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76-602: Aegialornis gallicus ( type ) Aegialornis leenhardti (disputed) Aegialornis wetmorei Aegialornis broweri (disputed) Aegialornis germanicus (disputed) Aegialornis is a genus of prehistoric apodiform birds . It formed a distinct family , the Aegialornithidae , and was in some ways intermediate between modern swifts and owlet-nightjars , lacking the more extreme adaptations to an aerial lifestyle that swifts show today, but already having sickle-shaped wings like them. They do not appear to be

152-447: A museum or herbarium research collection, but failing that, an image of an individual of that taxon has sometimes been designated as a type. Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of scientific nomenclature and alpha taxonomy . When identifying material, a scientist attempts to apply a taxon name to a specimen or group of specimens based on their understanding of the relevant taxa, based on (at least) having read

228-416: A "complex web of resemblances" than a neat hierarchy. Likewise, a recent study has suggested that some folk taxonomies display more than six ethnobiological categories. Others go further and even doubt the reality of such categories, especially those above the generic name level. A name is a label for any noun: names can identify a class or category of things; or a single thing, either uniquely or within

304-519: A Renaissance codification of folk taxonomic principles . " Formal systems of scientific nomenclature and classification are exemplified by biological classification . All classification systems are established for a purpose. The scientific classification system anchors each organism within the nested hierarchy of internationally accepted classification categories. Maintenance of this system involves formal rules of nomenclature and periodic international meetings of review. This modern system evolved from

380-407: A clonotype. In zoological nomenclature , the type of a species or subspecies is a specimen or series of specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of

456-414: A diagnosis (typically, a discussion of similarities to and differences from closely related species), and an indication of where the type specimen or specimens are deposited for examination. The geographical location where a type specimen was originally found is known as its type locality . In the case of parasites, the term type host (or symbiotype) is used to indicate the host organism from which

532-563: A direct ancestor of modern swifts, however, but rather a group that retained an overall basal morphology. Altogether, they were not too dissimilar from modern treeswifts . Fossils of Aegialornis have been found in Middle to Late Eocene deposits of Germany and France. An Early Eocene record from the Nanjemoy Formation of Virginia , United States ( USNM 496384) is very doubtful, as apodiform birds seem not to have occurred there until after

608-454: A family or surname like Simpson and another adjectival Christian or forename name that specifies which Simpson, say Homer Simpson . It seems reasonable to assume that the form of scientific names we call binomial nomenclature is derived from this simple and practical way of constructing common names—but with the use of Latin as a universal language. In keeping with the utilitarian view other authors maintain that ethnotaxonomies resemble more

684-567: A given context . Names are given, for example, to humans or any other organisms , places , products —as in brand names—and even to ideas or concepts . It is names as nouns that are the building blocks of nomenclature. The word name is possibly derived from the Proto-Indo-European language hypothesised word nomn . The distinction between names and nouns, if made at all, is extremely subtle, although clearly noun refers to names as lexical categories and their function within

760-410: A lot of small plants), dead and kept safe, "curated", in a herbarium (or the equivalent for fungi). Examples of where an illustration may serve as a type include: A type does not determine the circumscription of the taxon. For example, the common dandelion is a controversial taxon: some botanists consider it to consist of over a hundred species, and others regard it as a single species. The type of

836-475: A new generic name; the old generic name passes into synonymy and is abandoned unless there is a pressing need to make an exception (decided case-by-case, via petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature). A type genus is a genus from which the name of a family or subfamily is formed. As with type species, the type genus is not necessarily the most representative but is usually

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912-535: A part of it that has been stolen, or improperly relocated. Type illustrations have also been used by zoologists, as in the case of the Réunion parakeet , which is known only from historical illustrations and descriptions. Recently, some species have been described where the type specimen was released alive back into the wild, such as the Bulo Burti boubou (a bushshrike ), described as Laniarius liberatus , in which

988-403: A particular organism matches a taxon that has already been classified and named – so classification must precede identification. This procedure is sometimes referred to as determination . Although Linnaeus ' system of binomial nomenclature was rapidly adopted after the publication of his Species Plantarum and Systema Naturae in 1753 and 1758 respectively, it was a long time before there

1064-403: A passing remark on Linnaeus's contributions, "Linnaeus himself, must stand as the type of his Homo sapiens. He justified his choice by noting that the specimen that Linnaeus, who wrote his own autobiography five times, had most studied was probably himself. This sufficiently and correctly designated Linnaeus to be the lectotype for Homo sapiens . It has also been suggested that Edward Cope

1140-542: A precise set of rules laid down in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), the scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on one particular specimen , or in some cases specimens. Types are of great significance to biologists, especially to taxonomists . Types are usually physical specimens that are kept in

1216-453: A single type specimen, a holotype, was often not designated. Also, types were not always carefully preserved, and intervening events such as wars and fires have resulted in the destruction of the original type material. The validity of a species name often rests upon the availability of original type specimens; or, if the type cannot be found, or one has never existed, upon the clarity of the description. The ICZN has existed only since 1961 when

1292-405: A type specimen and publishes a new name and an official description. Depending on the nomenclature code applied to the organism in question, a type can be a specimen, a culture, an illustration , or (under the bacteriological code) a description. Some codes consider a subordinate taxon to be the type, but under the botanical code, the type is always a specimen or illustration. For example, in

1368-442: A type was a taxon rather than a specimen. A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a set that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a species description ) and on the provision of type material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution. According to

1444-443: Is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen for species originally described from a set of syntypes . In zoology, a lectotype is a kind of name-bearing type . When a species was originally described on the basis of a name-bearing type consisting of multiple specimens, one of those may be designated as the lectotype. Having a single name-bearing type reduces the potential for confusion, especially considering that it

1520-456: Is any additional specimen from among a set of syntypes after a lectotype has been designated from among them. These are not name-bearing types. A special case in Protistans where the type consists of two or more specimens of "directly related individuals" within a preparation medium such as a blood smear. The terms parahapantotype and lectohapantotype refer to type preparations additional to

1596-425: Is clearly designated in the original description, this specimen is known as the holotype of that species. The holotype is typically placed in a major museum, or similar well-known public collection, so that it is freely available for later examination by other biologists. When the original description designated a holotype, there may be additional specimens that the author designates as additional representatives of

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1672-518: Is defined by the way in which members of a language community name and categorize plants and animals whereas ethnotaxonomy refers to the hierarchical structure, organic content, and cultural function of biological classification that ethnobiologists find in every society around the world. Ethnographic studies of the naming and classification of animals and plants in non-Western societies have revealed some general principles that suggest pre-scientific man's conceptual and linguistic method of organising

1748-425: Is not always the case and due to changes in systematics cannot be. Hence, the term name-bearing type or onomatophore is sometimes used, to denote the fact that biological types do not define "typical" individuals or taxa , but rather fix a scientific name to a specific operational taxonomic unit . Type specimens are theoretically even allowed to be aberrant or deformed individuals or color variations, though this

1824-454: Is not uncommon for a series of syntypes to contain specimens of more than one species. Formally, Carl Linnaeus is the lectotype for Homo sapiens , designated in 1959. He published the first book considered to be part of taxonomical nomenclature, the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, which included the first description of Homo sapiens and determined all valid syntypes for the species. Crucially, in 1959, Professor William Stearne wrote in

1900-584: Is now placed in Scaniacypselus . Which genera apart from the present one should be included in the Aegialornithidae is not quite certain. Primapus belongs either here or is a basal true swift, and Cypselavus is either an aegialornithid or a treeswift. The latter group is sometimes controversially included in the Aegialornithidae, as are the Jungornithidae , another prehistoric apodiform family that

1976-411: Is one of many species that are based on illustrations by Albertus Seba (1734). An ergatotype is a specimen selected to represent a worker member in hymenopterans which have polymorphic castes. A hypotype is a specimen whose details have previously been published that is used in a supplementary figure or description of the species. The term " kleptotype " informally refers to a type specimen or

2052-459: Is rarely chosen to be the case, as it makes it hard to determine to which population the individual belonged. The usage of the term type is somewhat complicated by slightly different uses in botany and zoology . In the PhyloCode , type-based definitions are replaced by phylogenetic definitions . In some older taxonomic works the word "type" has sometimes been used differently. The meaning

2128-511: Is referred to as the given name , the forename , the baptismal name (if given then), or simply the first name . In England prior to the Norman invasion of 1066, small communities of Celts , Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians generally used single names: each person was identified by a single name as either a personal name or nickname . As the population increased, it gradually became necessary to identify people further—giving rise to names like John

2204-414: Is that proper names denote a unique entity e.g. London Bridge , while common names are used in a more general sense in reference to a class of objects e.g. bridge . Many proper names are obscure in meaning as they lack any apparent meaning in the way that ordinary words mean, probably for the practical reason that when they consist of Collective nouns , they refer to groups, even when they are inflected for

2280-485: Is the lectotype for Homo sapiens , based on the 1994 reporting by Louie Psihoyos of an unpublished proposal by Bob Bakker to do so. However, this designation is invalid both because Edward Cope was not one of the specimens described in Systema Naturae 10th Ed., and therefore not being a syntype is not eligible, and because Stearne's designation in 1959 has seniority and invalidates future designations. A paralectotype

2356-457: Is the ordering of taxa (the objects of classification) into groups based on similarities or differences. Doing taxonomy entails identifying, describing, and naming taxa; therefore, in the scientific sense, nomenclature is the branch of taxonomy concerned with the application of scientific names to taxa , based on a particular classification scheme, in accordance with agreed international rules and conventions. Identification determines whether

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2432-538: The singular e.g. "committee". Concrete nouns like "cabbage" refer to physical bodies that can be observed by at least one of the senses while abstract nouns , like "love" and "hate" refer to abstract objects. In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding noun-forming suffixes ('-ness', '-ity', '-tion') to adjectives or verbs e.g. "happiness", "serenity", "concentration." Pronouns like "he", "it", "which", and "those" stand in place of nouns in noun phrases . The capitalization of nouns varies with language and even

2508-441: The 1947 Partition of India . In contrast, mutually unintelligible dialects that differ considerably in structure, such as Moroccan Arabic , Yemeni Arabic , and Lebanese Arabic , are considered to be the same language due to the pan-Islamism religious identity . Names provide us with a way of structuring and mapping the world in our minds so, in some way, they mirror or represent the objects of our experience. Elucidating

2584-751: The Eocene. This bone might more properly belong to the Parvicuculidae . The taxonomy of the species is quite convoluted, with both the smaller A. germanicus and the larger A. leenhardti being sometimes considered junior synonyms of A. gallicus , which in turn is sometimes erroneously assumed to be identical to Cypselavus gallicus . Similarly, A. broweri is occasionally considered to be based on small individuals of A. wetmorei , and these latter two taxa were recently separated as genus Mesogiornis (Mlíkovský, 2002); this does not appear to have found general acceptance however. The presumed species Aegialornis szarskii

2660-477: The biological world in a hierarchical way. Such studies indicate that the urge to classify is a basic human instinct. The levels, moving from the most to least inclusive, are: In almost all cultures objects are named using one or two words equivalent to 'kind' ( genus ) and 'particular kind' ( species ). When made up of two words (a binomial ) the name usually consists of a noun (like salt , dog or star ) and an adjectival second word that helps describe

2736-461: The butcher, Henry from Sutton, and Roger son of Richard...which naturally evolved into John Butcher, Henry Sutton, and Roger Richardson. We now know this additional name variously as the second name , last name , family name , surname or occasionally the byname , and this natural tendency was accelerated by the Norman tradition of using surnames that were fixed and hereditary within individual families. In combination these two names are now known as

2812-450: The connections between language (especially names and nouns), meaning, and the way we perceive the world has provided a rich field of study for philosophers and linguists . Relevant areas of study include: the distinction between proper names and proper nouns ; as well as the relationship between names, their referents , meanings ( semantics ), and the structure of language . Modern scientific taxonomy has been described as "basically

2888-416: The context of language, rather that as "labels" for objects and properties. Human personal names , also referred to as prosoponyms , are presented, used and categorised in many ways depending on the language and culture. In most cultures (Indonesia is one exception) it is customary for individuals to be given at least two names. In Western culture, the first name is given at birth or shortly thereafter and

2964-420: The earliest described, largest or best-known genus. It is not uncommon for the name of a family to be based upon the name of a type genus that has passed into synonymy; the family name does not need to be changed in such a situation. Scientific nomenclature Naming "things" is a part of general human communication using words and language : it is an aspect of everyday taxonomy as people distinguish

3040-467: The essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs, but this is subjective and, ultimately, technically irrelevant, as it is not a requirement of the Code. If the type species proves, upon closer examination, to belong to a pre-existing genus (a common occurrence), then all of the constituent species must be either moved into the pre-existing genus or disassociated from the original type species and given

3116-496: The etymology of toponyms has found that many place names are descriptive, honorific or commemorative but frequently they have no meaning, or the meaning is obscure or lost. Also, the many categories of names are frequently interrelated. For example, many place-names are derived from personal names (Victoria), many names of planets and stars are derived from the names of mythological characters ( Venus , Neptune ), and many personal names are derived from place-names, names of nations and

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3192-432: The first edition of the Code was published. The ICZN does not always demand a type specimen for the historical validity of a species, and many "type-less" species do exist. The current edition of the Code, Article 75.3, prohibits the designation of a neotype unless there is "an exceptional need" for "clarifying the taxonomic status" of a species (Article 75.2). There are many other permutations and variations on terms using

3268-527: The first, and therefore makes the name, as a whole, more "specific", for example, lap dog , sea salt , or film star . The meaning of the noun used for a common name may have been lost or forgotten ( whelk , elm , lion , shark , pig ) but when the common name is extended to two or more words much more is conveyed about the organism's use, appearance or other special properties ( sting ray , poison apple , giant stinking hogweed , hammerhead shark ). These noun-adjective binomials are just like our own names with

3344-500: The folk taxonomy of prehistory. Folk taxonomy can be illustrated through the Western tradition of horticulture and gardening . Unlike scientific taxonomy, folk taxonomies serve many purposes. Examples in horticulture would be the grouping of plants, and naming of these groups, according to their properties and uses: Folk Taxonomy is generally associated with the way rural or indigenous peoples use language to make sense of and organise

3420-469: The hapantotype and designated by the describing author. As with other type designations the use of the prefix "Neo-", such as Neohapantotype , is employed when a replacement for the original hapantotype is designated, or when an original description did not include a designated type specimen. An illustration on which a new species or subspecies was based. For instance, the Burmese python, Python bivittatus ,

3496-494: The like (Wood, Bridge). In a strictly scientific sense, nomenclature is regarded as a part of taxonomy (though distinct from it). Moreover, the precision demanded by science in the accurate naming of objects in the natural world has resulted in a variety of codes of nomenclature (worldwide-accepted sets of rules on biological classification ). Taxonomy can be defined as the study of classification including its principles, procedures and rules, while classification itself

3572-685: The most interesting objects and, where relevant, naming important or interesting features of those objects. The IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and for describing the science of chemistry in general. It is maintained by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . Similar compendia exist for biochemistry (in association with the IUBMB ), analytical chemistry and macromolecular chemistry . These books are supplemented by shorter recommendations for specific circumstances which are published from time to time in

3648-408: The name Taraxacum officinale is the same whether the circumscription of the species includes all those small species ( Taraxacum officinale is a "big" species) or whether the circumscription is limited to only one small species among the other hundred ( Taraxacum officinale is a "small" species). The name Taraxacum officinale is the same and the type of the name is the same, but the extent to which

3724-517: The name actually applies varies greatly. Setting the circumscription of a taxon is done by a taxonomist in a publication. Miscellaneous notes: The ICN provides a listing of the various kinds of types (article 9 and the Glossary), the most important of which is the holotype. These are The word "type" appears in botanical literature as a part of some older terms that have no status under the ICN : for example

3800-474: The name of a nominal taxon can be determined." Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description, nonetheless, under the formal rules for naming species (the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature), a single type must be designated, as part of the published description. A type description must include

3876-507: The natural world has generated many formal nomenclatural systems. Probably the best known of these nomenclatural systems are the five codes of biological nomenclature that govern the Latinized scientific names of organisms . The word nomenclature is derived from the Latin nomen (' name '), and calare ('to call'). The Latin term nomenclatura refers to a list of names, as does

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3952-407: The objects around them. Ethnobiology frames this interpretation through either " utilitarianists " like Bronislaw Malinowski who maintain that names and classifications reflect mainly material concerns, and "intellectualists" like Claude Lévi-Strauss who hold that they spring from innate mental processes. The literature of ethnobiological classifications was reviewed in 2006. Folk classification

4028-428: The objects of their experience, together with their similarities and differences, which observers identify , name and classify . The use of names, as the many different kinds of nouns embedded in different languages, connects nomenclature to theoretical linguistics , while the way humans mentally structure the world in relation to word meanings and experience relates to the philosophy of language . Onomastics ,

4104-535: The original author never cited a specimen. A syntype is any one of two or more specimens that is listed in a species description where no holotype was designated; historically, syntypes were often explicitly designated as such, and under the present ICZN this is a requirement, but modern attempts to publish species description based on syntypes are generally frowned upon by practicing taxonomists, and most are gradually being replaced by lectotypes. Those that still exist are still considered name-bearing types. A lectotype

4180-400: The other hand significantly different things might be considered the same. For example, Hindi and Urdu are both closely related, mutually intelligible Hindustani languages (one being sanskritised and the other arabised ). However, they are favored as separate languages by Hindus and Muslims respectively, as seen in the context of Hindu-Muslim conflict resulting in the violence of

4256-765: The particular context: journals often have their own house styles for common names. Distinctions may be made between particular kinds of names simply by using the suffix -onym , from the Greek ónoma (ὄνομα, 'name'). So we have, for example, hydronyms name bodies of water, synonyms are names with the same meaning, and so on. The entire field could be described as chrematonymy—the names of things. Toponyms are proper names given to various geographical features (geonyms), and also to cosmic features (cosmonyms). This could include names of mountains, rivers, seas, villages, towns, cities, countries, planets, stars etc. Toponymy can be further divided into specialist branches, like: choronymy ,

4332-458: The patronym (a name derived from the given name of the father) between the given and the family name; in Iceland the given name is used with the patronym, or matronym (a name derived from the given name of the mother), and surnames are rarely used. Nicknames (sometimes called hypocoristic names) are informal names used mostly between friends. The distinction between proper names and common names

4408-419: The personal name or, simply, the name. There are many exceptions to this general rule: Westerners often insert a third or more names between the given and surnames; Chinese and Hungarian names have the family name preceding the given name; females now often retain their maiden names (their family surname) or combine, using a hyphen, their maiden name and the surname of their husband; some East Slavic nations insert

4484-536: The research collection of the Natural History Museum in London, there is a bird specimen numbered 1886.6.24.20. This is a specimen of a kind of bird commonly known as the spotted harrier , which currently bears the scientific name Circus assimilis . This particular specimen is the holotype for that species; the name Circus assimilis refers, by definition, to the species of that particular specimen. That species

4560-504: The same species, termed paratypes. These are not name-bearing types . An allotype is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype, designated from among paratypes. The word was also formerly used for a specimen that shows features not seen in the holotype of a fossil. The term is not regulated by the ICZN . A neotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen when an original holotype has been lost or destroyed or where

4636-406: The section ... After studying the diverse forms, I came to consider them as belonging to the one and the same specific type. In botanical nomenclature , a type ( typus , nomenclatural type ), "is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached." (article 7.2) In botany, a type is either a specimen or an illustration. A specimen is a real plant (or one or more parts of a plant or

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4712-405: The species description included DNA sequences from blood and feather samples. Assuming there is no future question as to the status of such a species, the absence of a type specimen does not invalidate the name, but it may be necessary for the future to designate a neotype for such a taxon, should any questions arise. However, in the case of the bushshrike, ornithologists have argued that the specimen

4788-420: The study of proper names and their origins, includes: anthroponymy (concerned with human names, including personal names , surnames and nicknames ); toponymy (the study of place names); and etymology (the derivation, history and use of names) as revealed through comparative and descriptive linguistics . The scientific need for simple, stable and internationally accepted systems for naming objects of

4864-442: The study of proper names of regions and countries; econymy , the study of proper names of villages, towns and citties; hodonymy , the study of proper names of streets and roads; hydronymy , the study of proper names of water bodies; oronymy , the study of proper names of mountains and hills, etc. Toponymy has popular appeal because of its socio-cultural and historical interest and significance for cartography . However, work on

4940-414: The suffix "-type" (e.g., allotype , cotype, topotype , generitype , isotype , isoneotype, isolectotype, etc.) but these are not formally regulated by the Code, and a great many are obsolete and/or idiosyncratic. However, some of these categories can potentially apply to genuine type specimens, such as a neotype; e.g., isotypic/topotypic specimens are preferred to other specimens, when they are available at

5016-415: The time a neotype is chosen (because they are from the same time and/or place as the original type). A topotype is a specimen that was obtained from the same location that the original type specimen came from. The term fixation is used by the Code for the declaration of a name-bearing type, whether by original or subsequent designation. Each genus must have a designated type species (the term "genotype"

5092-424: The type description(s), preferably also based on an examination of all the type material of all of the relevant taxa. If there is more than one named type that all appear to be the same taxon, then the oldest name takes precedence and is considered to be the correct name of the material in hand. If on the other hand, the taxon appears never to have been named at all, then the scientist or another qualified expert picks

5168-406: The type specimen was obtained. Zoological collections are maintained by universities and museums. Ensuring that types are kept in good condition and made available for examination by taxonomists are two important functions of such collections. And, while there is only one holotype designated, there can be other "type" specimens, the following of which are formally defined: When a single specimen

5244-454: The use of nomenclature in an academic sense is also not commonly known. Although the two fields integrate, nomenclature concerns itself more with the rules and conventions that are used for the formation of names. Due to social, political, religious, and cultural motivations, things that are the same may be given different names, while different things may be given the same name; closely related similar things may be considered separate, while on

5320-402: The word nomenclator , which can also indicate a provider or announcer of names. The study of proper names is known as onomastics , which has a wide-ranging scope that encompasses all names, languages, and geographical regions, as well as cultural areas . The distinction between onomastics and nomenclature is not readily clear: onomastics is an unfamiliar discipline to most people, and

5396-493: Was a rare and hitherto unknown color morph of a long-known species, using only the available blood and feather samples. While there is still some debate on the need to deposit actual killed individuals as type specimens, it can be observed that given proper vouchering and storage, tissue samples can be just as valuable should dispute about the validity of a species arise. The various types listed above are necessary because many species were described one or two centuries ago, when

5472-601: Was international consensus concerning the more general rules governing biological nomenclature . The first botanical code was produced in 1905, the zoological code in 1889 and cultivated plant code in 1953. Agreement on the nomenclature and symbols for genes emerged in 1979. Over the last few hundred years, the number of identified astronomical objects has risen from hundreds to over a billion, and more are discovered every year. Astronomers need universal systematic designations to unambiguously identify all of these objects using astronomical naming conventions , while assigning names to

5548-418: Was named and described by Jardine and Selby in 1828, and the holotype was placed in the museum collection so that other scientists might refer to it as necessary. At least for type specimens there is no requirement for a "typical" individual to be used. Genera and families , particularly those established by early taxonomists, tend to be named after species that are more "typical" for them, but here too this

5624-420: Was once used for this but has been abandoned because the word has become much better known as the term for a different concept in genetics ). The description of a genus is usually based primarily on its type species, modified and expanded by the features of other included species. The generic name is permanently associated with the name-bearing type of its type species. Ideally, a type species best exemplifies

5700-453: Was similar in the first Laws of Botanical Nomenclature , but has a meaning closer to the term taxon in some other works: Ce seul caractère permet de distinguer ce type de toutes les autres espèces de la section. ... Après avoir étudié ces diverses formes, j'en arrivai à les considérer comme appartenant à un seul et même type spécifique. Translation: This single character permits [one to] distinguish this type from all other species of

5776-448: Was somewhat intermediate between treeswifts and hummingbirds. [REDACTED] Type (zoology) In biology , a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular taxon . In older usage (pre-1900 in botany),

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