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101-644: The following is a list of colleges, seminaries and universities owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church (with exceptions noted). Divisions Not Church owned, but closely aligned with the Seventh-day Adventist Church: Not Church-owned, but closely aligned with the Seventh-day Adventist Church: Much of this information (particularly the location information) was taken from sites of

202-622: A " Blue Zone " of longevity, and attributes that to the large concentration of Seventh-day Adventists and their health practices. The 96,000 adults who participated in the Adventist Health Studies-2 from 2001 to 2007 were 30 to 112 years old, and lived in Canada and the United States . The study revealed 8% were vegans , 28% were ovo / lacto - vegetarians , 10% were pesco-vegetarians , 6% semi-vegetarian and 48% non-vegetarian. 98.9% of

303-642: A "primitive" form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the American Revolution . This desire to restore a purer form of Christianity without an elaborate hierarchy contributed to the development of many groups during the Second Great Awakening, including the Latter Day Saints and Shakers . Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period: The Restoration Movement began during, and

404-501: A communal reaction to economic insecurity, or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule. Husbands, especially in the South, sometimes disapproved of their wives' conversion, forcing women to choose between submission to God or their spouses. Church membership and religious activity gave women peer support and place for meaningful activity outside the home, providing many women with communal identity and shared experiences. Despite

505-525: A majority of North American church youth reject some of these standards. On June 29, 2000, the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists adopted a resolution on gambling . The church encourages its members not to gamble and it will not accept funding from it. Missionary work with children and youth begins with the Adventurer club. The Adventurer curriculum is for children aged between 4–9 and it

606-468: A number of the early Adventist leaders came from churches that held to some form of Arianism (Ellen G. White was not one of them). This, along with some of the movement's other theological views, led conservative evangelical Protestants to regard it as a cult . According to Adventist scholars, the teachings and writings of White ultimately proved influential in shifting the church from largely semi- Arian roots towards Trinitarianism . Adventists, for

707-523: A part of God's plan. As a result, local churches saw their roles in society in purifying the world through the individuals to whom they could bring salvation, and through changes in the law and the creation of institutions. Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action, as temperance activists, antislavery advocates, and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics. While Protestant religion had previously played an important role on

808-669: A particularly central role; her many visions and spiritual leadership convinced her fellow Adventists that she possessed the gift of prophecy . On May 21, 1863, the Seventh-day Adventist Church was officially founded in Battle Creek, Michigan . The denominational headquarters were later moved from Battle Creek to Takoma Park, Maryland , where they remained until 1989. The General Conference headquarters then moved to its current location in Silver Spring, Maryland . In

909-598: A period of antebellum social reform and an emphasis on salvation by institutions. The outpouring of religious fervor and revival began in Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1790s and early 1800s among the Presbyterians , Methodists , and Baptists . New religious movements emerged during the Second Great Awakening, such as Adventism , Dispensationalism , and the Latter Day Saint movement . The Second Great Awakening also led to

1010-536: A personal relationship with Christ. The Methodist circuit riders and local Baptist preachers made enormous gains in increasing church membership. To a lesser extent the Presbyterians also gained members, particularly with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in sparsely settled areas. As a result, the numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in

1111-545: A small, loosely knit group of people who came from many churches and whose primary means of connection and interaction was through James White's periodical The Advent Review and Sabbath Herald . They embraced the doctrines of the Sabbath, the heavenly sanctuary interpretation of Daniel 8:14, conditional immortality , and the expectation of Christ's premillennial return. Among its most prominent figures were Joseph Bates, James White , and Ellen G. White . Ellen White came to occupy

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1212-403: A variety of 19th century reform movements. Congregationalists set up missionary societies to evangelize the western territory of the northern tier. Members of these groups acted as apostles for the faith, and also as educators and exponents of northeastern urban culture. The Second Great Awakening served as an "organizing process" that created "a religious and educational infrastructure" across

1313-453: A white man present at their worship meetings. Women, who made up the majority of converts during the Awakening, played a crucial role in its development and focus. It is not clear why women converted in larger numbers than men. Various scholarly theories attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity, an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women,

1414-671: Is "one of the two institutions that, after the fall, Adam brought with him beyond the gates of Paradise." The Old and New Testament texts are interpreted by some Adventists to teach that wives should submit to their husbands in marriage. Adventists hold that heterosexual marriages are the only biblically ordained grounds for sexual intimacy . Adventists do not perform same-sex marriages , and individuals who are openly homosexual cannot be ordained, but may hold church office and membership if they are not actively pursuing same-sex relationships. Current church policy states that openly homosexual (and "practicing") persons are to be welcomed into

1515-565: Is a structured time of small-group bible study at church. Adventists make use of an officially produced "Sabbath School Lesson", which deals with a particular biblical text or doctrine every quarter. After a brief break, the community joins together again for a church service that follows a typical evangelical format, with a sermon as a central feature. Corporate singing, Scripture readings, prayers and an offering, including tithing (money collection), are other standard features. The instruments and forms of worship music vary greatly throughout

1616-432: Is divided into 6 classes which are little lamb, early bird, sunbeam, builder and helping hand. Each class builds on the previous class. The curriculum is structured in way that will interest, challenge, and provide successful experiences for children. The curriculum is divided into 5 sections which are, Basic, My God, Myself, My Friends and My World which help children to meet the objectives of the curriculum. The objectives of

1717-419: Is governed by a General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists , with smaller regions administered by divisions, unions, local conferences, and local missions. The Seventh-day Adventist Church is as of 2016 "one of the fastest-growing and most widespread churches worldwide", with a worldwide baptized membership of over 22 million people. As of May 2007 , it was the twelfth-largest Protestant religious body in

1818-495: Is usually when administrative decisions are made. The president of the General Conference, for instance, is elected at the General Conference Session every five years. Delegates to a session are appointed by organizations at a lower level. For example, each local church appoints delegates to a conference session. Tithes collected from church members are not used directly by the local churches, but are passed upwards to

1919-676: The First Great Awakening a half century earlier, the Second Great Awakening in North America reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the supernatural . It rejected the skepticism, deism , Unitarianism , and rationalism left over from the American Enlightenment , about the same time that similar movements flourished in Europe . Pietism was sweeping Germanic countries and evangelicalism

2020-679: The First Great Awakening , resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. " Black Harry " Hosier, an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits , proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown , Delaware , in 1784

2121-491: The General Conference in 1980, with an additional belief (number 11) being added in 2005. Almost all of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs are the same as other evangelical Protestant denominations. The Adventist beliefs that evangelicals consider heterodoxy is worshiping God on Saturday , the gift of prophecy by Ellen G. White and the sanctuary doctrine. The church believes God created Earth in six days and rested on

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2222-543: The Great Commission . The ordained clergy of the Adventist church are known as ministers or pastors . Ministers are neither elected nor employed by the local churches, but instead are appointed by the local Conferences, which assign them responsibility over a single church or group of churches. Ordination is a formal recognition bestowed upon pastors and elders after usually a number of years of service. In most parts of

2323-557: The Sabbath , its emphasis on the imminent Second Coming (advent) of Jesus Christ , and its annihilationist soteriology . The denomination grew out of the Millerite movement in the United States during the mid-19th century, and it was formally established in 1863. Among its co-founders was Ellen G. White , whose extensive writings are still held in high regard by the church. Much of

2424-704: The Scottish Presbyterians ' " Holy Fairs ", which were brought to America in the mid-eighteenth century from Ireland , Scotland , and Britain's border counties. Most of the Scotch-Irish immigrants before the American Revolutionary War settled in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and down the spine of the Appalachian Mountains in present-day Maryland and Virginia , where Presbyterian emigrants and Baptists held large outdoor gatherings in

2525-501: The Seventh-day Adventist Church , such as the site below. Seventh-day Adventist Church Divisions Christianity • Protestantism The Seventh-day Adventist Church ( SDA ) is an Adventist Protestant Christian denomination which is distinguished by its observance of Saturday , the seventh day of the week in the Christian (Gregorian) and the Hebrew calendar , as

2626-514: The Tidewater South, where an increasing number of common planters, plain folk , and slaves were converted. In the newly settled frontier regions, the revival was implemented through camp meetings. These often provided the first encounter for some settlers with organized religion, and they were important as social venues. The camp meeting was a religious service of several days' length with preachers. Settlers in thinly populated areas gathered at

2727-503: The U.S. military in 1954 when 2,200 Adventists volunteered to serve as human test subjects in Operation Whitecoat , a biodefense medical research program whose stated purpose was to defend troops and civilians against biological weapons . The Adventist definition of marriage is a lawfully binding lifelong commitment between a man and a woman. The Church Manual professes the belief that marriage originated as an institution from

2828-626: The investigative judgment will take place in heaven before Jesus returns to earth . The church believes in the Apocalypse of John which will bring on the Second Coming of Jesus. Part of Friday might be spent in preparation for the Sabbath; for example, preparing meals and tidying homes. Adventists may gather for Friday evening worship to welcome in the Sabbath, a practice often known as vespers . The major weekly worship service occurs on Saturday, typically commencing with Sabbath School which

2929-411: The "Master Guide" program (similar to Scout Master) which develops leaders for both Adventurers and Pathfinders. The Seventh-day Adventist church is governed by a form of representation which resembles the presbyterian system of church organization. Four levels of organization exist within the world church. Each organization is governed by a general "session" which occurs at certain intervals. This

3030-476: The 1820s, Western New York State experienced a series of popular religious revivals that would later earn this region the nickname "the burned-over district ," which implied the area was set ablaze with spiritual fervor. This term, however, was not used by contemporaries in the first half of the nineteenth century, as it originates from Charles Grandison Finney 's Autobiography of Charles G Finney (1876), in which he writes, "I found that region of country what, in

3131-489: The 1830s, female moral reform societies rapidly spread across the North making it the first predominantly female social movement. Through women's positions in these organizations, women gained influence outside of the private sphere . Changing demographics of gender also affected religious doctrine. In an effort to give sermons that would resonate with the congregation, ministers stressed Christ's humility and forgiveness, in what

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3232-421: The 1870s, the denomination turned to evangelism through missionary work and revivals, tripling its membership to 16,000 by 1880 and establishing a presence beyond North America during the late 19th century. The denomination's rapid growth continued, with 75,000 members in 1901. By that time, the denomination operated two colleges, a medical school, a dozen academies, 27 hospitals, and 13 publishing houses. By 1945,

3333-694: The Adventist Church had much to do with the common acceptance of breakfast cereals and meat alternatives into the Western diet. John Harvey Kellogg started the meat alternative movement by creating Protose at Battle Creek Sanitarium , which was later sold through mail order by Battle Creek Food Company. The Battle Creek Food Company mostly manufactured meat alternatives for the guests at Battle Creek Sanitarium. Will Keith Kellogg and John Harvey Kellogg invented corn flakes at Battle Creek Sanitarium, by putting stale wheat berry between rollers and baking it. It

3434-544: The Adventurer Curriculum are: to develop a Christ-like character; to experience the joy and satisfaction of doing things well; to express their love for Jesus in a natural way; to learn good sportsmanship and strengthen their ability to get along with others; to discover their God-given abilities and to learn how to use them to benefit self and serve others; to discover God's world; to improve their understanding of what makes families strong; to develop parental support for

3535-727: The Calvinists' belief in predestination as outlined in the Westminster Confession of Faith , which emphasized the inability of men to save themselves and decreed that the only way to be saved was by God's electing grace. Upon their return home, most converts joined or created small local churches, which grew rapidly. The Revival of 1800 in Logan County, Kentucky , began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion. The first informal camp meeting began in June, when people began camping on

3636-646: The Columbia Union Conference, which has its headquarters in Maryland voted 80 percent in favor of ordaining women. On August 19, 2012, the Pacific Union Conference, which has its headquarters in California voted 79 percent to 21 percent in favor of ordaining women. The world leaders of the church were disappointed with the actions of the two conferences and considered their actions not in harmony with

3737-472: The Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the Second Party System . More active participation in politics by more segments of the population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere. The spirit of evangelical humanitarian reforms was carried on in the antebellum Whig party. Historians stress the common understanding among participants of reform as being

3838-515: The Second Great Awakening were predominantly female. A 1932 source estimated at least three female converts to every two male converts between 1798 and 1826. Young people (those under 25) also converted in greater numbers, and were the first to convert. The Advent Movement emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in North America, and was preached by ministers such as William Miller , whose followers became known as Millerites . The name refers to belief in

3939-482: The Seventh-day Adventist Church prevented the ordination of women . They voted 1,173 against and 377 in favor. Those who supported ordaining women were from Europe and North America , while those from Africa , Asia and South America were strongly against. Five years later, it turned down a request by the North American Division that its local conferences be allowed to ordain women. On July 29, 2012,

4040-532: The Trinitarian creed, her writings reveal a growing awareness on the "mystery of the Godhead". After continued Bible study, and after a decades-long debate, the denomination eventually concluded that Scripture explicitly teaches the belief in the existence of a triune God, and it affirmed that biblical view in the non-credal 28 Fundamental Beliefs. However, mainstream scholars are still not convinced that Ellen White

4141-470: The United States and Canada. Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier. The Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers, known as circuit riders , who sought out people in remote frontier locations. The circuit riders came from among the common people, which helped them establish rapport with the frontier families they hoped to convert. Postmillennialist theology dominated American Protestantism in

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4242-688: The United States in 1816. Soon after, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Zion) was founded as another denomination in New York City. Early Baptist congregations were formed by slaves and free African Americans in South Carolina and Virginia. Especially in the Baptist Church, African Americans were welcomed as members and as preachers. By the early 19th century, independent African-American congregations numbered in

4343-400: The average Californian. The research concludes that Adventists live longer because they do not smoke or drink alcohol, have a day of rest every week, and maintain a healthy, low-fat vegetarian diet that is rich in nuts and beans. The cohesiveness of Adventists' social networks has also been put forward as an explanation for their extended lifespan. Dan Buettner named Loma Linda, California

4444-544: The ban say it is keeping them from functioning in this culture , while those who support the ban get their reason for opposing from the Bible . Adventists in North America, Europe and a few other areas have been ordaining women as pastors. Women are banned from leading local conferences, they also can not create or close churches. Ted N. C. Wilson , who was re-elected for a second five-year term as president, voted no, while former president Jan Paulsen voted yes. Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening led to

4545-470: The biblical story of Adam and Eve and that their union should be used as the pattern for all other marriages. Adventists hold that marriage is a divine institution established by God during the events of the Book of Genesis prior to the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden. They believe that God celebrated the union of Adam and Eve and that the concept of marriage was one of the first gifts of God to man, and that it

4646-425: The body, soul, and spirit form one inseparable entity. The church holds the belief that "God created the universe, and in a recent six-day creation made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day." Marriage is defined as a lifelong union between a man and a woman. The second coming of Christ and resurrection of the dead are among official beliefs. The world church

4747-438: The camp meeting for fellowship as well as worship. The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events. The revivals also followed an arc of great emotional power, with an emphasis on the individual's sins and need to turn to Christ, and a sense of restoring personal salvation. This differed from

4848-604: The church estimated that it had 210,000 members in the US and Canada, along with 360,000 members who lived in other parts of the world; the church's budget was $ 29 million and the number of students who were enrolled in the church's schools was 140,000. The church first published its beliefs and doctrines in Battle Creek, Michigan in 1872, as a brief statement which was titled "A Synopsis of Our Faith". The church experienced challenges as it formed its core beliefs and doctrines, especially as

4949-440: The church services and treated with the love and kindness afforded any human being. The Seventh-day Adventist Church opposes abortion , believing it can have long-term negative effects on both the individuals involved and society as a whole. In an official statement on the "Biblical View of Unborn Life", the church declared that an unborn child is considered by God to be a living individual. However, there are circumstances where

5050-521: The church. Yearly "Camporees" are held in individual Conferences, where Pathfinders from the region gather and participate in events similar to Boy Scouts' Jamborees. After a person enters 9th grade, they are eligible to join Teen Leadership Training within Pathfinders. In the 11th grade, typically after being a member of a club, they can become a Pathfinder or Adventurer staff member and begin

5151-595: The colonial period—the Anglicans , Presbyterians, Congregationalists . Among the new denominations that grew from the religious ferment of the Second Great Awakening are the Latter Day Saint movement , Restoration Movement , Jehovah's Witnesses , Churches of Christ , Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) , the Seventh-day Adventist Church , and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada . The converts during

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5252-448: The conversion and religious upbringing of children. During the period of revival, mothers were seen as the moral and spiritual foundation of the family, and were thus tasked with instructing children in matters of religion and ethics. The greatest change in women's roles stemmed from participation in newly formalized missionary and reform societies. Women's prayer groups were an early and socially acceptable form of women's organization. In

5353-545: The displaying of wedding bands, although banning wedding bands is not the position of the General Conference. In 1986, the North American Division permitted the wearing of wedding rings . Before that, it was a source of friction, since Adventists overseas have worn wedding rings for many decades. Conservative Adventists avoid certain recreational activities which are considered to be a negative spiritual influence, including dancing, rock music and secular theatre. However, major studies conducted from 1989 onwards found that

5454-593: The early camp meetings, but the Presbyterians eventually became less involved because of the noise and often raucous activities that occurred during the protracted sessions. As a result of the Revival of 1800, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was founded in 1810 near Dickson, Tennessee by the Revs: Samuel McAdow, Finis Ewing, and Samuel King and became a strong supporter of the revivalist movement. Cane Ridge

5555-454: The evangelical converts of the New York frontier. There were also societies that broadened their focus from traditional religious concerns to larger societal ones. These organizations were primarily sponsored by affluent women. They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening, but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated

5656-543: The evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells. Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the Social Gospel of the late 19th century. Converts were taught that to achieve salvation they needed not just to repent personal sin but also work for the moral perfection of society, which meant eradicating sin in all its forms. Thus, evangelical converts were leading figures in

5757-459: The first half of the 19th century. Postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the " Millennium ", which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative "long period" of peace and happiness. Christians thus had a duty to purify society in preparation for that return. This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism . George Fredrickson argues that Postmillennial theology "was an impetus to

5858-418: The form of more secular movements. In the midst of shifts in theology and church polity , American Christians began progressive movements to reform society during this period. Known commonly as antebellum reform , this phenomenon included reforms against the consumption of alcohol , for women's rights and abolition of slavery , and a multitude of other issues faced by society. The religious enthusiasm of

5959-470: The founding of several well-known colleges, seminaries, and mission societies. Historians named the Second Great Awakening in the context of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1750s and of the Third Great Awakening of the late 1850s to early 1900s. The First Awakening was part of a much larger evangelical religious movement that was sweeping across England, Scotland, and Germany. Like

6060-702: The grounds of the Red River Meeting House . Subsequent meetings followed at the nearby Gasper River and Muddy River congregations. All three of these congregations were under the ministry of Presbyterian Reverend James McGready. A year later, in August 1801, an even larger sacrament occasion that is generally considered to be America's first camp meeting was held at Cane Ridge in Bourbon County, Kentucky , under Barton W. Stone (1772–1844) with numerous Presbyterian , Baptist, and Methodist ministers participating in

6161-467: The highest standards of Christian taste and beauty. While recognizing cultural differences, our dress is to be simple, modest, and neat, befitting those whose true beauty does not consist of outward adornment but in the imperishable ornament of a gentle and quiet spirit. Accordingly, Adventists are opposed to practices such as body piercing and tattoos and refrain from the wearing of jewelry, including such items as earrings and bracelets. Some also oppose

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6262-416: The historian Barbara Welter calls a "feminization" of Christianity. Revivals and perfectionist hopes of improving individuals and society continued to increase from 1840 to 1865 across all major denominations, especially in urban areas. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements. The influence of the Awakening continued in

6363-405: The local conferences which then distribute the finances toward various ministry needs. Employees are compensated "on the basis of the church remuneration policy and practice in effect in the location or country in which they reside". The Church Manual gives provisions for each level of government to create educational, healthcare, publishing, and other institutions that are seen within the call of

6464-644: The most part, credit her with bringing the Seventh-day Adventist church into a more comprehensive awareness of the Godhead during the 1890s. The Adventist Church adopted Trinitarian theology early in the 20th century and began to dialogue with other Protestant groups toward the middle of the century, eventually gaining wide recognition as a Protestant church. Christianity Today recognized the Seventh-day Adventist church as "the fifth-largest Christian communion worldwide" in its January 22, 2015 issue. Although her husband claimed that her visions did not support

6565-774: The mother's life is at risk and Seventh-day Adventist hospitals will perform emergency abortions. Adventists encourage sexual abstinence for both men and women before marriage. The church disapproves of extra-marital cohabitation . Adventists oppose homosexual activities and relationships, citing the belief that scripture makes no accommodation for homosexuality. The Adventist church has released official statements in relation to other ethical issues such as euthanasia (against active euthanasia but permissive of passive withdrawal of medical support to allow death to occur), birth control (in favor of it for married couples if used correctly, but against abortion as birth control and premarital sex in any case) and human cloning (against it if

6666-849: The ordinance on each other and families are often encouraged to participate together. After its completion, participants return to the main sanctuary for consumption of the Lord's Supper , which consists of unleavened bread and unfermented grape juice. Since the Seventh-day Adventist Church began in the 1860s, it has advocated its members to eat a vegetarian diet, particularly the consumption of kosher foods described in Leviticus 11 , meaning abstinence from pork , rabbit , shellfish , and other animals proscribed as " unclean ". The church discourages its members from consuming alcoholic beverages , tobacco and illegal drugs . In addition, some Adventists avoid processed foods and caffeine . The pioneers of

6767-618: The other black attendee, was ordained by the Methodists in 1799, but his congregation of free African Americans in Philadelphia left the church there because of its discrimination. They founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in Philadelphia. After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops, several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African-American denomination in

6868-504: The participants were non-smokers and 93.4% abstained from drinking alcohol . Those who were vegetarian had a much lower risk of obesity , hypertension , and hyperglycemia . Adventists who were vegetarian had a lower risk of breast cancer , colorectal cancer , coronary heart disease , lung cancer and prostate cancer , compared to non-vegetarians. Those who were vegan had a lower body mass index , compared to vegetarians and meat eaters. Adventists' clean lifestyles were recognized by

6969-499: The predominance of women in the movement, they were not formally indoctrinated or given leading ministerial positions. However, women took other public roles; for example, relaying testimonials about their conversion experience, or assisting sinners (both male and female) through the conversion process. Leaders such as Charles Finney saw women's public prayer as a crucial aspect in preparing a community for revival and improving their efficacy in conversion. Women also took crucial roles in

7070-490: The proceeds of which contribute to the church's charitable and religious activities. The Seventh-day Adventist Church is the largest of several Adventist groups which arose from the Millerite movement of the 1840s in upstate New York , a phase of the Second Great Awakening . William Miller predicted on the basis of Daniel 8:14–16 and the " day-year principle " that Jesus Christ would return to Earth between

7171-466: The promotion of Progressive reforms, as historians have frequently pointed out." During the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s, some diviners expected the Millennium to arrive in a few years. By the late 1840s, however, the great day had receded to the distant future, and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider middle-class pursuit of reform and progress. Beginning in

7272-523: The religious and social life of the entire nation. On the American frontier , evangelical denominations, especially Methodists and Baptists , sent missionary preachers and exhorters to meet the people in the backcountry in an effort to support the growth of church membership and the formation of new congregations. Another key component of the revivalists' techniques was the camp meeting . These outdoor religious gatherings originated from field meetings and

7373-456: The rights to manufacture and market Battle Creek Foods Company products after John Harvey Kellogg died. In 1975, it released its frozen soy-based meatless foods nationwide. In both Australia and New Zealand, Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company owned by the church manufactures such brands as So Good , Up & Go and Weet-Bix . The Adventist Health Studies indicate that the average Adventist in California lives 4 to 10 years longer than

7474-539: The role of women's social benevolence work. Social activism influenced abolition groups and supporters of the Temperance movement . They began efforts to reform prisons and care for the handicapped and mentally ill. They believed in the perfectibility of people and were highly moralistic in their endeavors. Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with

7575-435: The services. The six-day gathering attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people, although the exact number of attendees was not formally recorded. Due to the efforts of such leaders as Stone and Alexander Campbell (1788–1866), the camp meeting revival spread religious enthusiasm and became a major mode of church expansion, especially for the Methodists and Baptists. Presbyterians and Methodists initially worked together to host

7676-472: The seventh day, Saturday. The Seventh-day Adventist Church believes in baptizing new members by immersion . It believes the Bible to be the most important book . They believe when humans die, that they remain asleep until they are brought back to life . Eternal life is given to people who accept Jesus as their Savior . The church believes that one receives salvation through only Jesus. It believes that

7777-464: The several hundreds in some cities of the South, such as Charleston, South Carolina , and Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia . With the growth in congregations and churches, Baptist associations formed in Virginia, for instance, as well as Kentucky and other states. The revival also inspired slaves to demand freedom. In 1800, out of African-American revival meetings in Virginia, a plan for slave rebellion

7878-591: The soon Second Advent of Jesus (popularly known as the Second coming ) and resulted in several major religious denominations, including Seventh-day Adventists , Advent Christians , and Jehovah's Witnesses . Though its roots are in the First Great Awakening and earlier, a re-emphasis on Wesleyan teachings on sanctification emerged during the Second Great Awakening, leading to a distinction between Mainline Methodism and Holiness churches. The idea of restoring

7979-411: The spring of 1843 and the spring of 1844. In the summer of 1844, Millerites came to believe that Jesus would return on October 22, 1844, understood to be the biblical Day of Atonement for that year. Miller's failed prediction became known as the " Great Disappointment ". Hiram Edson and other Millerites came to believe that Miller's calculations were correct, but that his interpretation of Daniel 8:14

8080-524: The technology could result in defective births or abortions). Adventists have traditionally held socially conservative attitudes regarding dress and entertainment. These attitudes are reflected in one of the church's fundamental beliefs: For the Spirit to recreate in us the character of our Lord we involve ourselves only in those things which will produce Christlike purity, health, and joy in our lives. This means that our amusement and entertainment should meet

8181-508: The theology of the Seventh-day Adventist Church corresponds to common evangelical Christian teachings, such as the Trinity and the infallibility of Scripture . Distinctive eschatological teachings include the unconscious state of the dead and the doctrine of an investigative judgment . The church emphasizes diet and health, including adhering to Jewish dietary law , advocating vegetarianism , and its holistic view of human nature—i.e., that

8282-549: The training of children. The club engages in witnessing, community work so as to share the love of Jesus. Pathfinders is a club for 5th to 10th grade (up to 12th in the Florida Conference) boys and girls. It is similar to and based partly on the Scouting movement. Pathfinders exposes young people to such activities as camping, community service, personal mentorship, and skills-based education, and trains them for leadership in

8383-433: The universe. This group of Adventists continued to believe that Christ's second coming would continue to be imminent, however they resisted setting further dates for the event, citing Revelation 10:6, "that there should be time no longer." As the early Adventist movement consolidated its beliefs, the question of the biblical day of rest and worship was raised. The foremost proponent of Sabbath -keeping among early Adventists

8484-404: The vote of a local church business meeting or elected committees. Elders serve a mainly administrative and pastoral role, but must also be capable of providing religious leadership (particularly in the absence of an ordained minister). The role of deacons is to assist in the smooth functioning of a local church and to maintain church property. In 1990, at their General Conference Session leaders of

8585-700: The western frontier that encompassed social networks, a religious journalism that provided mass communication, and church-related colleges. Publication and education societies promoted Christian education; most notable among them was the American Bible Society , founded in 1816. Women made up a large part of these voluntary societies. The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, both active in Utica, NY, were highly organized and financially sophisticated women's organizations responsible for many of

8686-409: The western phrase, would be called, a 'burnt district.' There had been, a few years previously, a wild excitement passing through that region, which they called a revival of religion, but which turned out to be spurious." During this period, a number of nonconformist , folk religion , and evangelical sects flourished in the region. The extent to which religious fervor actually affected the region

8787-538: The world and the sixth-largest highly international religious body. It is ethnically and culturally diverse and maintains a missionary presence in over 215 countries and territories. The church operates over 7,500 schools including over 100 post-secondary institutions, numerous hospitals , and publishing houses worldwide, a humanitarian aid organization known as the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) and tax-exempt businesses such as Sanitarium ,

8888-643: The world church. In 2012, there were 320 women pastors in the church, while in North America there are 120 women pastors and 4,100 male pastors. In 2013, the Southeastern California Conference voted for the first time a woman as president. In July 8, 2015, leaders who represented the Seventh-day Adventist Church voted at their General Conference Session in San Antonio, Texas , against the ordination of women becoming pastors. They voted 1,381 against and 977 in favor. Western Adventists who are against

8989-430: The world, women may not be given the title "ordained", although some are employed in ministry, and may be "commissioned" or "ordained-commissioned". However, beginning in 2012, some unions adopted policies of allowing member conferences to ordain without regard to gender. A number of lay offices exist within the local church, including the ordained positions of elder and deacon . Elders and deacons are appointed by

9090-634: The worldwide church. Adventist churches usually practice open communion four times a year. It commences with a foot washing ceremony, known as the "Ordinance of Humility", based on the Gospel account of John 13 . The Ordinance of Humility is meant to emulate Christ's washing of his disciples' feet at the Last Supper and to remind participants of the need to humbly serve one another. Participants segregate by gender to separate rooms to conduct this ritual, although some congregations allow married couples to perform

9191-462: The years prior to the war. The Presbyterians and Methodists sponsored similar gatherings on a regular basis after the Revolution. The denominations that encouraged the revivals were based on an interpretation of man's spiritual equality before God, which led them to recruit members and preachers from a wide range of classes and all races. Baptists and Methodist revivals were successful in some parts of

9292-480: Was Joseph Bates . Bates was introduced to the Sabbath doctrine through a tract written by Millerite preacher Thomas M. Preble , who in turn had been influenced by Rachel Oakes Preston , a young Seventh Day Baptist . This message was gradually accepted and formed the topic of the first edition of the church publication The Present Truth , which appeared in July 1849. For about 20 years, the Adventist movement consisted of

9393-463: Was a Nicene Trinitarian. In her writing, she mentions a ceremony in heaven where Jesus was recognized in front of the heavenly host, to be equal with the Father, which Satan disapproved of (as explained in her book Spirit of Prophecy Vol. 1 ). The official teachings of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination are expressed in its 28 Fundamental Beliefs. This statement of beliefs was originally adopted by

9494-637: Was also instrumental in fostering what became known as the Restoration Movement , which consisted of non-denominational churches committed to what they viewed as the original, fundamental Christianity of the New Testament . Churches with roots in this movement include the Churches of Christ , Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) , and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada . The congregations of these denomination were committed to individuals' achieving

9595-481: Was devised by Gabriel Prosser , although the rebellion was discovered and crushed before it started. Despite white attempts to control independent African-American congregations, especially after the Nat Turner uprising of 1831, a number of African-American congregations managed to maintain their separation as independent congregations in Baptist associations. State legislatures passed laws requiring them always to have

9696-541: Was flawed as he assumed Christ would come to cleanse the world. These Adventists came to the conviction that Daniel 8:14 foretold Christ's entrance into the most holy place of the heavenly sanctuary rather than his Second Coming . Over the next few decades this understanding of a sanctuary in heaven developed into the doctrine of the investigative judgment , an eschatological process that commenced in 1844, in which every person would be judged to verify their eligibility for salvation and God's justice will be confirmed before

9797-457: Was greatly influenced by, the Second Great Awakening. While the leaders of one of the two primary groups making up this movement, Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell , resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings, the revivals contributed to the development of the other major branch, led by Barton W. Stone . The Southern phase of the Awakening "was an important matrix of Barton Stone's reform movement" and shaped

9898-688: Was later served to the sanitarium guests. The Kellogg brothers also invented bran flakes and Rice Krispies . Later in 1906, Will Keith Kellogg founded the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company in Battle Creek, Michigan. Special Foods founded in Worthington, Ohio , in 1939, manufactured nut meat substitutes. After World War II, it changed its name to Worthington Foods. Worthington Foods introduced two canned meat alternatives in 1949: Soyloin Steaks and Meatless Wieners. In 1960, it bought

9999-604: Was reassessed in last quarter of the twentieth century. Linda K. Pritchard used statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State, the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest, and the country as a whole, the religiosity of the Burned-over District was typical rather than exceptional. More recent works, however, have argued that these revivals in Western New York had a unique and lasting impact upon

10100-564: Was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation. Despite being called the "greatest orator in America" by Benjamin Rush and one of the best in the world by Bishop Thomas Coke , Hosier was repeatedly passed over for ordination and permitted no vote during his attendance at the Christmas Conference that formally established American Methodism. Richard Allen ,

10201-456: Was waxing strong in England . The Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations; however, the revivals were very similar. As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries. The movement quickly spread throughout Kentucky , Indiana , Tennessee , and southern Ohio , as well as other regions of

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