraceous to pink or sepia; rusty-brown or cinnamon brown colours are absent. Microscopically,
92-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
115-489: Is 90–94 Ma ); the other fossil genera are from Dominican amber and date to 15–20 Ma. The family currently includes the following genera: The Agaricaceae are widely distributed. Most species are saprobic and prefer grassland and woodland habitats. Genera Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus are known to be cultivated by fungus-growing ants in ant-fungus mutualism . The genus Agaricus includes some species that are cultivated commercially throughout
138-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
161-480: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
184-464: Is recommended as edible. No comprehensive monograph of the genus has yet been published. In Europe, however, species of Lepiota were illustrated and described in a regional guide by Candusso & Lanzoni (1990) and more briefly in descriptive keys by Bon (1993). Dutch species were illustrated and described by Vellinga (2001). No equivalent modern guides have been published for North America, but Vellinga (2008) has published an online bibliography of
207-485: Is white to cream. The spores are usually (but not always) dextrinoid (turning red-brown in an iodine -based reagent). Most if not all Lepiota species are nitrophilic , with a preference for calcareous soils. They typically occur in rich humus in broadleaf or conifer woodland, in northern Europe often among nettles ( Urtica dioica ) or dog's mercury ( Mercurialis perennis ). A few species are more frequently found in calcareous grassland or in dunes. The genus has
230-466: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Lepiota Lepiota is a genus of gilled mushrooms in
253-515: The Agaricales , Rolf Singer divided the Agaricaceae into four tribes distinguished largely by spore color: Leucocoprineae , Agariceae , Lepioteae , and Cystodermateae . Genera once classified in the families Tulostomataceae, Battarreaceae, Lycoperdaceae, and Mycenastraceae have since been moved to the Agaricaceae based on molecular phylogenetics studies. According to a standard reference text,
SECTION 10
#1732876136578276-405: The family Agaricaceae . All Lepiota species are ground-dwelling saprotrophs with a preference for rich, calcareous soils. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are agaricoid with whitish spores , typically with scaly caps and a ring on the stipe . Around 400 species of Lepiota are currently recognized worldwide. Many species are poisonous , some lethally so. Agaricus section Lepiota
299-554: The morphological concept of Lepiota s.s. ( sensu stricto = in the strict or narrow sense) is soundly based. The name "Lepiota" is derived from the Greek λεπις (= "scale") + οὖς (= "ear"). Fruit bodies of Lepiota species are almost all agaricoid ( Lepiota viridigleba is the sole sequestrate species in the genus ), most (but not all) having comparatively small caps (less than 10 cm (4 in) in diameter) and slender stems. The cap cuticle (surface skin) typically splits as
322-426: The Agaricaceae contains 85 genera and 1340 species. Agaricaceae species use a wide variety of fruit body morphology . Although the pileate form (i.e., with a cap and stipe ) is predominant, gasteroid and secotioid forms are known. In pileate species, the gills are typically thin, and free from attachment to the stipe. Caps are scurfy to smooth, and range from roughly flat to umbonate . They typically have
345-425: The cap expands, breaking up into concentric rings of scales towards the margin. The gills beneath the cap are white to cream (rarely yellow) and are free (not joined to the stem). The gills are covered by a partial veil when young, which typically ruptures to leave a cuff-like ring (sometimes ephemeral) often with additional scaly remains on the stem. Several species have a distinct, often rubbery, smell. The spore print
368-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
391-508: The generic concept of Lepiota . Some unrelated genera, such as Cystoderma ( Fayod 1889) and Limacella ( Earle 1909), were removed from the genus whilst several related genera, including Leucocoprinus ( Patouillard 1888), Macrolepiota and Leucoagaricus ( Singer 1948), Cystolepiota (Singer 1952), and Echinoderma ( Bon 1991) were separated off. These segregated genera, together with Lepiota itself, are still often grouped together as Lepiota s.l. ( sensu lato = "in
414-567: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
437-575: The spore surface ranges from smooth to ornamented, and the presence of a germ pore is variable. Amyloidity (i.e. sensitivity to staining in Melzer's reagent ) is also variable. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are usually small, four-spored, and may have interspersed cystidia . The extinct genus Coprinites is one of four known Agaricaceae genera in the fossil record. Others include Aureofungus , Protomycena , and Archaeomarasmius . Archaeomarasmius leggeti , from Atlantic Coastal Plain amber,
460-541: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
483-654: The wide sense") or as the "lepiotoid" fungi. The secotioid species Amogaster viridiglebus , described in 1996 and initially placed in the order Boletales , was later determined to be a member of Lepiota , and officially transferred to the genus in 2013. Following some discussion over the type species , Lepiota has now been conserved under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , typified by Agaricus colubrinus Pers. (= Lepiota clypeolaria ). Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , suggests that
SECTION 20
#1732876136578506-434: The world. The common "button mushroom", Agaricus bisporus , is the most widely cultivated edible mushroom. Agaricus blazei is a well-known medicinal mushroom used for a number of therapeutic and medicinal purposes. Several species are poisonous , such as some Lepiota , Agaricus sect. Xanthodermatei and Chlorophyllum species . Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
529-591: Was originally published in 1797 by South African-born mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon . It was subsequently raised to the rank of genus by Samuel Frederick Gray . As originally conceived, the genus was a mix of agarics with rings on their stems, including species now placed in Armillaria , Cortinarius , and Pholiota . In 1822, however, the influential Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries restricted Lepiota to white-spored, ringed agarics. Based on macro- and micromorphology, later authors gradually refined
#577422