Agaléga ( French : îles Agaléga ) is a dependency of Mauritius , as defined by the Constitution of Mauritius , which consists of two outer islands located in the Indian Ocean , about 1,050 km (650 mi) north of Mauritius Island.
68-626: Similarly to other Mauritian islands such as St. Brandon , Agaléga is run directly by the Prime Minister of Mauritius through the Prime Minister's Office to the Outer Island Development Corporation (OIDC). The population of the islands rose from 289 in 2011 to 330 in 2022. The islands have a total area of 2,600 ha (6,400 acres). The North island is 12.5 km (7.8 mi) long and 1.5 km (0.9 mi) wide, while
136-518: A Key Biodiversity Area under CEPF , are also instrumental in the preservation of many bird species that are either vulnerable or near-threatened and were recommended as a Marine Protected Area (MPA) by the World Bank (1998). The World Bank's management plan was accepted, with a few changes, at Mauritian ministry level in its "Blue Print for the Management of St. Brandon" in 2002 and thereafter approved by
204-493: A health officer and a midwife. Doctors from Mauritius make short tours throughout the year. The Agaléens also receive a visit from a magistrate during the year. For education, there is a primary school for the young, but pupils then continue their education in secondary schools on the island of Mauritius. St. Brandon Saint Brandon ( French : Saint-Brandon ), also known as the Cargados Carajos Shoals ,
272-584: A legal challenge from 1995 until 2008 between a certain Mr. Talbot (acting with the government) and the Raphael Fishing Company, this being resolved by Mauritius's highest Court of Appeal in 2008 which converted the erstwhile permanent lease into a permanent grant for the resident fishing company. As is common amongst small, remote islands, the fauna and flora display a high degree of endemism which attracts visitors and international conservationists because of
340-435: A mason, one as a shoemaker and another as a domestic servant. There was no indication that the guano mines were operating. The islands were later mined for phosphates derived from guano until mining activities ceased in the mid-20th century. Amateur radio operators have occasionally conducted DXpeditions on Saint Brandon. In February and March 2023, the 3B7M expedition made more than 120,000 radio contacts. Shipwrecks on
408-490: A massive growth in the next hundred years, especially under French Madagascar . An island-wide survey of the genetic diversity was performed from 2008 to 2018. This project was called "MAGE" (for Madagascar, Anthropology Genetics Ethno-linguistic ). Around 3000 inhabitants of Madagascar participated in this study and provided their saliva for a genetic study. Three hundred villages across Madagascar were sampled in terms of genetic, linguistic and cultural diversity. This research
476-517: A recent island-wide survey the male-only Y chromosomes of African origin are more common than those of East Asian origin, but it varies depending on the study (70.7 vs. 20.7 or 51% vs 34%). However the mtDNA lineages, passed down from mother to child, are the opposite (42.4% African origin vs. 50.1% East Asian origin). Male-only Y chromosome of East/Southeast Asian paternal frequencies such as Haplogroup O-M175 varies from 45% in Antalaotra, 16% in
544-466: A reef. A former French privateer was, at this time, settled on the island, having under him a colony of negroes, who cultivated part of the land with maize and wheat. The first settlement on the islands was founded by M. de Rosemond. Upon his arrival in August 1808, he discovered the bodies of two castaways and a bottle containing notes written by one of them, the privateer Robert Dufour. The only hill on
612-431: A seasonal component, with the largest population segment being men between 20 and 35. 73 men worked in fishing, 11 at the guano mines and 4 were ship's carpenters. Only one (male) person was recorded as having been born on Saint Brandon. In the 1921 census, the population had plummeted to just 22. There were 21 men (ages 19–48) and just one woman, a married Catholic, aged 31. A further 14 people were identified as part of
680-531: A selection of other molluscs from Saint Brandon. At the Corporate Council on Africa US Africa Business Summit in Dallas on 8 May 2024, The Saint Brandon Conservation Trust presented Saving Africa's Rarest Species and the panel session explored Mauritius as a model for African ecosystem conservation and the importance of critical relationships with global NGOs to help unite common environmental interests across
748-474: A year, most falling in January to April. The climate is dominated by the south-east trades. Cyclones can cause considerable damage. In 1948, Il aux Fous disappeared and Avoquer was submerged by two meters of water. Petit ile Longue was swept away in a later cyclone, but is now reappearing. The South Equatorial Current is dominant. St. Brandon comprises about 190 km (73 sq mi) of reefs. It has one of
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#1732876464753816-406: Is 26 km (10 sq mi). The soil is likely coral. The culmination is at the top of the hill Emmer on the island in the north. The climate is hot and humid and the average annual temperature is 26 °C (79 °F), ranging from a minimum of 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) and a maximum of 30.6 °C (87.1 °F). April is the hottest month of the year. The tropical climate is conducive to
884-522: Is a southwest Indian Ocean archipelago of sand banks, shoals and islets belonging to the Republic of Mauritius . It lies about 430 km (270 mi) northeast of the island of Mauritius. It consists of five island groups, with about 28-40 islands and islets in total, depending on seasonal storms and related sand movements. The archipelago is low-lying and is prone to substantial submersion in severe weather, but also by annual tropical cyclones in
952-569: Is a very rare species of large sea snail (a marine gastropod mollusc in the Strombidae family) endemic to Saint Brandon. It is on the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, which is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological species. Below is
1020-528: Is an anglicized name of the French town of Saint-Brandan , possibly given by French sailors and corsairs that sailed to and from Brittany. Another explanation is that the name derived from the mythical Saint Brendan's Island that goes back to Saint Brendan of Clonfert, Brendan the Navigator , because French sailors associated the atoll with the patron saint of sailors. The name Cargados Carajos , which refers to
1088-593: Is now a new 10,000 foot long modern airstrip suitable for jet aircraft. There is no functional port on the islands, only a pier at St James Anchorage on the island's north. Vessels of the Mauritius Shipping Corporation (the Pride Mauritius and the Mauritius Trochetia) cast anchor about 500 m (1,600 ft) from this place, in the deep sea, during refueling. Health services are provided by
1156-438: Is sourced from wells. Electricity is supplied by generators running on diesel, with supply limited to certain hours. The company that manages the remote islands, such as Agaléga and St Brandon, is working on a project to ensure power supply to these islands, via submarine connection. Agaléga is connected to Mauritius by air and sea. The civilian airstrip on the island in the north allows takeoff and landing of small aircraft. There
1224-519: The Mascarene islands , these islands may have been known to Arab and Malay sailors, although no written records have been found to confirm this. Agalega, or Galega, was examined by Captain Briggs of HMS Clorinde , on 12 January 1811, who seems to have fixed its location accurately, which was previously not the case. The landing was found to be difficult on account of the heavy surf, the island being surrounded by
1292-590: The Sakalava , Bara , Vezo , Betsimisaraka , Mahafaly , etc. The Merina are further divided into two subgroups. The “Merina A” are the Hova and Andriana, and have an average of 30–40% Bantu ancestry. The second subgroup is the “Merina B”, the Andevo, who have an average of 40–50% Bantu ancestry. The latter make up less than 2/3 of Merina society. The Malagasy population was 2,242,000 in the first census in 1900. Their population had
1360-611: The "general population", with 11 of them born on Mauritius, one on Rodrigues and two in the Seychelles . In addition, there were 3 Indo-Mauritians and 5 "other Indians" from Madras, Calcutta and Colombo. Malagasy people The Malagasy ( French : Malgache or Malagasy : Gasy ) are a group of Austronesian -speaking ethnic groups indigenous to the island country of Madagascar , formed through generations of interaction between Austronesians originally from southern Borneo and Bantus from Southeast Africa . Traditionally,
1428-572: The "loaded crow's nest" of a Portuguese caravel that was required to successfully sail through the dangerous atoll, remains in use as well. Geographically, the archipelago is part of the Mascarene Islands and is situated on the Mascarene Plateau formed by the separation of the Mauritia microcontinent during the separation of India and Madagascar around 60 million years ago from what is today
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#17328764647531496-399: The 1 November 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, there is no way of knowing for certain, but hearsay suggests that Saint Brandon was discovered around 975 A.D. by Arabian sailors along with Dina Arobi ( "Abandoned Island" ), now known as the island of Mauritius. It can also be found listed as Baixos on the 1502 Cantino Planisphere map, which was an illegal copy of a Portuguese map that documented
1564-635: The 1960s, the United Kingdom and the United States discussed separating Agalega from British Mauritius in a similar manner to the Chagos islands , but this was rejected on grounds of cost, political sensitivity, lack of immediate need, and poor anchorage. In the Chagos' case, the financial costs in 1965 were estimated at £10 million (approximately £250 million today) excluding the United States' secret contribution to
1632-449: The 21st century than they were in the past. But, many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity. Countries with a significant Malagasy diaspora include France (specifically the overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion ), Comoros (specifically the island of Moheli ), South Africa , Latin America and
1700-483: The African continent. The reef measures more than 50 km (31 mi) from north to south and is 5 km (3.1 mi) wide, cut by three passes. The reef area is 190 km (73 sq mi). The total number of islands on the reef varies but usually number around 40. Siren Island, L'île du Sud , Pearl Island, and Frigate Island are west of the reef, while North Island is about 4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of
1768-784: The Ampanabaka, 5% Anteony. In contrast, African male haplogroup such as E1b1a1 constituted 76% of the Ampanabaka genetic diversity, but only 7% in the Antalaotra and 12% in the Anteony. Due to the proximity to Africa, the connection with Asian populations aroused the most curiosity. Around 1996, a study was launched in an attempt to identify the presence of the Polynesian motif in the Malagasy population ( mtDNA haplotype B4a1a1a). A more recent study identified two additional mutations (1473 and 3423A) found in all Polynesian motif carriers of Madagascar, hence
1836-516: The Arab discoveries and was smuggled to Italy and, for this reason, survived. It was named Cargados Carajos in 1506 by Portuguese sailors who went ashore for provisioning after having been blown off course from their attempted passage through the Mozambique Channel (the shortest and safest route) on their way to India . Pirates and French corsairs have also used the islands as a refuge. In 1598,
1904-520: The BIOT enterprise via the waiving of costs associated with Britain's nuclear weapons acquisitions. The financial costs for Britain to create BIOT were high. Acquiring Agaléga would have increased Britain's financial burden, at a time when it was winding down its vast empire and reigning in its defense spending. Most homes are in the main villages of Vingt-Cinq and La Fourche on the North Island, and St. Rita on
1972-892: The Caribbean and the United States . The Malagasy diaspora in the United States includes those descended from people who, slave or free, came during the 18th and 19th centuries. Other Americans of Malagasy ancestry are recent immigrants from Madagascar. Some notable Americans who have Malagasy ancestry include Andy Razaf , Katherine Dunham , Regina M. Anderson , William H. Hastie , George Schuyler and Philippa Schuyler , Muhammad Ali , Robert Reed Church and Mary Church Terrell , Frederick D. Gregory , Thomas P. Mahammitt , Paschal Beverly Randolph , Maya Rudolph , Claude McKay , Jess Tom , Ben Jealous , and Keenen Ivory Wayans . The first recorded African slave in Canada, Olivier Le Jeune ,
2040-695: The Durrell Conservation Trust, through hand-rearing the last breeding pair in existence and releasing their chicks into the safety of Kestrel Valley sanctuary. Starting in 1994, 331 birds were released into the wild in Mauritius. Monitoring and protection of the Mauritius Kestrel are ongoing at Kestrel Valley with and active contribution to the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation . Because all Portuguese maps of discovery were destroyed by
2108-589: The Dutch occupied the islands. On 12 February 1662, the East India Ship Arnhem ran aground on the Saint Brandon Rocks. Volkert Evertsz, the captain, and other survivors of the wreck survived by piloting a small boat to Mauritius, and are thought to have been the last humans to see living dodos . They survived the three months until their rescue by hunting "goats, birds, tortoises and pigs". Evertsz
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2176-416: The French general Charles Decaen ordered the corsair Charles Nicolas Mariette to send a spying mission to Saint Brandon and to leave six men on the most prominent island and, on his return trip to Mauritius, to ascertain once and for all that Cargados Carajos and Saint Brandon were the same shoal. The frigate Piemontaise under the command of Louis Jacques Eperon le Jeune departed on 11 June 1806. In 1810,
2244-582: The Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups, who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices. These were namely agricultural, hunting, or fishing practices; construction style of dwellings ; music ; hair and clothing styles; and local customs or taboos, the latter was known in the Malagasy language as fady . The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated. The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in
2312-552: The Mascarene Islands . It has an aggregate land area estimated variously at 1.3 km (0.50 sq mi) and 200 ha (500 acres). The islands have a small resident population of around 60 fishermen working for the Raphael Fishing Company . The bulk of this population, approximately 40 people, reside on Île Raphael , with smaller settlements existing on Avocaré Island , L'Île Coco , and L'île du Sud . In
2380-584: The Merina-Betsileo alliance. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony. This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in 1960; candidates' ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections. Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings,
2448-472: The South Island. The road connecting the different localities is sandy and coral. The North Island is home to an airstrip, a government primary school "Jacques Le Chartier", the police station, the weather station, the central telecommunications office (Mauritius Telecom) and the health service. There is no running water on the island. Drinking water comes from rainwater collected by gutters. Water for other uses
2516-1846: The South island is 7 km (4.3 mi) long and 4.5 km (2.8 mi) wide. The North Island is home to the islands' airstrip and the capital Vingt-Cinq . The islands are known for their production of coconuts , their main industry and, also, for the Agalega day gecko . There are three different explanations for the name Agaléga. Agale 1519 Atlas Miller, Pedro Reiner [1] https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002605w/f2.item# Gale 1519 Carte du Monde Jorge Reinel, Sevilla [2] https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b59055673/f1.item Y. de la Gale 1525 Planisfero Castiglioni: Carta del navigare universalissima et dil. gentilissima, Sevilla [3] https://edl.beniculturali.it/beu/850013656 Y. de la Galera 1548 Africa Nova tabula Gioan. Gastaldi, Giacomo; Pietro Andrea, Pb. Baptista Pedrezano Venecia [4] https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~291327~90063055 Y. de la galera 1570 Ortelius, Abraham, 1527-1598 Africae Tabula Nova.Pb. Gielis Coppens van Diest; Anberes [5] Agalega 1587 Tavola XVI. Che Ha Sua Superiore La Tavola Settima. Libro Terzo. Monte (Monti), Urbano, 1544-1613 Manuscript [6] Da Galega 1595 Indian Ocean. Delineatio Orarum maritimarum, Terra vulgo indigetata Terra do Naral, item Sofale, Mozambicae ....Linschoten, Jan Huygen van, 1563-1611Paludanus, Bernard, 1550-1633 Chez Evert Pb. Cloppenburgh, Amsterdam [7] Y. de la Galera 1599 Africa Nuova tavola, Ruscelli, Girolamo; Rosaccio, Giuseppe; Appresso gli heredi di Melchior Sessa; Venecia [8] I. du Gallega: 1607 "Abissinorum Sive Pretiosi Ioannis Imperiu" Cornelis Claes, Amsterdam [9] I. d. Gale 1665 Blaeu, Joan, 1596-1673 Africae nova descriptio Pb Joan Blaeu, Amsterdam [10] As with
2584-484: The base as being a threat to local employment, self-determination , creole language ( Agalega creole ) and culture and Mauritian sovereignty . These recent infrastructural development by India , for civil and military use, have significantly transformed the islands' landscape. North Island is 12.5 km (7.8 mi) long and 1.5 km (0.9 mi) wide while South Island is 7 km (4.3 mi) long and 4.5 km (2.8 mi) wide. The total area of both islands
2652-644: The coral banks; the reef flat has appreciable coral cover. North of this, or deeper into the bay, are several isolated patches of coral growing in deeper water. The eastern border has reefs with a greater diversity of corals, in particular, enormous hillocks of Pavona spp. with Mycedium tenuicostatum which is unusual in Mauritius. On the sandy substrate, Goniopora and Pontes provide hard substrate for several other species, notably Acropora and Pavona . Large tabular 'Acropora corals are also conspicuous, and when dead or overturned, provide substrate for other colonizers. These patches have expanded and fused to provide
2720-478: The critical role these remote islands play in the conservation of endangered species. The endangered green sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) nests here as does the critically endangered Hawksbill turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) which may be unique to the extent that they are eventually confirmed as being genetically different from those further north in the Chagos islands and the Seychelles. The islands, designated
2788-543: The development of mangrove and coconut trees that cover the two islets. Agaléga is managed by a company of the State of Mauritius, the Outer Island Development Company (OIDC), a company which develops remote islands. The company delegates a resident manager, a kind of steward, who is the supreme authority on the two islets. The economy of the archipelago is based primarily on the exportation of coconut oil . In
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2856-455: The early 19th century, most of the islands were used as fishing stations. Today, only one resident fishing company operates on the archipelago with three fishing stations and accommodation for fly fishermen on L'île du Sud, Île Raphael and L'Île Coco. The isolated Albatross Island reverted to the State of Mauritius in May 1992 and has since been abandoned. Thirteen of the thirty islands were subject to
2924-459: The evolution of this specific language remains unclear. Today, the population consists of around 300 people, known locally as Agaléens ("Agalegans"), who speak Creole. Catholicism is the dominant religion. A 2015 memorandum of understanding on India–Mauritius military cooperation envisaged developing the Agaléga islands for an Indian military base. Local residents vocally opposed construction of
2992-808: The generational, cultural and geographical boundaries. The panel discussed the success story of the Mauritian Kestrel, highlighting the Kestrel's current status as the national bird. The session also included a case study on the rescue and rehabilitation of three rare reptile species following the Wakashio oil spill in July 2020. The session concluded with an insight into an independent NGO: the Saint Brandon Conservation Trust. The session lasted for one hour and included three videos, graphics and photography used by
3060-521: The government of Mauritius in 2004. In the early 1500s, the Portuguese labelled the islands Cargados Carajos on charts such as the Cantino Planisphere of 1502, which identified them as baixos ("low-lying"), with a surround of crosses to identify the danger to shipping. Various explanations have been given for the islands having subsequently been named Saint Brandon . One of these is that it
3128-456: The intermixing of the first small founding population with African males. The closest Asian parental population of the Malagasy are found in what is now Indonesia, among the Banjar and other South Kalimantan Dayak people of south east Borneo . Language footprints of their ancestors from Southeastern Asia can be traced by the many shared words of basic vocabulary with Ma'anyan , a language from
3196-548: The islands in 1897 as the first missionary. An improvised chapel was built on the South Island. The origin of its inhabitants was influenced by the political ructions in the world at the time: Mauritius became a British colony in 1810, the abolition of the slave trade, then the abolition of slavery in 1835, followed by the arrival of unskilled Asian labourers. The slaves themselves were of Malagasy origin or from Madras in India whilst some were freed from slave ships and others were from
3264-540: The islands were taken by force by Britain, becoming a British crown colony . From October to November 1917, the Saint Brandon Islands and, in particular, the lagoon of L'Île Coco, were used as a base by the German raiding vessel Wolf , commanded by Karl August Nerger . On the island, Wolf transferred stoking coal and stores from the captured Japanese ship Hitachi Maru which took three weeks. The coal
3332-409: The islands, Montagne d'Emmerez, derives its name from the second shipwrecked sailor, a Mauritian called Adelaide d'Emmerez. Economic, infrastructural and political development of the islands did not begin until the arrival of Auguste Le Duc in 1827, a French administrator sent by M. Barbé to organise production of coconut oil and copra . There still exists a number of historical monuments dating from
3400-516: The islands. Given the total isolation of the atoll and the low level of investment and scientific research carried out to date, there is the possibility of the discovery of new species. In May 2013, Novaculops alvheimia , a new species of labrid fish, was discovered on the St Brandon atoll. Among molluscs found in Saint Brandon, Ophioglossolambis violacea is famous for its violet hue. It
3468-461: The longest algal ridges in the Indian Ocean. Coconut trees can be found on a few islands as well as a variety of bushes and grass. The islands are covered with white granular sand from eroded coral , and a thick layer of guano can be found on some islands. The western part of the bay has a coral bank and a fringing reef, dominated by staghorn Acropora , with an irregular front which merges with
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#17328764647533536-451: The low-lying, rocky reefs of Saint Brandon have been recorded since as early as 1591. The main settlement and the administrative centre of Saint Brandon is Île Raphaël and can have up to 35 resident employees, a coast guard outpost and meteorological station (with eight residents in 1996). Smaller settlements exist on Avocaré Island, L'Île Coco, and L'île du Sud. The settlement on Albatross was abandoned in 1988. The Saint Brandon archipelago
3604-434: The neighbouring Betsileo people under their administration first. They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas. The neighbouring island of Moheli was also ruled by a Muslim Merina dynasty founded by Abderremane, Sultan of Mohéli , who was a brother-in-law of King Radama I . The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis-à-vis
3672-489: The northern tip of the reef. Albatross Island, about 18 km (11 mi) north, is geographically a separate single coral island. Albatross Island is the highest point at 6 m (20 ft) above sea level and the largest of the islands in the group, with an area of 1.01 km (0.39 sq mi), followed by Raphaël, Tortue, Avocaré Island, L'Île Coco and L'île du Sud. Temperatures range from 23–26 °C (73–79 °F), with rainfall of 1,050 mm (41 in)
3740-461: The numerous, large coral banks found in the Bay. Only twenty-eight coral species have been recorded which is probably due to the uniform habitat. Further offshore lies a peripheral fringing reef. This complex of low islands, coral reefs and sand banks arises from a vast shallow submarine platform. The main structure is a large, 100 km (62 mi) long crescent-shaped reef whose convex side faces towards
3808-518: The period 1827 to 1846, made by slaves: the village Vingt-Cinq (named after the 25 lashes that were given to rebellious slaves), the Slave Dungeons, an Oil Mill, a cemetery for Blacks and a cemetery for Whites, among others. Auguste Le Duc also began construction of a bridge between the two islands, although it was swept away by severe weather. Father Victor Malaval brought the Catholic Church to
3876-458: The population have been divided into sub-ethnic groups. Examples include "Highlander" (ethnically mixed ancestry but more Austronesian and slightly less Bantu) groups such as the Merina and Betsileo of the central highlands around Antananarivo , Alaotra (Ambatondrazaka) and Fianarantsoa , and the "coastal dwellers" (predominantly Bantu with less Austronesian traits sometimes like mulatto) such as
3944-411: The presenters and concluded with an interactive Q+A session with delegates from the audience which were moderated. The event was conceived and sponsored by the vice-chairman of Corporate Council on Africa as a prime mover in the creation of America's governing law on trade with Africa (AGOA), supporting and lobbying for Africa and for his homeland, Mauritius. The Africa Growth and Opportunity Act ( AGOA )
4012-510: The region of the Barito River in southern Borneo . The difference in origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions . In addition to the distinction in term of ancestral proportion between highland and coastal Malagasy, one may speak of a political distinction as well. Merina monarchs in the late 18th and early 19th century, united the Merina principalities and brought
4080-524: The slave trading ports of the Comoros Islands . Legends such as "Calèche Blanc" and "Princesse Malgache" are part of the folklore of the islands, as well as the coded language of "Madam langaz Seret" which has come down from the time of slavery. This language is a mixture of French and Mauritian Creole where every syllable is doubled with the first consonants replaced by the "g" (e.g. "Français" becomes "frangrançaisgais"). The origin, purpose and reasons for
4148-510: The south-east trades and the South Equatorial Current. The reef front of the main reef recurves inwards at both ends and is cut by two or three passes. The main reef has a very broad reef flat, extending up to several hundred metres across in parts. Together with much of the broad reef flat it is emergent at low tides. Apart from calcareous red algae it supports a few pocilloporoid corals. Down to at least 20 m (66 ft) depth
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#17328764647534216-527: The substrate is swept clear of attached biota, although on the sides of spurs or buttresses a few corals exist. Underwater photographs of some of the numerous knolls and banks behind the reef show that the density of corals and soft corals is typical of many very sedimented areas and shallow lagoons in the Indian Ocean. The islands are home to at least 26 species of seabirds such as Red-footed booby , sooty terns , and white terns . Endangered Green turtles and Critically Endangered hawksbill turtles nest on
4284-562: Was enacted in 2000 and, after completing its initial 15-year period of validity, the AGOA legislation was extended, on June 29, 2015, by a further 10 years, to 2025. Case Study 1, The Mauritian Kestrel: A Successful African Conservation Story: The Mauritius kestrel ( Falco punctatus ), originally from the adjoining deep valleys of the Bambous Mountain Range, was saved from almost certain extinction by Professor Carl Jones, Chief Scientist of
4352-484: Was led and performed by Malagasy and European researchers and academics. This study demonstrated that all Malagasy people have mixed African and Asian ancestry. But the proportion of ancestral genes differs. Coastal Malagasy populations, including the Temoro , Vezo , and Mikea , etc. have approximately 70% African ancestry and 30% Asian ancestry, while highlander tribes tend to have lower African ancestry at around 45%. In
4420-529: Was named the Malagasy motif. The frequency varied among three ethnic groups: 50% in Merina , 22% in Vezo, and 13% in Mikea. Based on this result, a study suggested that Madagascar was settled approximately 1,200 years ago by a very small group, which consisted of approximately 30 women; 28 (93%) of them had maritime Southeast Asian descent and 2 (7%) of them were of African descent. The Malagasy population developed through
4488-715: Was necessary for the raider's return to Germany. To do so, Wolf had to run a gauntlet of Allied warships from near the Cape of the Good Hope to the North Atlantic. On 7 November 1917, the Germans scuttled Hitachi Maru 26 km (16 mi) off shore and Wolf departed. The most common employment on St. Brandon in 1922 was agriculture, with a manager, assistant manager and eleven labourers. Only two young men were recorded as working as fishermen. Three men worked as carpenters, one as
4556-687: Was rescued by the English ship Truroe in May 1662. Seven of the survivors chose not to return with the first rescue ship. Mauritius and its associated islands were colonised by the French some time around 1715, granted by the King of France to the Compagnie des Indes in 1726 but retroceded to the French Crown in 1765. Saint Brandon was referred to as Cargados in Samuel Dunn 's world map of 1794. On 9 June 1806,
4624-407: Was surveyed by British colonial authorities on 31 March 1911 as part of the Census of Mauritius. They found a total population of 110, made up of 97 men (86 non-Indian and 11 Indian) and 13 women (10 non-Indian and 3 Indian). While the archipelago likely had a resident population at this point, as indicated by the 8 children under the age of 15 and the 5 people over the age of 60, there was also likely
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