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180-449: The leak, which is considered to be one of the largest in U.S. military history , revealed information on the deaths of civilians, increased Taliban attacks, and involvement by Pakistan and Iran in the insurgency . WikiLeaks did not review all of the records before release because of the volume of material. A WikiLeaks spokesman said they "just can't imagine that someone could go through 76,000 documents." WikiLeaks says it does not know

360-595: A major war with Napoleonic France , its policy was to block American shipments to France. The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade. Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy, despite intense protests. Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest , with the goal of creating an Indian barrier state there that would block American expansion . The United States finally declared war on

540-738: A war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region led by General Anthony Wayne , which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793,

720-562: A CIA drone attack. "The meeting attendees were saddened by the news of Zamarai's death and discussed plans to complete Zamarai's last mission by facilitating the movement of a suicide vehicle-borne improvised explosive device from Pakistan to Afghanistan through the Khan Pass", leaked reports said. The New York Times stated that it could not confirm whether or not the attack ever took place. The initial web article in The New York Times on

900-459: A European-type general staff for planning was stymied by General Nelson A. Miles but did succeed in enlarging West Point and establishing the U.S. Army War College as well as the General Staff . Root changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service. He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line. Root was concerned about

1080-564: A civil war. Both sides raced to raise new armies—larger than any U.S. forces before—first with repeated calls for volunteers, but eventually resorting to unpopular large-scale conscription for the first time in U.S. history. The Union Army initially sought a quick victory by trying to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia , not far from the U.S. capital at Washington, D.C. The Confederate States Army hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene, or else by exhausting

1260-483: A cumulative result. Crowdsourcing is not limited to online activity, however, and there are various historical examples of crowdsourcing. The word crowdsourcing is a portmanteau of " crowd " and " outsourcing ". In contrast to outsourcing, crowdsourcing usually involves less specific and more public groups of participants. Advantages of using crowdsourcing include lowered costs, improved speed, improved quality, increased flexibility, and/or increased scalability of

1440-588: A decision, allowing citizens to contribute to public policy in a more direct manner. Palo Alto crowdsources feedback for its Comprehensive City Plan update in a process started in 2015. The House of Representatives in Brazil has used crowdsourcing in policy-reforms. NASA used crowdsourcing to analyze large sets of images. As part of the Open Government Initiative of the Obama Administration ,

1620-425: A design for a product, and other users can vote on the product. Once the submitted product has received 10,000 votes, it will be formally reviewed in stages and go into production with no impediments such as legal flaws identified. The creator receives royalties from the net income. Labelling new products as "customer-ideated" through crowdsourcing initiatives, as opposed to not specifying the source of design, leads to

1800-831: A domestic tyrant to seize power. In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee , Cherokee , Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked

1980-667: A fighting force. Instead the colony asked for (and paid) volunteers, many of whom were also militia members. In the early years of the British colonization of North America , military action in the thirteen colonies that would become the United States were the result of conflicts with Native Americans, such as in the Pequot War of 1637, King Philip's War in 1675, the Yamasee War in 1715 and Father Rale's War in 1722. Beginning in 1689,

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2160-689: A financial advisor to Osama bin Laden , both flew to North Korea on 19 November 2005, and purchased remote-controlled rockets to be used against American and coalition aircraft. Stein cautioned that he has found no corroborating reports of North Korean involvement in Taliban armaments dealing. Hundreds of civilians have been wounded or killed by coalition forces in several instances that were not previously revealed. The press listed several examples of such previously unreported incidents of civilian injuries and deaths. David Leigh of The Guardian wrote: They range from

2340-526: A former colonel with the Canadian Forces, commented that the document is disturbing, due to it differing from the military's report at the time of the soldiers' deaths, which could make the document incorrect. The Canadian military insists it had not been misleading facts about deaths of Canadian soldiers. Former Chief of the Defence Staff Rick Hillier also rejects the document and maintains

2520-446: A frenzied escape [from the scene of the bombing], opening fire with automatic weapons as they tore down a six-mile stretch of highway, hitting almost anyone in their way – teenage girls in the fields, motorists in their cars, old men as they walked along the road. Nineteen unarmed civilians were killed and 50 wounded. The military report of the incident (written by the same soldiers involved in it) later failed to make any reference to

2700-519: A huge database with six years of sensitive military intelligence material. WikiLeaks wanted to release the material immediately, but Davies convinced him to let the Guardian examine it first. In an interview with the UK's Channel 4 , Assange said that "we have a stated commitment to a particular kind of process and objective, and that commitment is to get censored material out and never to take it down". He contrasted

2880-851: A major forward presence across the Pacific Ocean and (with the lease of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba) a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal . To win its first colonies, the U.S. had lost 385 KIA (369 Army, 10 Navy, 6 Marines); 1,662 WIA (1,594 Army, 47 Navy, 21 Marines); and 2,061 dead of disease in the combat zones (a total of 5,403 died of disease at all locations, including stateside posts). Total Spanish combat deaths in action against U.S. forces were about 900. The Philippine–American War (1899–1902)

3060-408: A major victory over Japan at Midway just six months into the war, and on its growing submarine fleet. The Navy and Marine Corps followed this up with an island hopping campaign across the central and south Pacific in 1943–1945, reaching the outskirts of Japan in the Battle of Okinawa . During 1942 and 1943, the U.S. deployed millions of men and thousands of planes and tanks to the UK, beginning with

3240-401: A modest army, marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps . Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow

3420-725: A murderous raid on the American city of Columbus, New Mexico . Wilson sent the U.S. Army under General John J. Pershing to punish Villa in the Pancho Villa Expedition . Villa fled deep into Mexico, with the Americans in pursuit. Mexican nationalism turned against the U.S., and with war looming with Germany, Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw, and Villa escaped. The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914. However, it insisted on its right as

3600-518: A neutral party to immunity from German submarine attack, even though its ships carried food and raw materials to Britain. In 1917 the Germans resumed submarine attacks , knowing that it would lead to American entry. When the United States declared war in early April 1917, the United States Army was still small by European standards (most of which had conscription ) and mobilization would take at least

3780-678: A newly formed nation which fought for its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (1775–1783) to world superpower status in the aftermath of World War II to the present. As of 2024, the United States Armed Forces consists of the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force and Space Force , all under the command of the Department of Defense , and the Coast Guard , which is controlled by

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3960-475: A pattern in the shooting stars. Olmsted wrote a brief report of this meteor shower in the local newspaper. "As the cause of 'Falling Stars' is not understood by meteorologists, it is desirable to collect all the facts attending this phenomenon, stated with as much precision as possible", Olmsted wrote to readers, in a report subsequently picked up and pooled to newspapers nationwide. Responses came pouring in from many states, along with scientists' observations sent to

4140-447: A press statement that concealed the fact that the real reason for a coalition presence in a particular area was because a group known as Task Force 373 was on a mission to kill or capture Abu Laith al-Libi . The New York Times reported that the United States had given Afghans credit for missions actually carried out by Special Operations commandos. The New York Times said "over all, the documents do not contradict official accounts of

4320-497: A problem-based typology of crowdsourcing approaches: Ivo Blohm identifies four types of Crowdsourcing Platforms: Microtasking, Information Pooling, Broadcast Search, and Open Collaboration. They differ in the diversity and aggregation of contributions that are created. The diversity of information collected can either be homogenous or heterogenous. The aggregation of information can either be selective or integrative. Some common categories of crowdsourcing have been used effectively in

4500-548: A prominent presence in Hawai'i, and they have been linked to several instances of environmental degradation and causes of pollution. The Navy was modernized in the 1880s, and by the 1890s had adopted the naval power strategy of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan —as indeed did every major navy. The old sailing ships were replaced by modern steel battleships , bringing them in line with the navies of Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of

4680-517: A reward was provided for separating the salt from the alkali, and the Fourneyron's turbine , when the first hydraulic commercial turbine was developed. In response to a challenge from the French government, Nicolas Appert won a prize for inventing a new way of food preservation that involved sealing food in air-tight jars. The British government provided a similar reward to find an easy way to determine

4860-520: A room. The landlord, in turn, pays a service fee for the amount due. The company has 1,500 properties in 34,000 cities in more than 190 countries. Crowdsourcing is frequently used in market research as a way to gather insights and opinions from a large number of consumers. Companies may create online surveys or focus groups that are open to the general public, allowing them to gather a diverse range of perspectives on their products or services. This can be especially useful for companies seeking to understand

5040-647: A ship's longitude in the Longitude Prize . During the Great Depression, out-of-work clerks tabulated higher mathematical functions in the Mathematical Tables Project as an outreach project. One of the largest crowdsourcing campaigns was a public design contest in 2010 hosted by the Indian government's finance ministry to create a symbol for the Indian rupee . Thousands of people sent in entries before

5220-438: A substantial increase in the actual market performance of the products. Merely highlighting the source of design to customers, particularly, attributing the product to crowdsourcing efforts from user communities, can lead to a significant boost in product sales. Consumers perceive "customer-ideated" products as more effective in addressing their needs, leading to a quality inference. The design mode associated with crowdsourced ideas

5400-961: A war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to support Britain, however, and in 1940 signed the Lend-Lease Act, which permitted an expansion of the " cash and carry " arms trade to develop with Britain, which controlled the Atlantic sea lanes. Roosevelt favored the Navy (he was in effective charge in World War I), and used relief programs such as the Public Works Administration to support Navy yards and build warships. For example, in 1933 he authorized $ 238 million in PWA funds for thirty-two new ships. The Army Air Corps received only $ 11 million, which barely covered replacements and allowed no expansion. Due to

5580-653: A year of Operation Overlord , the fighting in Central Europe was especially bloody for the United States, with more U.S. military deaths occurring in Germany than in any other country during the war. Crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing involves a large group of dispersed participants contributing or producing goods or services —including ideas, votes , micro-tasks , and finances—for payment or as volunteers. Contemporary crowdsourcing often involves digital platforms to attract and divide work between participants to achieve

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5760-399: A year. Meanwhile, the United States continued to provide supplies and money to Britain and France, and initiated the first peacetime draft. Industrial mobilization took longer than expected, so divisions were sent to Europe without equipment, relying instead on the British and French to supply them. By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or " doughboys " as they were often called, of

5940-516: Is a combination of traditional genealogy with genetics . The rise of personal DNA testing, after the turn of the century, by companies such as Gene by Gene , FTDNA , GeneTree , 23andMe , and Ancestry.com , has led to public and semi public databases of DNA testing using crowdsourcing techniques. Citizen science projects have included support, organization, and dissemination of personal DNA (genetic) testing. Similar to amateur astronomy , citizen scientists encouraged by volunteer organizations like

6120-402: Is a crowdsourcing approach to gather digital data. It is used by researchers and organizations to gain access to data from online platforms, websites, search engines and apps and devices. Data donation projects usually rely on participants volunteering their authentic digital profile information. Examples include: Crowdsourcing is used in large scale media, such as the community notes system of

6300-420: Is a justified public interest in the material'." Some time after the first dissemination by WikiLeaks, the U.S. Justice Department considered using the U.S. Espionage Act of 1917 to prevent WikiLeaks from posting the remaining 15,000 secret war documents it claimed to possess. In June 2010, The Guardian journalist Nick Davies and WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange established that the U.S. Army had built

6480-519: Is also being done via crowdsourcing on the Web, most notably for the Pashto language of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Crowdsourcing has been extensively used to collect high-quality gold standards for creating automatic systems in natural language processing (e.g. named entity recognition , entity linking ). Lego allows users to work on new product designs while conducting requirements testing. Any user can provide

6660-481: Is also used by nonprofit organizations to develop common goods , such as Misplaced Pages . The term crowdsourcing was coined in 2006 by two editors at Wired , Jeff Howe and Mark Robinson, to describe how businesses were using the Internet to " outsource work to the crowd", which quickly led to the portmanteau "crowdsourcing". The Oxford English Dictionary gives a first use: "OED's earliest evidence for crowdsourcing

6840-431: Is considered superior in generating promising new products, contributing to the observed increase in market performance. Homeowners can use Airbnb to list their accommodation or unused rooms. Owners set their own nightly, weekly and monthly rates and accommodations. The business, in turn, charges guests and hosts a fee. Guests usually end up spending between $ 9 and $ 15. They have to pay a booking fee every time they book

7020-459: Is from 2006, in the writing of J. Howe." The online dictionary Merriam-Webster defines it as: "the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers." Daren C. Brabham defined crowdsourcing as an "online, distributed problem-solving and production model." Kristen L. Guth and Brabham found that

7200-477: Is in this fight". The documents revealed that contractors for the U.S. Department of Defense had hired local male child prostitutes. Julian Assange said "it is the most comprehensive history of a war ever to be published, during the course of the war". He compared the release of the war logs with the release of the Pentagon Papers in the 1970s. In an interview with Der Spiegel , Assange said that he believed

7380-651: Is increasing systematically. The process involves outsourcing tasks or gathering input from a large, diverse groups of people, often facilitated through digital platforms, to contribute to medical research, diagnostics, data analysis, promotion, and various healthcare-related initiatives. Usage of this innovative approach supplies a useful community-based method to improve medical services. From funding individual medical cases and innovative devices to supporting research, community health initiatives, and crisis responses, crowdsourcing proves its versatile impact in addressing diverse healthcare challenges. In 2011, UNAIDS initiated

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7560-610: Is increasingly used in professional journalism. Journalists are able to organize crowdsourced information by fact checking the information, and then using the information they have gathered in their articles as they see fit. A daily newspaper in Sweden has successfully used crowdsourcing in investigating the home loan interest rates in the country in 2013–2014, which resulted in over 50,000 submissions. A daily newspaper in Finland crowdsourced an investigation into stock short-selling in 2011–2012, and

7740-616: Is one thing we can do to make Acme a great company?" One common method for ranking is "like" counting, where the contribution with the most "like" votes ranks first. This method is simple and easy to understand, but it privileges early contributions, which have more time to accumulate votes. In recent years, several crowdsourcing companies have begun to use pairwise comparisons backed by ranking algorithms. Ranking algorithms do not penalize late contributions. They also produce results quicker. Ranking algorithms have proven to be at least 10 times faster than manual stack ranking. One drawback, however,

7920-486: Is sourcing results of clinical algorithms from collective input of participants. Researchers from SPIE developed a crowdsourcing tool, to train individuals, especially middle and high school students in South Korea, to diagnose malaria -infected red blood cells. Using a statistical framework, the platform combined expert diagnoses with those from minimally trained individuals, creating a gold standard library. The objective

8100-712: Is used particularly for specialist topics and languages that are not well documented, such as for the Oromo language . Software programs have been developed for crowdsourced dictionaries, such as WeSay . A slightly different form of crowdsourcing for language data was the online creation of scientific and mathematical terminology for American Sign Language . In linguistics, crowdsourcing strategies have been applied to estimate word knowledge, vocabulary size, and word origin. Implicit crowdsourcing on social media has also approximating sociolinguistic data efficiently. Reddit conversations in various location-based subreddits were analyzed for

8280-521: Is what happens in war, that spies or traitors are investigated. Former WikiLeaks volunteer, Smári McCarthy , told The Independent , 'there were serious disagreements over the decision not to redact the names of Afghan civilians'. The Guardian journalist, David Leigh , claimed that Julian Assange initially refused to redact the names of informants. In his book, co-authored with Luke Harding , WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy , Leigh claimed Assange to have said in relation to whether

8460-647: The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) were in Europe, serving on the Western Front under the command of General John Pershing , with 10,000 more arriving every day. The failure of the German Army 's Spring Offensive exhausted its manpower reserves and it was unable to launch new offensives. The Imperial German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender,

8640-542: The American Journal of Science and Arts . These responses helped him to make a series of scientific breakthroughs including observing the fact that meteor showers are seen nationwide and fall from space under the influence of gravity. The responses also allowed him to approximate a velocity for the meteors. A more recent version of crowdsourcing in astronomy is NASA's photo organizing project, which asked internet users to browse photos taken from space and try to identify

8820-532: The American Revolutionary War . In the struggle for control of North America, the contest between Great Britain and France was the vital one, the conflict with Spain , a declining power, important but secondary. This latter conflict reached its height in the " War of Jenkins Ear ," a prelude to the War of Austrian Succession , which began in 1739 and pitted the British and their American colonists against

9000-638: The Barbary Coast (modern day Libya ) sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom. The U.S. paid protection money until 1801, when President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay and sent in the Navy to challenge the Barbary States , the First Barbary War followed. After the USS ; Philadelphia was captured in 1803, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a raid which successfully burned

9180-677: The Department of Homeland Security . In 1775, the Continental Congress established the Continental Army , the Continental Navy , and the Continental Marines . This newly formed military, fighting alongside the Kingdom of France , triumphed over the British during the war, which led to independence via the Treaty of Paris . In 1789, the new Constitution made the U.S. president the commander-in-chief, and gave Congress

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9360-668: The Environmental Protection Agency . Crowdsourcing has been used extensively for gathering language-related data. For dictionary work, crowdsourcing was applied over a hundred years ago by the Oxford English Dictionary editors using paper and postage. It has also been used for collecting examples of proverbs on a specific topic (e.g. religious pluralism ) for a printed journal. Crowdsourcing language-related data online has proven very effective and many dictionary compilation projects used crowdsourcing. It

9540-679: The General Services Administration collected and amalgamated suggestions for improving federal websites. For part of the Obama and Trump Administrations , the We the People system collected signatures on petitions, which were entitled to an official response from the White House once a certain number had been reached. Several U.S. federal agencies ran inducement prize contests , including NASA and

9720-560: The International Society of Genetic Genealogy have provided valuable information and research to the professional scientific community. The Genographic Project , which began in 2005, is a research project carried out by the National Geographic Society 's scientific team to reveal patterns of human migration using crowdsourced DNA testing and reporting of results. Another early example of crowdsourcing occurred in

9900-512: The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Japanese forces soon seized American, British and Dutch possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia , with Hawaii and Australia serving as the main staging points for the eventual liberation of these territories. The loss of eight battleships and 2,403 Americans at Pearl Harbor forced the U.S. to rely on its remaining aircraft carriers , which won

10080-526: The Panjwaye District of Afghanistan during Operation Medusa , when an American jet dropped a bomb on a building they occupied during the second day of the operation. Seven other Canadian soldiers and one civilian were also reported wounded in the attack. At the time, the Canadian military reported that the deaths and injuries were caused by a firefight with the Taliban, which it still insists. Michel Drapeau,

10260-717: The Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891 and ended in the Wounded Knee Massacre . The Spanish–American War was a short but decisive war marked by quick, overwhelming American victories at sea and on land against

10440-475: The Spanish Empire . The Navy was well-prepared and won laurels, even as politicians tried (and failed) to have it redeployed to defend East Coast cities against potential threats from the feeble Spanish Navy fleet. The Army performed well in combat in Cuba. However, it was too oriented to small posts in the West and not as well-prepared for an overseas conflict. It relied on volunteers and state militia units, which faced logistical, training and food problems in

10620-462: The Taliban was also revealed. Coming from sources such as Afghan spies and paid informants, Iranian involvement in Afghanistan steadily widened from 2004 to today and constituted armaments, money, and physical deployment of anti-NATO militants. The government of Iran denies supporting the militants. The documents, wrote journalist Jeff Stein of The Washington Post '' , stated that Hezb-e-Islami party leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Amin al-Haq,

10800-414: The Treaty of Versailles . Isolationism further grew after the events of the Nye Committee , which investigated corrupt military spending and fueled the Merchants of death argument, thus increasing anti-war opinions. In response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia, the gradually more restrictive Neutrality Acts were passed, which were intended to prevent the U.S. from supporting either side in

10980-409: The strategic bombing of Nazi Germany and occupied Europe and leading up to the Allied invasions of occupied North Africa in November 1942, Sicily and Italy in 1943, France in 1944, and the invasion of Germany in 1945, parallel with the Soviet invasion from the Eastern Front . That led to the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945. While the final European Axis Powers were defeated within

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11160-426: The Armistice , ending the war on the Western Front on 11 November 1918. The so-called Polar Bear Expedition was the involvement of 5,000 U.S. troops, during the Russian Civil War , in blocking the Bolsheviks in Arkhangelsk , Russia as part of the greater Allied military expedition in the Russian Civil War . There was no significant combat for the Americans. The U.S. sponsored a major world conference to limit

11340-411: The Army's role in governing the new territories acquired in 1898 and worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to the Cubans, and wrote the charter of government for the Philippines. Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery , thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for

11520-470: The Bayonet Constitution which was prepared by pro-American residents to strip the Hawaiian monarchy of its power and consolidate power among the non-Native settlers in Hawai'i. It became known as the Bayonet Constitution because of the armed militia used to intimidate King Kalākaua and force him to sign it or be removed. The coup d'état was led by the Committee of Safety , a 13-member group made up of non-native Hawaiian's. The Committee of Safety initiated

11700-440: The British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army , which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia . In addition to the Army, Congress also created the Continental Navy and Continental Marines . He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile,

11880-478: The British were outnumbered on land and sea in a world war, as they had no major allies apart from Indian tribes, Loyalists and Hessians . A shift in focus to the southern American states in 1779 resulted in a string of victories for the British, but General Nathanael Greene engaged in guerrilla warfare and prevented them from making strategic headway. The main British army was surrounded by Washington 's American and French forces at Yorktown in 1781, as

12060-413: The Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the culling of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains . Specifically, according to Colville scholar Dina Gilio-Whitaker in her book As Long as Grass Grows , "While the railroads wreaked havoc on Indian lives in numerous ways, one of the most destructive and tragic outcomes of the United States' industrial expansion

12240-563: The Cuban Army during the suppression of the rebellion which was completed by July 1912. The rebels attacked the Marines only once, at El Cuero, but were repulsed without casualties on either side. Banditry and guerrilla resistance was endemic throughout the period of occupation. U.S. Marine losses in the Dominican Republic , 1916–1922, totaled 17 killed, 54 dead, 55 wounded (from a peak strength of 3,000). The Marines inflicted about 1,000 Dominican casualties. The most serious insurgencies occurred in Haiti , where some 5,000 rough mountaineers of

12420-489: The Department of Defense will not negotiate some "minimized" or "sanitized" version of a release by WikiLeaks of additional U.S. Government classified documents. The Department demands that nothing further be released by WikiLeaks, that all of the U.S. Government classified documents that WikiLeaks has obtained be returned immediately, and that WikiLeaks remove and destroy all of these records from its databases. Asked by The Daily Beast why WikiLeaks did not review all of

12600-411: The French fleet blocked a rescue by the Royal Navy . The British then sued for peace. General George Washington (1732–1799) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with the Continental Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army . His biggest challenge

12780-427: The Gendarmerie lost 70 killed. The Moro Rebellion was an armed insurgency between Muslim Filipino tribes in the southern Philippines between 1899 and 1913. Pacification was never complete as sporadic antigovernment insurgency continues into the 21st century, with American advisors helping the Philippine government forces. The Mexican Revolution involved repeated coups overthrowing the national government. This

12960-554: The Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin militia led by the notorious warlord Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Numerous reports linked Bin Laden and al-Qaeda to insurgent activities. In one report, al-Qaeda was claimed to be involved in a plan to manufacture chemical weapons payloads for rocket-propelled grenades . Government accounts of coalition activity were, according to The Guardian , sometimes "misleading". The British paper cited as an example

13140-880: The League of Nations being unable to act upon the usage of chemical weapons by the Italian fascists. No official involvement was waged during the Spanish Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War , though both wars utilized loopholes for U.S. involvement, such as volunteering and using British ships as a middleman for delivering provisions (since the Neutrality Acts only specified American ships). This, along with Roosevelt's Quarantine Speech , produced mixed opinions among Americans that were still anxious about military involvement. Non-interventionists were mainly constituent in

13320-531: The Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet , were featured in a 14-month circumnavigation of the world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt , it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater. Secretary of War Elihu Root (1899–1904) led the modernization of the Army. His goal of a uniformed chief of staff as general manager and

13500-624: The North's larger population and industrial might slowly ground the South down. The resources and economy of the South were ruined, while the North's factories and economy prospered filling government wartime contracts. The American Civil War is sometimes called the "first modern war" due to the mobilization and destruction of the civilian base— total war —and due to by many technical military innovations involving railroads , telegraphs , rifles , trench warfare , and ironclad warships with turret guns. After

13680-514: The North's willingness to fight. As the fighting between the two capitals stalled, the North found more success in campaigns elsewhere, using rivers, railroads, and the seas to help move and supply their larger forces, putting a stranglehold on the South—the Anaconda Plan . The war spilled across the continent, and even to the high seas. After four years of appallingly bloody conflict, with more casualties than all other U.S. wars combined,

13860-513: The Pentagon, denied they were willing to collaborate with the group and said they'd scheduled a call with a WikiLeaks lawyer, Timothy Matusheski, who missed the call. Matusheski denied making an appointment but said he had missed a call from them. Matusheski said that when he'd previously spoken with the US government, he mentioned that Assange had told him about a network where the government could access all of

14040-652: The Republican Party, but other Democratic politicians, such as Louis Ludlow , attempted to pass bills to compromise and even amend the United States Constitution for the purpose of calling for public Referendum to decide military involvement in cases that do not immediately follow an attack on the United States. This amendment was introduced many times, but failed to gain enough support, including opposition even by Roosevelt. The overall neglect for military involvement eventually resulted in appeasement in

14220-930: The Sheep Market, Aaron Koblin used Mechanical Turk to collect 10,000 drawings of sheep from contributors around the world. Artist Sam Brown leveraged the crowd by asking visitors of his website explodingdog to send him sentences to use as inspirations for his paintings. Art curator Andrea Grover argues that individuals tend to be more open in crowdsourced projects because they are not being physically judged or scrutinized. As with other types of uses, artists use crowdsourcing systems to generate and collect data. The crowd also can be used to provide inspiration and to collect financial support for an artist's work. In navigation systems , crowdsourcing from 100 million drivers were used by INRIX to collect users' driving times to provide better GPS routing and real-time traffic updates. The use of crowdsourcing in medical and health research

14400-929: The Spanish. In the colonies the war involved a seesaw struggle between the Spanish in Florida and the West Indies and the English colonists in South Carolina and Georgia . Its most notable episode, however, was a British expedition mounted in Jamaica against Cartagena , the main port of the Spanish colony in Colombia . The mainland colonies furnished a regiment to participate in the assault as British Regulars under British command. The expedition ended in disaster, resulting from climate, disease, and

14580-671: The Taliban in secret strategy sessions to organize networks of militant groups that fight against American soldiers in Afghanistan, and even hatch plots to assassinate Afghan leaders". The Guardian , however, did not think there was "a convincing smoking gun" for complicity between Pakistan intelligence services and the Taliban. In particular, the leaks discuss an alleged incident in which Pakistan's former ISI spy chief Hamid Gul met with Afghan insurgents in January 2009, occurring right after alleged Pakistani al-Qaeda figure Osama al-Kini's death by

14760-555: The Taliban possessed these weapons. Some, including Barack Obama and Hamid Karzai , raised concerns that the detailed logs had exposed the names of Afghan informants, thereby endangering their lives. Partially in response to this criticism, Julian Assange claimed that WikiLeaks had sought the help of the White House , via The New York Times , in redacting the names of 'innocent' people but that this request had been denied. However, The New York Times reporter, Eric Schmitt , who

14940-827: The U.S. Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. Banana Wars is an informal term for the minor intervention in Latin America from 1898 until 1935. These include military presence in Cuba , Panama with the Panama Canal Zone , Haiti (1915–1935), Dominican Republic (1916–1924) and Nicaragua (1912–1925; 1926–1933). The U.S. Marine Corps began to specialize in long-term military occupation of these countries, primarily to safeguard customs revenues which were

15120-503: The U.S. and formed a separate Confederacy . Within the Confederate states, many U.S. forts with garrisons still loyal to the Union were cut off. Fighting started in 1861 when Fort Sumter was fired upon by Confederate troops and waves of patriotism swept both the North and the South. The civil war caught both sides with weak military forces. Neither the North's small standing army nor the South's scattered state militias were capable of winning

15300-458: The U.S. during the conflict, including reprisals, scorched earth campaigns, and the forcible relocation of many civilians. The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom began on 16 January 1893, with a coup d'état against Queen Liliʻuokalani on the island of O'ahu . The coup d’état was predated by several events, such as the 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom , also referred to as

15480-478: The U.S. if it annexed Texas . The U.S., much larger and more powerful, did annex Texas in 1845 and war broke out in 1846 over boundary issues. In the Mexican–American War 1846–1848, the U.S. Army under Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott and others, invaded and after a series of victorious battles (and no major defeats) seized Santa Fe de Nuevo México and Alta California , and also blockaded

15660-746: The United Kingdom in 1812, the first time the U.S. had officially declared war. Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy , the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada , hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip. The invasion of Canada was a debacle, though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front ( Tecumseh's War and the Creek War ) were more successful. After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York, raid Washington and capture

15840-680: The United States economy . Total involvement in the war began after the Attack on Pearl Harbor , where isolationism began to cede. Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power . American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union , and the Republic of China . The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following

16020-479: The United States sought to remain neutral, but the Jay Treaty , which was favorable to Great Britain, angered the French government, which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance . French privateers began to seize U.S. vessels, which led to an undeclared " Quasi-War " between the two nations. Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800, the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean. George Washington

16200-772: The X platform. Crowdsourcing on such platforms is thought to be effective in combating partisan misinformation on social media when certain conditions are met. Success may depend on trust in fact-checking sources, the ability to present information that challenges previous beliefs without causing excessive dissonance, and having a sufficiently large and diverse crowd of participants. Effective crowdsourcing interventions must navigate politically polarized environments where trusted sources may be less inclined to provide dissonant opinions. By leveraging network analysis to connect users with neighboring communities outside their ideological echo chambers, crowdsourcing can provide an additional layer of content moderation. Crowdsourcing public policy and

16380-956: The auspices of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2014. Research has emerged since 2012 which focused on the use of crowdsourcing for policy purposes. These include experimentally investigating the use of Virtual Labor Markets for policy assessment, and assessing the potential for citizen involvement in process innovation for public administration. Governments across the world are increasingly using crowdsourcing for knowledge discovery and civic engagement. Iceland crowdsourced their constitution reform process in 2011, and Finland has crowdsourced several law reform processes to address their off-road traffic laws. The Finnish government allowed citizens to go on an online forum to discuss problems and possible resolutions regarding some off-road traffic laws. The crowdsourced information and resolutions would then be passed on to legislators to refer to when making

16560-806: The authority to declare war. Major conflicts involving the U.S. military include the American Indian Wars , the War of 1812 , the Mexican-American War , the American Civil War , the Banana Wars , World War I , World War II , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and the Iraq War . The beginning of the United States military lies in civilian frontier settlers, armed for hunting and basic survival in

16740-713: The bungling of British commanders, and only about 600 of over 3,000 Americans who participated ever returned to their homes. Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up

16920-471: The captured ship, preventing Tripoli from using or selling it. In 1805, after William Eaton captured the city of Derna , Tripoli agreed to a peace treaty. The other Barbary states continued to raid U.S. shipping, until the Second Barbary War in 1815 ended the practice. By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812 . With Britain locked in

17100-652: The cause of local civil wars. For example, in May 1912, during the Negro Rebellion by Afro-Cuban rebels, President William H. Taft sent 1,292 men to Cuba to protect the American-owned sugarcane plantations and their associated properties, as well as copper mines, railroads, and trains. The rebellion occurred primarily in Oriente Province . In the end, between 3,000 and 6,000 Afro-Cubans, including civilians were killed by

17280-507: The church started the three-generation program. In this program, church members were asked to prepare documented family group record forms for the first three generations. The program was later expanded to encourage members to research at least four generations and became known as the four-generation program. Institutes that have records of interest to genealogical research have used crowds of volunteers to create catalogs and indices to records. Genetic genealogy research Genetic genealogy

17460-517: The coast, invaded northern Mexico , and invaded central Mexico, capturing the national capital of Mexico City . The peace terms involved American purchase of the area from California to New Mexico for $ 10 million. Long-building tensions between the Northern and Southern States over slavery suddenly reached a climax after the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln of the new anti-slavery Republican Party as U.S. president. Southern states seceded from

17640-558: The colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America , the most important of which were Queen Anne's War , in which the British conquered French colony Acadia , and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington , military experience which they put to use during

17820-414: The commercial world include crowdvoting, crowdsolving, crowdfunding , microwork , creative crowdsourcing , crowdsource workforce management , and inducement prize contests . Crowdvoting occurs when a website gathers a large group's opinions and judgments on a certain topic. Some crowdsourcing tools and platforms allow participants to rank each other's contributions, e.g. in answer to the question "What

18000-539: The concept of crowdsourced open information. Enipedia went live in March 2011. Genealogical research used crowdsourcing techniques long before personal computers were common. Beginning in 1942, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints encouraged members to submit information about their ancestors. The submitted information was gathered together into a single collection. In 1969, to encourage more participation,

18180-580: The costly U.S. involvement in World War I, isolationism grew within the nation. Congress refused membership in the League of Nations , particularly due to Article X of the League's charter . Pursuant to Article X, the charter would have required by contract the United States Military to intervene if a member of the League were attacked; this prompted the United States Senate to vehemently oppose

18360-407: The crowd to create speech and language databases, to conduct user studies, and to run behavioral science surveys and experiments. Crowdsourcing systems provided researchers with the ability to gather large amounts of data, and helped researchers to collect data from populations and demographics they may not have access to locally. Artists have also used crowdsourcing systems. In a project called

18540-420: The crowdsourced information led to revelations of a tax evasion system by a Finnish bank. The bank executive was fired and policy changes followed. TalkingPointsMemo in the United States asked its readers to examine 3,000 emails concerning the firing of federal prosecutors in 2008. The British newspaper The Guardian crowdsourced the examination of hundreds of thousands of documents in 2009. Data donation

18720-411: The deaths and injuries and none of the soldiers involved were charged or disciplined. On 21 March 2007, CIA paramilitaries fired on and lightly wounded a civilian man who was running from them. The man, Shum Khan, was deaf and mute and did not hear their warnings. In 2007, documents detail how U.S. special forces dropped six 2,000 lb bombs on a compound where they believed a "high-value individual"

18900-438: The deaths were due to enemy fire, as do some of the deceased soldiers' families. A document from 11 June 2007 details an incident where Task Force 373 engaged in a firefight with what were believed to be insurgents. An airstrike was called in, which killed seven Afghan police officers, and injured four others. Nangarhar Province governor Gul Agha Sherzai had labelled the incident a misunderstanding. Less than 48 hours after

19080-485: The development of a torpedo plane . Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that

19260-493: The disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga . With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben , the training and discipline along Prussian lines began, and the Continental Army began to evolve into a modern force. France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the U.S. , ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war. The Netherlands later joined France, and

19440-399: The documents and make comments and suggest redactions. Jeh Charles Johnson , general counsel for the Pentagon, sent Matusheski a letter about the missed call and saying the US government's position was that "WikiLeaks is holding the property of the U.S. Government, including classified documents and sensitive national security information that has not been authorized for release. Further, it is

19620-471: The documents and make redactions where necessary before their release, Daniel Schmitt replied that the volume of documents made it impossible. Speaking to Channel 4 News , official spokesman for the Taliban , Zabihullah Mujahid , said that the Taliban would study the released documents in order to discover and punish informants. We knew about the spies and people who collaborate with U.S. forces. We will investigate through our own secret service whether

19800-534: The documents were leaked, the UK's Ministry of Defence released a statement announcing a new friendly fire death in Afghanistan. The Ministry of Defence must confirm that the death of this soldier is being investigated as a suspected friendly fire incident. The Ministry had previously announced an investigation into a friendly fire incident in 2009 in Helmand province. The war logs made clear that suicide bombing , generally carried out by non-Afghan foreign fighters,

19980-516: The early stages of World War II, at the distress of Roosevelt (who wanted to continue cash-and-carry for the European theater and the Pacific ). After being rebuffed by Congress for attempting to reinstate cash-and-carry for the European theater, Roosevelt eventually won the favor of restoring the arms trade with belligerent nations after Germany's invasion of Poland , which is said by many to have fixed

20160-642: The effect of user communication and platform presentation can have a major bearing on the success of an online crowdsourcing project. The crowdsourced problem can range from huge tasks (such as finding alien life or mapping earthquake zones) or very small (identifying images). Some examples of successful crowdsourcing themes are problems that bug people, things that make people feel good about themselves, projects that tap into niche knowledge of proud experts, and subjects that people find sympathetic. Crowdsourcing can either take an explicit or an implicit route: In his 2013 book, Crowdsourcing , Daren C. Brabham puts forth

20340-411: The excerpts illustrated American frustration with local involvement, quoting the sources, noting that "glimpses of what appear to be Pakistani skullduggery contrast sharply with the frequently rosy public pronouncements of Pakistan as an ally by American officials". The Guardian had a very different take. Its Sunday, 25 July 2010 article by Declan Walsh states: But for all their eye-popping details,

20520-623: The field of ornithology . On 25 December 1900, Frank Chapman, an early officer of the National Audubon Society , initiated a tradition dubbed the "Christmas Day Bird Census" . The project called birders from across North America to count and record the number of birds in each species they witnessed on Christmas Day. The project was successful, and the records from 27 different contributors were compiled into one bird census, which tallied around 90 species of birds. This large-scale collection of data constituted an early form of citizen science,

20700-412: The first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population. The Loyalists , on whom the British had relied too heavily, comprised about 20% of the population but were never well organized. As

20880-713: The following day that they had 'not received any notification of such action from WikiLeaks or its lawyers', two months after the publication of the book. Evidence within the documents suggest that the U.S. military has been paying Afghan radio and print media to run favorable stories. One document refers to supplying pre-made content to a radio station, describing that content as psychological operations/ psychological warfare (PSYOP) material. The leaked documents describe many purported incidents of Taliban and other Afghan insurgent forces attacking civilians. Those forces would also, according to leaked reports, post "Night Letters" on civilian buildings such as mosques foretelling death for

21060-864: The government zeroed in on the final symbol based on the Devanagari script using the letter Ra. A number of motivations exist for businesses to use crowdsourcing to accomplish their tasks. These include the ability to offload peak demand, access cheap labor and information, generate better results, access a wider array of talent than what is present in one organization, and undertake problems that would have been too difficult to solve internally. Crowdsourcing allows businesses to submit problems on which contributors can work—on topics such as science, manufacturing, biotech, and medicine—optionally with monetary rewards for successful solutions. Although crowdsourcing complicated tasks can be difficult, simple work tasks can be crowdsourced cheaply and effectively. Crowdsourcing also has

21240-463: The group with other media outlets by saying that "other journalists try to verify sources. We don't do that, we verify documents." He denied that the group has an inherent bias against the Afghanistan War, saying that "We don't have a view about whether the war should continue or stop – we do have a view that it should be prosecuted as humanely as possible." However, he also said that he believes

21420-477: The help of the Department of Defense in reviewing a further 15,000 documents for redactions before releasing them but Marine Colonel David Lapan, a senior spokesperson for the Department of Defense, said they had not been contacted by WikiLeaks. Julian Assange later told an Associated Press reporter in Sweden that WikiLeaks had contacted the Department of Defense's chief legal counsel, via its lawyers—a claim that

21600-508: The house arrest of Queen Liliʻuokalani who stayed in ʻIolani Palace until her death in 1917. The ultimate goal of the coup d’état was eventual annexation into the United States. The insurgents formed the Republic of Hawai'i which instated Sanford B. Dole , as the republic's first President . It was backed by the sugar plantation owners in Hawai'i, such as Dole. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898. The United States military still has

21780-413: The importance of interdisciplinary collaborations and widespread dissemination of knowledge; the review underscored the need to fully harness crowdsourcing's potential to address challenges within cancer research. Crowdsourcing in astronomy was used in the early 19th century by astronomer Denison Olmsted . After being awakened in a late November night due to a meteor shower taking place, Olmsted noticed

21960-591: The independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain. With the rapid expansion of the farming population, Democrats looked to the west for new lands, an idea which became known as " Manifest Destiny ." In the Texas Revolution (1835–1836), the settlers declared independence as the Republic of Texas and defeated the Mexican Army , but Mexico was determined to reconquer the lost province and threatened war with

22140-403: The inhabitants. In one leak from April 2007, Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Karen Hughes requests to verify a video of a 12-year-old child soldier forced to kill a Pakistani hostage. Thomas Joscelyn, a senior fellow at the think tank Foundation for Defense of Democracies , remarked that "the documents demonstrate just how pervasive the Taliban's brutality

22320-403: The intelligence files, which are mostly collated by junior officers relying on informants and Afghan officials, fail to provide a convincing smoking gun for ISI complicity. Most of the reports are vague, filled with incongruent detail, or crudely fabricated. The same characters – famous Taliban commanders, well-known ISI officials – and scenarios repeatedly pop up. And few of the events predicted in

22500-537: The key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British Army retreated to Canada. The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814, but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed. The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one-sided military battle that killed

22680-403: The leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston and his Macabebe allies. Casualties included 1,037 Americans killed in action and 3,340 who died from disease; 20,000 rebels were killed. The war resulted in at least 200,000 Filipino civilian deaths, mostly due to famine and disease. Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to a million. Atrocities were committed by

22860-531: The leaked information will turn world public opinion to think more negatively of the war. In August 2010, Assange announced that they had received word the Pentagon wanted to discuss harm minimisation and sanitizing the Afghan war documents, and that "contact has been established." Geoff Morrell , the press secretary for the Pentagon, said WikiLeaks "misrepresented both the level of engagement we have had as well as our position on this matter." Bryan Whitman, spokesman for

23040-457: The left-leaning newspapers The Guardian , The New York Times , and Der Spiegel instead of releasing the data openly. He said that the selectivity of the leak "contravene[d] its own mission statement – that crowdsourcing and open data are paramount". The Toronto Sun has referred to Assange's statements "This material shines light on the everyday brutality and squalor of war" and "The archive will change public opinion and it will change

23220-467: The location the picture is documenting. Behavioral science In the field of behavioral science, crowdsourcing is often used to gather data and insights on human behavior and decision making . Researchers may create online surveys or experiments that are completed by a large number of participants, allowing them to collect a diverse and potentially large amount of data. Crowdsourcing can also be used to gather real-time data on behavior, such as through

23400-449: The logs also detail "how the Taliban have caused growing carnage with a massive escalation of their roadside bombing campaign, which has killed more than 2,000 civilians to date". A significant number of documents describe unreported or previously misleading friendly fire incidents between Afghan police and army forces, coalition forces, and the U.S. military. A document dating 3 September 2006 suggests that four Canadian soldiers died in

23580-477: The material "one of the biggest leaks in U.S. military history ... a devastating portrait of the failing war in Afghanistan , revealing how coalition forces have killed hundreds of civilians in unreported incidents, Taliban attacks have soared and NATO commanders fear neighbouring Pakistan and Iran are fuelling the insurgency". Der Spiegel wrote that "the editors in chief of Spiegel , The New York Times and The Guardian were 'unanimous in their belief that there

23760-468: The names should be redacted, "Well, they're informants. So, if they get killed, they've got it coming to them. They deserve it." In response to the book's publication, WikiLeaks posted on Twitter : " The Guardian book serialization contains malicious libels. We will be taking action." When Douglas Murray relayed these comments in a debate, Assange interjected "We are in the process of suing The Guardian in relation to that comment." The Guardian claimed

23940-520: The names. According to Der Spiegel , "the documents clearly show that the Pakistani intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence (usually known as the ISI) is the most important accomplice the Taliban has outside of Afghanistan". The New York Times was especially alarmed by the level of collusion with the Taliban, having concluded that Pakistan "allows representatives of its spy service to meet directly with

24120-450: The naval armaments of world powers, including the U.S., Britain, Japan, and France, plus smaller nations. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes made the key proposal of each country to reduce its number of warships by a formula that was accepted. The conference enabled the great powers to reduce their navies and avoid conflict in the Pacific. The treaties remained in effect for ten years, but were not renewed as tensions escalated. After

24300-407: The needs and preferences of a particular market segment or to gather feedback on the effectiveness of their marketing efforts. The use of crowdsourcing in market research allows companies to quickly and efficiently gather a large amount of data and insights that can inform their business decisions. Internet and digital technologies have massively expanded the opportunities for crowdsourcing. However,

24480-689: The north, called Cacos , rebelled in 1915–17, losing 200 killed, to Marine losses of 3 KIA, 18 WIA, of 2,029 deployed. In 1918, the Cacos, angered by the Marine-enforced practice of corvée (forced labor), followed the leadership of Charlemagne Peralte and Benoit Batraville into rebellion again, against the 1,500-man 1st Marine Brigade and the 2,700-man Haitian Gendarmerie . The rebellion lasted for more than 19 months, 17 October 1918 – 19 May 1920. Both Caco leaders were killed in battle, along with at least 2,004 of their men. The Marines lost 28 slain in action and

24660-477: The opinion of people in positions of political and diplomatic influence" as evidence that he has an anti-war mission. According to Daniel Domscheit-Berg , four days before the release, Assange hadn't told the WikiLeaks staff members preparing it that he had agreed to redact all the names. Since WikiLeaks couldn't redact the files in time, its media partners agreed to withholding 14,000 documents that contained most of

24840-419: The overthrow by organizing a group armed non-native men to depose Queen Liliʻuokalani. The United States Military forces involved in the coup d’état consisted of 1 cruiser, the USS  Boston , and 162 U.S. Navy and USMC personnel. This military presence was justified by the supposed threats to non-combatant American lives, property, and economic interests, largely of plantations. The insurgency led to

25020-457: The participatory online policy project to better engage young people in decision-making processes related to AIDS . The project acquired data from 3,497 participants across seventy-nine countries through online and offline forums. The outcomes generally emphasized the importance of youth perspectives in shaping strategies to effectively address AIDS which provided a valuable insight for future community empowerment initiatives. Another approach

25200-405: The people mentioned are really spies working for the U.S. If they are U.S. spies, then we know how to punish them. When Assange was questioned about this statement by Amy Goodman in a Democracy Now! interview, he responded, I reviewed the statement of someone that a London paper claimed to be speaking for some part of the Taliban. Remember, the Taliban is actually not a homogenous group. And

25380-401: The performance of ideas offered in crowdsourcing platforms are affected not only by their quality, but also by the communication among users about the ideas, and presentation in the platform itself. Despite the multiplicity of definitions for crowdsourcing, one constant has been the broadcasting of problems to the public, and an open call for contributions to help solve the problem. Members of

25560-456: The potential to be a problem-solving mechanism for government and nonprofit use. Urban and transit planning are prime areas for crowdsourcing. For example, from 2008 to 2009, a crowdsourcing project for transit planning in Salt Lake City was created to test the public participation process. Another notable application of crowdsourcing for government problem-solving is Peer-to-Patent , which

25740-503: The premise upon which crowdsourcing is based. In the 2012 census, more than 70,000 individuals participated across 2,369 bird count circles. Christmas 2014 marked the National Audubon Society's 115th annual Christmas Bird Count . The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC) has developed a seismic detection system by monitoring the traffic peaks on its website and analyzing keywords used on Twitter. Crowdsourcing

25920-423: The presence of grammatical forms unique to a regional dialect. These were then used to map the extent of the speaker population. The results could roughly approximate large-scale surveys on the subject without engaging in field interviews. Mining publicly available social media conversations can be used as a form of implicit crowdsourcing to approximate the geographic extent of speaker dialects. Proverb collection

26100-521: The production of public services is also referred to as citizen sourcing . While some scholars argue crowdsourcing for this purpose as a policy tool or a definite means of co-production, others question that and argue that crowdsourcing should be considered just as a technological enabler that simply increases speed and ease of participation. Crowdsourcing can also play a role in democratization . The first conference focusing on Crowdsourcing for Politics and Policy took place at Oxford University , under

26280-432: The public submit solutions that are then owned by the entity who originally broadcast the problem. In some cases, the contributor of the solution is compensated monetarily with prizes or public recognition. In other cases, the only rewards may be praise or intellectual satisfaction. Crowdsourcing may produce solutions from amateurs or volunteers working in their spare time, from experts, or from small businesses. While

26460-518: The release would "change public opinion", and said that "we understand why it is important to protect certain U.S. and ISAF sources". He added that "the most dangerous men are those who are in charge of war. And they need to be stopped." Assange also claimed that the files "suggest thousands of war crimes ". An editorial in the Los Angeles Times stated that comparisons to the Pentagon Papers

26640-684: The reports subsequently occurred. A retired senior American officer said ground-level reports were considered to be a mixture of "rumours, bullshit and second-hand information" and were weeded out as they passed up the chain of command. The Obama administration , in response to the leaks, re-expressed their long-held doubts about links between Pakistan intelligence agents and Afghan insurgents. An anonymous official said to Al Arabiya , "I don't think anyone who follows this issue will find it surprising that there are concerns about ISI and safe havens in Pakistan". Evidence that Iran provided extensive assistance to

26820-403: The revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on 4 July 1776. The British, for their part, lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning. With the use of the Royal Navy , the British were able to capture coastal cities, but control of the countryside eluded them. A British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with

27000-408: The shootings of individual innocents to the often massive loss of life from air strikes, which eventually led President Hamid Karzai to protest publicly that the US was treating Afghan lives as "cheap". The logs refer to sums paid of 100,000 Afghani per corpse, equivalent to about £ 1,500. In one incident, a U.S. patrol fired 43 rounds at a bus, wounding 13 and killing 2 of its passengers. The bus

27180-417: The source of the leaked data. The three outlets which had received the documents in advance, The New York Times , The Guardian , and Der Spiegel , have all concluded that they are genuine when compared with independent reports. The New York Times described the leak as "a six-year archive of classified military documents [that] offers an unvarnished and grim picture of the Afghan war". The Guardian called

27360-517: The staging areas in Florida . The United States freed Cuba (after an occupation by the U.S. Army ). By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines . The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii (which was forcibly overthrown in 1893, via a coup d'état against Queen Liliʻuokalani and annexed later in 1898). The U.S. Navy now had

27540-409: The statement, as far as such things go, was fairly reasonable, which is that they would not trust these documents; they would use their own intelligence organization's investigations to understand whether those people were defectors or collaborators, and if so, after their investigations, then they would receive appropriate punishment. Now, of course, that is — you know, that image is disturbing, but that

27720-485: The subject, appearing 25 July was written by Mark Mazzetti , Jane Perlez , Eric Schmitt , and Andrew Lehren, and titled "Pakistan Spy Service Aids Insurgents, Reports Assert". It was the lead article in 26 July print edition of the Times . The article provided a wide range of excerpts from the paper, at some points focusing on coalition successes, and at other times excerpting sections that highlighted coalition failures. Many of

27900-517: The term "crowdsourcing" was popularized online to describe Internet-based activities, some examples of projects, in retrospect, can be described as crowdsourcing. Crowdsourcing has often been used in the past as a competition to discover a solution. The French government proposed several of these competitions, often rewarded with Montyon Prizes . These included the Leblanc process , or the Alkali prize, where

28080-432: The top people mostly won’t lie to you unless they’re repeating a lie that someone else told them". An Obama administration statement disputed the self-reported status of WikiLeaks, stating that it "is not an objective news outlet but rather an organization that opposes U.S. policy in Afghanistan". Journalist Will Heaven of The Daily Telegraph has said that WikiLeaks was not politically neutral when it fed its information to

28260-450: The top three British generals and thousands of soldiers. The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans , Major General Andrew Jackson , who later became president, and the Americans, who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation. The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war. The losers were the Indians, who never gained

28440-528: The trend towards greater temporal and spatial resolution. In response, there have been several initiatives to crowdsource this data. Launched in December 2009, OpenEI is a collaborative website run by the US government that provides open energy data. While much of its information is from US government sources, the platform also seeks crowdsourced input from around the world. The semantic wiki and database Enipedia also publishes energy systems data using

28620-463: The underlying pressure against military involvement by both citizens and politicians, the United States was reluctant to intervene in any overseas conflicts. The involvement that the United States had toward the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 only extended as far as non-recognition. Other events such as Benito Mussolini 's Italian Conquest of Ethiopia went ignored by the U.S. along with

28800-406: The use of mobile apps that track and record users' activities and decision making. The use of crowdsourcing in behavioral science has the potential to greatly increase the scope and efficiency of research, and has been used in studies on topics such as psychology research, political attitudes, and social media use. Energy system models require large and diverse datasets , increasingly so given

28980-507: The view of the Department of Defense that WikiLeaks obtained this material in circumstances that constitute a violation of United States law, and that as long as WikiLeaks holds this material, the violation of the law is ongoing." WikiLeaks only reviewed about 2,000 documents in detail and used a tagging and keyword system. Assange said that a court might decide somethings were crimes, but added that "army personnel are basically engineers, who build roads and fire guns. They are frank and direct, and

29160-415: The war deferred to elected officials, averted a potential coup d'état and resigned as commander-in-chief after the war, establishing a tradition of civil control of the U.S. military. Following the American Revolutionary War , the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier . The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only

29340-454: The war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them. Washington astonished the world when, instead of seizing power, he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia. Patriots had a strong distrust of a permanent " standing army ", so the Continental Army was quickly demobilized, with land grants to veterans. General Washington, who throughout

29520-412: The war-fighting of the recently departed George W. Bush administration; the Pentagon Papers ended with the Johnson administration and were not published until Richard Nixon was president." Military history of the United States The military history of the United States spans over two centuries, the entire history of the United States . During those centuries, the United States evolved from

29700-507: The war. But in some cases the documents show that the American military made misleading public statements". The records log 144 incidents regarding Task Force 373 and involving Afghan civilian casualties, including 195 deaths. The Bagram Prison had previously been the subject of a major abuse scandal in 2005 . The New York Times reported that the documents reveal the Taliban have used heat-seeking missiles to down coalition aircraft . The U.S. military had not previously acknowledged that

29880-401: The wilderness. These were organized into local militias for small military operations, mostly against Native American tribes but also to resist possible raids by the small military forces of neighboring European colonies. They relied on the British regular Army and Navy for any serious military operation. In major operations outside the locality involved, the militia was not employed as

30060-507: The work, as well as promoting diversity . Crowdsourcing methods include competitions, virtual labor markets, open online collaboration and data donation. Some forms of crowdsourcing, such as in "idea competitions" or "innovation contests" provide ways for organizations to learn beyond the "base of minds" provided by their employees (e.g. Lego Ideas ). Commercial platforms, such as Amazon Mechanical Turk , match microtasks submitted by requesters to workers who perform them. Crowdsourcing

30240-452: Was a violation of democracy that President Woodrow Wilson would not permit. He sent U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months in 1914, when the " Tampico Affair " of 9 April 1914 occurred, involving the arrest of American sailors by soldiers of the regime of Mexican President Victoriano Huerta . In early 1916, the Mexican general Pancho Villa , a presidential contender who had suffered defeats, sent 500 soldiers on

30420-407: Was acting as an intermediary between WikiLeaks and the White House, told the Associated Press that, "I certainly didn't consider this a serious and realistic offer to the White House to vet any of the documents before they were to be posted, and I think it's ridiculous that Assange is portraying it that way now." WikiLeaks spokesperson, Daniel Schmitt , told The Daily Beast that they had sought

30600-477: Was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila . The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers (mostly from the National Guard) under General Elwell Otis . Defeated in the field and losing its capital in March 1899, the poorly armed and poorly led rebels broke into armed bands. The insurgency collapsed in March 1901 when

30780-441: Was an exaggeration as the documents lacked the policy implications of the papers, but that "no democracy can or should fight a war without the consent of its people, and that consent is only meaningful if it is predicated on real information". The Los Angeles Times did seem to indicate the documents have parallels with the Pentagon Papers in being published during a subsequent administration "the documents offer insight primarily into

30960-409: Was an initiative to improve patent quality in the United States through gathering public input in a structured, productive manner. Researchers have used crowdsourcing systems such as Amazon Mechanical Turk or CloudResearch to aid their research projects by crowdsourcing some aspects of the research process, such as data collection , parsing, and evaluation to the public. Notable examples include using

31140-520: Was approaching a stopped convoy in foul weather, swerving in and out of the median and did not stop in response to warning shots and flash bangs. After more concentrated fire, the bus crashed into the rear of one of the convoy vehicles. Most of the wounded were taken in for medical treatment. On 4 March 2007, in the Shinwar shooting , U.S. Marines opened fire on civilians after witnessing a suicide bombing and supposedly coming under small arms fire. The Guardian reported their actions: The marines made

31320-430: Was called out of retirement to head a "provisional army" in case of invasion by France, but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce, in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks. After France and Britain signed the Peace of Amiens leading to a lull in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , President Thomas Jefferson scaled back military spending. The Berbers along

31500-460: Was denied by Bryan Whitman, a spokesman for Defense Secretary , Robert Gates . However, a letter, written by General Counsel of the Department of Defense , Jeh Charles Johnson , in reply to WikiLeaks' attorney, Timothy Matusheski, was later released (either by the Department of Defense or WikiLeaks), in which Johnson identified the names of Afghan informants as 'sensitive items' but, in keeping with Bryan Whitman's later public statement, stated that:

31680-482: Was hiding, after "ensuring there were no innocent Afghans in the surrounding area". A senior U.S. commander reported that 150 Taliban had been killed. Locals, however, reported that up to 300 civilians had died. On 16 August 2007, Polish troops mortared the village of Nangar Khel , killing five people – including a woman and her baby – in what The Guardian described as an apparent revenge attack shortly after experiencing an IED explosion. According to The Guardian ,

31860-526: Was increasing and claim that they were nurtured by al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden , whose influence was pervasive and possibly growing. A report generated in September 2004 stated that terrorists had been assigned by Bin Laden to conduct a suicidal attack against the Afghan president Hamid Karzai, during a press conference or a meeting held. Another report, in September 2008, spoke of coordinated, multinational al-Qaeda attack planning. More suicide bombings allegedly were planned with al-Qaeda's Afghan allies, such as

32040-427: Was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers. As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies. Washington's strategy forced

32220-584: Was the near extermination of the Plains buffalo herds, with the railroads as the strategic prerequisite to carry out the plan". So extreme was the buffalo extermination that by the 1890s fewer than one thousand remained, scattered mostly on private ranches . Several tribes , especially the Sioux and Comanche , fiercely resisted confinement to reservations . The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for

32400-455: Was to swiftly teach people to achieve great diagnosis accuracy without any prior training. Cancer medicine journal conducted a review of the studies published between January 2005 and June 2016 on crowdsourcing in cancer research, with the usage PubMed , CINAHL , Scopus , PsychINFO , and Embase . All of them strongly advocate for continuous efforts to refine and expand crowdsourcing applications in academic scholarship. Analysis highlighted

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