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32-503: Aeroflex–Andover Airport covers an area of 12 acres (4.9 ha) at an elevation of 583 feet (178 m) above mean sea level . It has one runway designated 03/21 with an asphalt surface measuring 1,981 by 50 feet (604 x 15 m). For the 12-month period ending January 1, 2010, the airport had 24,826 aircraft operations, an average of 68 per day: 100% general aviation . At that time there were 48 aircraft based at this airport: 98% single- engine and 2% helicopter . Pilots consider landing on

64-428: A DSM may be useful for landscape modeling , city modeling and visualization applications, a DTM is often required for flood or drainage modeling, land-use studies , geological applications, and other applications, and in planetary science . There is no universal usage of the terms digital elevation model (DEM), digital terrain model (DTM) and digital surface model (DSM) in scientific literature. In most cases

96-532: A digital elevation map tens of kilometers on a side with a resolution of around ten meters. Other kinds of stereoscopic pairs can be employed using the digital image correlation method, where two optical images are acquired with different angles taken from the same pass of an airplane or an Earth Observation Satellite (such as the HRS instrument of SPOT5 or the VNIR band of ASTER ). The SPOT 1 satellite (1986) provided

128-472: A matrix of numbers, but the data from a DEM is often rendered in visual form to make it understandable to humans. This visualization may be in the form of a contoured topographic map , or could use shading and false color assignment (or "pseudo-color") to render elevations as colors (for example, using green for the lowest elevations, shading to red, with white for the highest elevation.). Visualizations are sometimes also done as oblique views, reconstructing

160-474: A nearby fisherman before their plane could sink in 18–24 feet (5.5–7.3 m) of water in 119-acre (48 ha) Lake Aeroflex north of the runway. None of them were injured. This article about an airport in New Jersey is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Elevation The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly

192-527: A number of ways, but they frequently use remote sensing rather than direct survey data. Older methods of generating DEMs often involve interpolating digital contour maps that may have been produced by direct survey of the land surface. This method is still used in mountain areas, where interferometry is not always satisfactory. Note that contour line data or any other sampled elevation datasets (by GPS or ground survey) are not DEMs, but may be considered digital terrain models. A DEM implies that elevation

224-703: A product of national lidar dataset programs. Free DEMs are also available for Mars : the MEGDR, or Mission Experiment Gridded Data Record, from the Mars Global Surveyor 's Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument; and NASA's Mars Digital Terrain Model (DTM). OpenTopography is a web based community resource for access to high-resolution, Earth science-oriented, topography data (lidar and DEM data), and processing tools running on commodity and high performance compute system along with educational resources. OpenTopography

256-495: A reference geoid , a mathematical model of the Earth 's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vertical datum ). The term elevation is mainly used when referring to points on the Earth's surface, while altitude or geopotential height is used for points above the surface, such as an aircraft in flight or a spacecraft in orbit, and depth

288-405: A synthetic visual image of the terrain as it would appear looking down at an angle. In these oblique visualizations, elevations are sometimes scaled using " vertical exaggeration " in order to make subtle elevation differences more noticeable. Some scientists, however, object to vertical exaggeration as misleading the viewer about the true landscape. Mappers may prepare digital elevation models in

320-564: A vector-based triangular irregular network (TIN). The TIN DEM dataset is also referred to as a primary (measured) DEM, whereas the Raster DEM is referred to as a secondary (computed) DEM. The DEM could be acquired through techniques such as photogrammetry , lidar , IfSAR or InSAR , land surveying , etc. (Li et al. 2005). DEMs are commonly built using data collected using remote sensing techniques, but they may also be built from land surveying. The digital elevation model itself consists of

352-495: Is a 3D computer graphics representation of elevation data to represent terrain or overlaying objects, commonly of a planet , moon , or asteroid . A "global DEM" refers to a discrete global grid . DEMs are used often in geographic information systems (GIS), and are the most common basis for digitally produced relief maps . A digital terrain model ( DTM ) represents specifically the ground surface while DEM and DSM may represent tree top canopy or building roofs. While

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384-449: Is available continuously at each location in the study area. One powerful technique for generating digital elevation models is interferometric synthetic aperture radar where two passes of a radar satellite (such as RADARSAT-1 or TerraSAR-X or Cosmo SkyMed ), or a single pass if the satellite is equipped with two antennas (like the SRTM instrumentation), collect sufficient data to generate

416-621: Is between 50 and 500 meters. In gravimetry e.g., the primary grid may be 50 m, but is switched to 100 or 500 meters in distances of about 5 or 10 kilometers. Since 2002, the HRS instrument on SPOT 5 has acquired over 100 million square kilometers of stereo pairs used to produce a DTED2 format DEM (with a 30-meter posting) DEM format DTED2 over 50 million km . The radar satellite RADARSAT-2 has been used by MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. to provide DEMs for commercial and military customers. In 2014, acquisitions from radar satellites TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X will be available in

448-492: Is combined, a truly global relief model is obtained. The SRTM30Plus dataset (used in NASA World Wind ) attempts to combine GTOPO30, SRTM and bathymetric data to produce a truly global elevation model. The Earth2014 global topography and relief model provides layered topography grids at 1 arc-minute resolution. Other than SRTM30plus, Earth2014 provides information on ice-sheet heights and bedrock (that is, topography below

480-496: Is developing a 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) to keep up with growing needs for high quality topographic data. 3DEP is a collection of enhanced elevation data in the form of high quality LiDAR data over the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and the U.S. territories. There are three bare earth DEM layers in 3DEP which are nationally seamless at the resolution of 1/3, 1, and 2 arcseconds. Digital elevation model A digital elevation model ( DEM ) or digital surface model ( DSM )

512-492: Is free to download non-commercially and through the developer's website at a cost commercially. An alternative free global DEM is called GTOPO30 (30 arcsecond resolution , c. 1  km along the equator) is available, but its quality is variable and in some areas it is very poor. A much higher quality DEM from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument of

544-427: Is often measured in feet and can be found in approach charts of the aerodrome. It is not to be confused with terms such as the altitude or height. GIS or geographic information system is a computer system that allows for visualizing, manipulating, capturing, and storage of data with associated attributes. GIS offers better understanding of patterns and relationships of the landscape at different scales. Tools inside

576-449: Is the morphology presented (relative accuracy). Quality assessment of DEM can be performed by comparison of DEMs from different sources. Several factors play an important role for quality of DEM-derived products: Common uses of DEMs include: Released at the beginning of 2022, FABDEM offers a bare earth simulation of the Earth's surface at 30 arc-second resolution. Adapted from GLO-30, the data removes all forests and buildings. The data

608-456: Is used for points below the surface. Elevation is not to be confused with the distance from the center of the Earth. Due to the equatorial bulge , the summits of Mount Everest and Chimborazo have, respectively, the largest elevation and the largest geocentric distance. In aviation, the term elevation or aerodrome elevation is defined by the ICAO as the highest point of the landing area. It

640-657: The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) mapping of Mars, the Lunar Orbital Laser Altimeter (LOLA) and Lunar Altimeter (LALT) mapping of the Moon, and the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) mapping of Mercury. In planetary mapping, each planetary body has a unique reference surface. The quality of a DEM is a measure of how accurate elevation is at each pixel (absolute accuracy) and how accurately

672-596: The Terra satellite is also freely available for 99% of the globe, and represents elevation at 30 meter resolution. A similarly high resolution was previously only available for the United States territory under the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, while most of the rest of the planet was only covered in a 3 arc-second resolution (around 90 meters along the equator). SRTM does not cover

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704-432: The Terra satellite using double-pass stereo pairs. The HRS instrument on SPOT 5 has acquired over 100 million square kilometers of stereo pairs. A tool of increasing value in planetary science has been use of orbital altimetry used to make digital elevation map of planets. A primary tool for this is laser altimetry but radar altimetry is also used. Planetary digital elevation maps made using laser altimetry include

736-531: The GIS allow for manipulation of data for spatial analysis or cartography. A topographical map is the main type of map used to depict elevation, often through contour lines . In a Geographic Information System (GIS), digital elevation models (DEM) are commonly used to represent the surface (topography) of a place, through a raster (grid) dataset of elevations. Digital terrain models are another way to represent terrain in GIS. USGS (United States Geologic Survey)

768-640: The first usable elevation data for a sizeable portion of the planet's landmass, using two-pass stereoscopic correlation. Later, further data were provided by the European Remote-Sensing Satellite (ERS, 1991) using the same method, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM, 2000) using single-pass SAR and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER, 2000) instrumentation on

800-430: The form of a uniform global coverage with a resolution of 12 meters. ALOS provides since 2016 a global 1-arc second DSM free of charge, and a commercial 5 meter DSM/DTM. Many national mapping agencies produce their own DEMs, often of a higher resolution and quality, but frequently these have to be purchased, and the cost is usually prohibitive to all except public authorities and large corporations. DEMs are often

832-599: The ice) over Antarctica and Greenland. Another global model is Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) with 7.5 arc second resolution. It is based on SRTM data and combines other data outside SRTM coverage. A novel global DEM of postings lower than 12 m and a height accuracy of less than 2 m is expected from the TanDEM-X satellite mission which started in July 2010. The most common grid (raster) spacing

864-458: The polar regions and has mountain and desert no data (void) areas. SRTM data, being derived from radar, represents the elevation of the first-reflected surface—quite often tree tops. So, the data are not necessarily representative of the ground surface, but the top of whatever is first encountered by the radar. Submarine elevation (known as bathymetry ) data is generated using ship-mounted depth soundings . When land topography and bathymetry

896-425: The runway into the water. In that July 5, 2019, accident, the pilot of a Cessna C172 who had left Harrisburg, Pennsylvania , with his wife and children aboard was forced to divert when Morristown Municipal Airport , his intended destination, was temporarily closed so that President Donald Trump and his wife could go to the resort he owns in nearby Bedminster and play golf. The pilot and his family were rescued by

928-461: The short runway challenging, particularly for those who do not regularly use the airport. With large lakes on either end, it has been likened to an aircraft carrier . While Flying editor Stephen Pope, who lives in northern New Jersey, considers that reputation to be exaggerated, "it wouldn't be my first choice if I had to divert with my family on board." Pope was referring to a recent incident where landing planes had come in too fast and gone off

960-439: The term digital surface model represents the earth's surface and includes all objects on it. In contrast to a DSM, the digital terrain model (DTM) represents the bare ground surface without any objects like plants and buildings (see the figure on the right). DEM is often used as a generic term for DSMs and DTMs, only representing height information without any further definition about the surface. Other definitions equalise

992-622: The terms DEM and DTM, equalise the terms DEM and DSM, define the DEM as a subset of the DTM, which also represents other morphological elements, or define a DEM as a rectangular grid and a DTM as a three-dimensional model ( TIN ). Most of the data providers ( USGS , ERSDAC , CGIAR , Spot Image ) use the term DEM as a generic term for DSMs and DTMs. Some datasets such as SRTM or the ASTER GDEM are originally DSMs, although in forested areas, SRTM reaches into

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1024-432: The tree canopy giving readings somewhere between a DSM and a DTM). DTMs are created from high resolution DSM datasets using complex algorithms to filter out buildings and other objects, a process known as "bare-earth extraction". In the following, the term DEM is used as a generic term for DSMs and DTMs. A DEM can be represented as a raster (a grid of squares, also known as a heightmap when representing elevation) or as

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