52-553: After Stonewall is a 1999 documentary film about the 30 years of gay rights activism since the 1969 Stonewall riots directed by John Scagliotti . It is the sequel to the Scagliotti-produced 1984 film Before Stonewall and is narrated by musician Melissa Etheridge . Participants include Dorothy Allison , Jewelle Gomez , Rita Mae Brown , Craig Lucas , Arnie Kantrowitz , Barbara Gittings , Barbara Smith , Larry Kramer and Barney Frank . In 1999, After Stonewall won
104-655: A freeborn male minor . Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves , male prostitutes , and the infames , entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law. A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men. In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians ( populares ) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony . Roman law addressed
156-556: A "campaign of lies". The party urged for a boycott. The Popular Unity rejected the call for the referendum. The Episcopal Conference of Uruguay of the Catholic Church published a letter from the Archbishop of Montevideo, Cardinal Daniel Sturla , in which it states that although he is against several articles of the law, because they are "based on gender ideology " and are "incompatible with Christian anthropology", he did not sign
208-465: A "serious error to accept the adoption of children by homosexual couples", claiming it was "not about religion, philosophy or sociology. It's something which is mainly about the respect of human nature itself". He also claimed: "The Church cannot accept a family made up of two people of the same sex. These are people who unite and live their life together, but the Church does not consider that a family. A child
260-408: A cult prostitute, or with someone whose gender roles were not considered solidly masculine. Such sexual relations were even seen as good fortune , with an Akkadian tablet , the Šumma ālu , reading, "If a man copulates with his equal from the rear, he becomes the leader among his peers and brothers". However, homosexual relationships with fellow soldiers, slaves, royal attendants, or those where
312-459: A eunuch". This law code condemns a situation that involves homosexual rape . Any Assyrian male could visit a prostitute or lie with another male, just as long as false rumors or forced sex were not involved with another male. In ancient Rome, the bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime ( stuprum ) against
364-703: A family judge ruled that the Ministry of Education and Culture had discriminated when it prohibited an unmarried lesbian couple from listing both of their surnames on their twin daughters' records. The judge ruled that this was discrimination on account of sexual orientation as heterosexual couples in Uruguay are not obligated to be married in order to give their children their respective surnames. The lesbian couple, named Karina and Fernanda, met in 2015, and their twin daughters, Belen and Juliet, were born through assisted reproductive technology . Media outlets reported that, following
416-500: A framework to revert past discriminatory state actions, including providing monetary reparations to transgender individuals persecuted during the Uruguayan Dictatorship (estimated to be around 50 people). Furthermore, it mandates that transgender people receive 1 percent of public and private educational scholarships. The law stipulates the "free development of personality according to their chosen gender identity", and calls on
468-413: A judge to recognize their marriage under Uruguayan law. The court also held that local laws permit same-sex marriage, even if they do not say so explicitly. The ruling was appealed, however, and rendered moot when Uruguay's same-sex marriage law went into effect. In July 2010, lawmakers of the ruling Broad Front announced their intention to legalize same-sex marriage. In 2011, a same-sex marriage bill
520-460: A petition to trigger a "pre-referendum" against the law. The petition was presented by National Party members Carlos Iafigliola and Álvaro Dastugue to the Electoral Court in late March 2019. The ruling Broad Front expressed "concerns" about "an onslaught of misinformation" concerning the law, arguing that the promoters of the campaign against the law had used "false" arguments and criticised
572-668: A prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage. In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death, as a violation of military discipline . The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters , thieves, perjurers , and "...on young men who have abused their persons" as subject to
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#1732883481166624-671: A slightly different form in the Senate earlier in February 2007; the bill was passed by both chambers in the same form on 19 December, and signed into law by President Tabaré Vázquez on 27 December. It came into effect on 1 January 2008. In June 2012, a judicial court in Uruguay granted recognition to a same-sex marriage licensed in Spain , creating a paradoxical situation, in which Uruguay recognizes same-sex marriages established in any country but Uruguay, and Uruguayans who marry elsewhere can petition
676-454: A social better was submissive or penetrated , were treated as bad omens . Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC has a particularly harsh law for homosexuality in the military , which reads: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch ." A similar law code reads, "If a seignior lay with his neighbor, when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him, they shall lie with him (and) turn him into
728-790: A specific law has been passed. Civil Unions proposed. Transgender persons have a law reserving 1% of Argentina's public sector jobs. Economic incentives included in the new law aim to help trans people find work in all sectors. [REDACTED] No Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal legal gender change possible since 2002. Since 2022, legal gender change allowed with only partial sex reassignment surgery . Difficulty remains to change gender information on diplomas and degrees. [REDACTED] Yes Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression. [REDACTED] Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2020. [REDACTED] Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2017. [REDACTED] Gender change
780-710: Is enforced by the legal authorities in Iran and Nigeria (in the northern third of the country). In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, following which the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crimes , criminalization of homosexual activity , and discrimination . Following
832-452: Is in line with their gender identity . Since October 2018, sex reassignment surgery , hormone therapy or any form of diagnosis are not requirements to alter one's gender on official documents. The estimated 1,000 transgender Uruguayans have a life expectancy of around 35 to 45 years of age, when the national average is 77. They have a very high level of marginality in terms of health, education and employment. 25% had left their home before
884-601: Is not legal [REDACTED] No legal recognition Gender change is legally recognized since 2021 LGBT rights in Uruguay Lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , and queer ( LGBTQ ) rights in Uruguay rank among the highest in the world . Same-sex sexual activity has been legal with an equal age of consent since 1934. Anti-discrimination laws protecting LGBT people have been in place since 2004. Civil unions for same-sex couples have been allowed since 2008 and same-sex marriages since 2013, in accordance with
936-543: Is not something you make. I don't want to be too harsh in my comment, but with all due respect, a child is not a pet". Senator Francisco Gallinal of the National Party claimed: "The family is the bedrock of society and this measure weakens it. For us, allowing children to be adopted by same-sex couples is conditioning the child's free will." Additionally, the same-sex marriage law approved in 2013 allows lesbian couples to access in vitro fertilisation . On 3 October 2018,
988-720: Is very high, with a 2014 poll finding that about 71% of Uruguayans supported same-sex marriage (the highest in South America and the second highest in the Americas behind Canada ). Nevertheless, transgender people still face discrimination and stigma. According to the State Health Services Administration (ASSE), life expectancy for transgender people is just 45 years old. About two-thirds of transgender Uruguayans have reported being victim of physical violence. The Montevideo Pride parade has taken place annually since
1040-445: The fustuarium , clubbing to death. Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself. Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves ; the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se. By
1092-512: The Benelux countries, Spain , Andorra , and Malta among the best for LGBT rights. The index ranks Nigeria , Yemen , Brunei , Afghanistan , Somalia , Mauritania , Palestine , and Iran among the worst. Asher & Lyric ranked Canada, Sweden , and the Netherlands as the three safest nations for LGBT people in its 2023 index. Laws that affect LGBT people include, but are not limited to,
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#17328834811661144-456: The Law No. 19529 on Mental Health ( Ley N° 19529 de Salud Mental ) states that in no case a diagnosis can be made in the field of mental health on the exclusive basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Previously, gay and bisexual men could donate blood in Uruguay, provided they hadn't had sex for 12 months. But from 16 December 2020, the rules changed, and now they can donate blood under
1196-737: The Uruguayan Dictatorship , the transgender population suffered severe torture, sexual violence and unjustified imprisonment. September 2018 reports indicated that six trans women had died since discussions of a revised transgender bill began in early 2017. In October 2018, in a 62–26 vote in the Chamber of Representatives and 17–12 in the Senate , the General Assembly passed the Comprehensive Law for Trans Persons ( Spanish : Ley Integral Para Personas Trans ) that allows minors to change legal gender with parental consent. The law also established
1248-486: The military of Uruguay , after the Defence Minister signed a decree stating that military recruitment policy would no longer discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation. In October 2009, in a 51–2 vote in the Chamber of Representatives and 20–0 in the Senate , the General Assembly passed a law allowing transgender people over the age of 18 to change their name and legal gender on official documents, so that it
1300-493: The rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC when it was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex. A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law. A male classified as infamis , such as
1352-465: The 1990s. In 2018, the event was attended by an estimated 120,000 people. It usually is celebrated on the last Friday of September, and has turned into one of Uruguay's largest public events. Other events include Punta Pride, held annually in Punta del Este in February. Montevideo is frequently referred to as one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world. There are several gay bars, restaurants and pubs in
1404-532: The 19th century when the British Empire was at its peak. As of 2018, more than half of the 71 countries that criminalised homosexuality were former British colonies or protectorates. In 2001, the Netherlands was the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage . Note that for simplicity the table below does not distinguish between 'legal' and 'lawful'. An action can only be legal or illegal where
1456-637: The Audience Award for Outstanding Documentary Feature at L.A. Outfest . The following year it was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award . This article about a historical documentary film is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a documentary film with a lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender theme is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gay rights Rights affecting lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender and queer ( LGBTQ ) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction—encompassing everything from
1508-575: The Government to ensure that transgender people are treated respectfully by authorities, included in housing programmes, have access to education, and are not denied health services. In complying with the new law, the Obras Sanitarias del Estado (the state water company) began offering jobs for transgender people in July 2019. Between November 2018 and March 2019, about 69,360 signatures were collected for
1560-500: The Lord" and the death penalty was prescribed to its inhabitants – and to Lot's wife , who was turned into a pillar of salt because she turned back to watch the cities' destruction. In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as "abominable". In Assyrian society, sex crimes were punished identically whether they were homosexual or heterosexual. An individual faced no punishment for penetrating someone of equal social class ,
1612-536: The age of 18 after being rejected by their family, 87% did not finish secondary school and suffered discrimination in the educational field and 67% became prostitutes to generate income, according to figures from the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of the Republic . Other studies show that about 75% have been expelled from the education system, and that only 23% have access to formal employment. In addition, during
After Stonewall - Misplaced Pages Continue
1664-543: The autonomous state of Jubaland ) and the United Arab Emirates . LGBT people also face extrajudicial killings in the Russian region of Chechnya . Sudan rescinded its unenforced death penalty for anal sex (hetero- or homosexual) in 2020. Fifteen countries have stoning on the books as a penalty for adultery , which (in light of the illegality of gay marriage in those countries) would by default include gay sex, but this
1716-525: The benefits and responsibilities of marriage, since 2008. Uruguay was the first Latin American country to legalize civil unions under national legislation. Under the legislation, couples must be together for at least five years and sign a registry. The couples will receive health benefits, inheritance, parenting and pension rights. The bill was passed in Parliament on 30 November 2007 after having been passed in
1768-504: The bride (with a freedman Pythagoras ) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress. Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab . By
1820-595: The end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule , passive homosexuality was punishable by burning . "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code . Under Justinian , all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners are, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death. The United Kingdom introduced anti-homosexuality laws throughout its colonies, particularly in
1872-636: The following: Ayoni or non-vaginal sex of all types is punishable in the Arthashastra . Homosexual acts are, however, treated as a smaller offence punishable by a fine, while unlawful heterosexual sex carries much harsher punishment. The Dharmsastras , especially the later ones, prescribe against non-vaginal sex like the Vashistha Dharmasutra . The Yājñavalkya Smṛti prescribes fines for such acts including those with other men. Manusmriti prescribes light punishments for such acts. Vanita states that
1924-402: The initiators of the initiative, lamented that even members of his party—the National Party —did not participate. Although Law 19,684 (article 4c) recognizes non-binary gender persons in its definitions, there is no third gender marker option available other than female and male. According to the "Non-binary people survey 2022" one of the reasons that influence non-binary people not to use
1976-539: The issuance of the report, the United Nations urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights. A 2022 study found that LGBT rights (as measured by ILGA-Europe 's Rainbow Index) were correlated with less HIV/AIDS incidence among gay and bisexual men independently of risky sexual behavior. The 2023 Equaldex Equality Index ranks the Nordic countries , Chile , Uruguay , Canada ,
2028-628: The late Republic and throughout the Imperial period , there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly. Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites . Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies. The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as
2080-479: The latter warning of a "devastating impact" and that it would be "a setback in the recognition of fundamental rights" for transgender people. The pre-referendum on the law occurred on 4 August 2019. If 25% of the electoral roll, about 650,000 people, had voted in favor, a consultation for its repeal would have taken place. However, only about 10% of voters took part. As such, the law will remain in force and no general referendum will be held. Carlos Iafigliola , one of
2132-422: The legal gender change procedure is because there is no non-binary gender option. Article 22 of Law No. 19580 on violence against women based on gender ( Ley N° 19580 de violencia hacia las mujeres basada en género ), in force since January 2018, establishes the protocolization of interventions regarding intersex persons , prohibiting unnecessary medical procedures for children and teenagers. Adopted in 2017,
After Stonewall - Misplaced Pages Continue
2184-531: The legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality . Notably, as of May 2024 , 37 countries recognize same-sex marriage . By contrast, not counting non-state actors and extrajudicial killings, only two countries are believed to impose the death penalty on consensual same-sex sexual acts: Iran and Afghanistan . The death penalty is officially law , but generally not practiced , in Mauritania , Saudi Arabia , Somalia (in
2236-439: The move. After the vote, Senator Margarita Percovich said: "It is a right for the boys and the girls, not a right for the adults. It streamlines the adoption process and does not discriminate". Diego Sempol, a representative of the gay rights group, Black Sheep, said: "This law is a significant step toward recognizing the rights of homosexual couples". Nicolas Cotugno , archbishop of Montevideo , had previously said it would be
2288-641: The nation "a model for social inclusion in Latin America". It also hosted the first international LGBT rights conference in the region in July 2016, with hundreds of diplomats, politicians and activists from around the world addressing LGBT issues. A large majority of Uruguayans support same-sex marriage. Same-sex sexual activity was decriminalized in 1934. The age of consent became equal at 15, regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender . Same-sex couples have been allowed to marry since August 2013, and have had access to civil unions , which do not grant all
2340-459: The nation's same-sex marriage law passed in early 2013. Additionally, same-sex couples have been allowed to jointly adopt since 2009 and gays, lesbians and bisexuals are allowed to serve openly in the military . Finally, in 2018, a new law guaranteed the human rights of the trans population. In 2016, Americas Quarterly named Uruguay the most LGBT-friendly country in Latin America , calling
2392-580: The nation. The legislatively approved law was signed by President Jose Mujica on 3 May, and went into full effect on 5 August 2013. Since September 2009, same-sex couples in a civil union can jointly adopt. The law enabling this was approved by the Chamber of Representatives on 28 August 2009 and by the Senate on 9 September 2009. Uruguay was the first country in Latin America to allow same-sex couples to adopt children. 17 out of 23 senators voted in favour of
2444-488: The repeal petition because the "Catholic Church has to be on the side of those who suffer and have suffered". The letter further states that the position of the religious institution is to say "No to discrimination, yes to respect." The United Nations expressed concern about the referendum initiative. The Medical Union of Uruguay (SMU) and the National Institution for Human Rights (INDDH) rejected it as well, with
2496-566: The ruling, several other unmarried lesbian couples had applied to have their child/children carry both their surnames. Minister of Education María Julia Muñoz said that it would not appeal the court ruling. Since 2003, incitement to hatred on the grounds of sexual orientation and "sexual identity" has been prohibited. In addition, article 149ter of the Penal Code provides for enhanced penalties for crimes motivated by "sexual orientation" or "sexual identity". In 2004, an anti-discrimination law
2548-523: The same conditions as the rest of the population. Uruguay is regarded as a global leader in human rights and LGBT rights, with legislation in place protecting LGBT people from discrimination and allowing same-sex couples to wed and adopt. The "Gay Happiness Index" (GHI) published based on a 2015 poll by PlanetRomeo lists Uruguay at rank five with a GHI score of 73, on par with countries such as Canada , Norway , Sweden , Denmark and Iceland . Societal acceptance of homosexuality and same-sex relationships
2600-597: The verses about punishment for a sex between female and a maiden is due to its strong emphasis on a maiden's sexual purity. The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah ) forbids people from lying with people of the same sex (i.e., from having intercourse ) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis 19 , in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah , after which the cities were soon destroyed with "brimstone and fire, from
2652-408: Was introduced to Parliament. In December 2012, the bill passed the Chamber of Representatives by a vote of 81–6, and passed the Senate on 2 April 2013 by a 23–8 vote. Due to the Senate changing some aspects of the bill, the Chamber of Representatives re-voted on the bill on 11 April 2013, and approved it by a vote of 71 to 21, completing the legislative process to enable same-sex couples to marry in
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#17328834811662704-461: Was passed to create an Honorary Commission to Combat Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and other forms of Discrimination ( Spanish : Comisión Honoraria contra el Racismo, la Xenofobia y toda otra forma de Discriminación ), including sexual orientation and sexual identity discrimination. The commission is intended to investigate allegations of unlawful discriminatory conduct. Since May 2009, gay and bisexual people have been allowed to serve openly in
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