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36-716: Adrasteia was the goddess of "inevitable fate", representing "pressing necessity", and the inescapability of punishment. She had a cult at Cyzicus (with nearby temple), and on the Phrygian Mount Ida . Adrasteia was also the object of public worship in Athens from at least as early as 429 BC. Her name appears in the "Accounts of the Treasurers of the Other Gods", associated with the Thracian goddess Bendis , with whom she seems to have shared

72-464: A boast—but rather an eccentric idea: Plato (followed by the early Stoics ) also equates Adrasteia with Fate, as the judge of reincarnating souls: Both the early 3rd-century BC poet Callimachus , and the mid 3rd-century BC poet Apollonius of Rhodes , name Adrasteia as a nurse of the infant Zeus . According to Callimachus, Adrasteia, along with the ash-tree nymphs, the Meliae , laid Zeus "to rest in

108-530: A catalogue of bishops beginning with the 1st century; Michel Le Quien mentions fifty-nine. A more complete list is found in Nicodemos, in the Greek "Office of St. Emilian" (Constantinople, 1876), 34–36, which has eighty-five names. Of particular importance are the famous Arian theologian Eunomius of Cyzicus ; Saint Dalmatius ; bishops Proclus and Germanus , who became Patriarchs of Constantinople; and Saint Emilian,

144-695: A certain Adrastus established Adrasteia as another name for Artemis. As noted above Pausanias saw a statue of Adrasteia in a temple of Artemis near Delphi . Adrasteia was also sometimes associated with other goddesses, including the Titan Rhea (who was herself associated with Mother goddess Cybele), Ananke (Necessity), the personification of inevitability, and the Egyptian mother goddess Isis . The name Adrasteia can be understood as meaning "Inescapable". Several ancient writers, regarding 'Adrasteia' as an epithet for

180-571: A cradle of gold", and fed him with honeycomb, and the milk of the goat Amaltheia. Apollonius of Rhodes , describes a wondrous toy ball which Adrasteia gave the child Zeus, when she was his nurse in the "Idean cave". According to Apollodorus , Adrasteia and Ida were daughters of Melisseus , who nursed Zeus, feeding him on the milk of Amalthea. Hyginus says that Adrasteia, along with her sisters Ida and Amalthea , were daughters of Oceanus , or that according to "others" they were Zeus's nurses, "the ones that are called Dodonian Nymphys (others call them

216-586: A fragment from the epic poem the Phoronis (c. sixth century BC), and in a fragment from the lost play Niobe (c. early 5th century BC), by the tragedian Aeschylus . In both she is a Phrygian mountain goddess associated with Mount Ida . The Phoronis describes Adrasteia as a mountain goddess, whose servants were the Idaean Dactyls , Phrygian "wizards ( γόητες ) of Ida", who were the first to discover iron and iron working: Aeschylus' Niobe fragment mentions

252-576: A martyr in the 8th century. Another saint who came from Cyzicus, Saint Tryphaena of Cyzicus , is the patron saint of the city. Gelasius , a historian of Arianism , who wrote about 475, was born at Cyzicus. Cyzicus remained a metropolitan see of the Greek Orthodox Church until the 1923 Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations emptied it of Greek Orthodox faithful, whether they spoke Greek or Turkish. The last bishop of

288-508: A point between 1370 and 1372 until 1387, the metropolitan was empty; Speros Vryonis speculates this was due to financial difficulties. Later in the 14th century, the sees of Chalcedon and certain patriarchal possessions in Bithynia and Hellespont were bestowed on the metropolitan of Cyzicus. In the Ottoman era , it was part of the kaza of Erdek in the province of Brusa . Cyzicus, as capital of

324-635: A series of earthquakes beginning in 443, with the last in 1063. Although its population was transferred to Artake before the 13th century when the peninsula was occupied by the Crusaders , in 1324 the metropolitan of Cyzicus was one of three sees in Anatolia which was able to contribute a temporary annual subsidy to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Following its conquest by the Ottomans it underwent hard times. From

360-463: A treasury or accounts, indicating that in Athens her cult was supported by public funds. Adrasteia was also worshipped, together with Nemesis, at Kos . The 2nd-century geographer Pausanias , reports seeing a statue of Adrasteia in a temple of Apollo, Artemis, and Leto at Cirrha , near Delphi . Adrasteia came to be associated with the birth of Zeus . In this context she was said to be a nymph of Cretan Mount Ida . The Titaness Rhea gave her son,

396-571: The Erdek and Bandırma roads, is protected by Turkey 's Ministry of Culture . The city was said to have been founded by Pelasgians from Thessaly , according to tradition at the coming of the Argonauts ; later it received many colonies from Miletus , allegedly in 756 BC, but its importance began near the end of the Peloponnesian War when the conflict centered on the sea routes connecting Greece to

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432-735: The Roman province of Hellespontus , was its ecclesiastical metropolitan see . In the Notitiae Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius, composed in about 640, Cyzicus had 12 suffragan sees ; Abydus , Baris in Hellesponto (between Sariköy and Biga), Dardanus , Germa in Hellesponto (ruins of Germaslu, Kirmasti, Girmas), Hadrianotherae (Uzuncia yayla), Ilium , Lampsacus , Miletopolis , Oca , Pionia (Avcılar), Poemanenum (Eskimanias), Troas . The province also included two autocephalous archiepiscopal sees: Parium and Proconnesus . Cyzicus had

468-467: The "Berecynthan land", also the home of the "Mother of the Gods" (i.e. Cybele). Although apparently of independent origin, Adrasteia also came to be associated with Nemesis , the goddess of divine retribution. Nemesis and Adrasteia were worshipped together at Kos . In the fifth century BC the two goddesses were often identified, with Adrasteia becoming merely an epithet of Nemesis. The explicit identification of

504-589: The "territory of Adrasteia" associating it with the Berecyntians, a Phrygian tribe, and Mount Ida: Once in the Aeschylean Prometheus Bound , and twice in the Euripidean Rhesus , Adrasteia is invoked as a ward against the consequences of boastful speech (perhaps here being identified with Nemesis as the punisher of boasts). In Prometheus Bound , after Prometheus foretells the fall of Zeus,

540-775: The Black Sea. At this time, the cities of Athens and Miletus diminished in importance while Cyzicus began to prosper. Commander of the Athenian fleet Alcibiades defeated the Spartan fleet in a major naval engagement near Cyzicus known as the Battle of Cyzicus in 410 BC. Famed ancient philosopher Eudoxus of Cnidus established a school at Cyzicus and went with his pupils to Athens, visiting Plato . Later he returned to Anatolia to his hometown of Cnidus , and died circa 350 BC. The era of Olympiads in Cyzicus

576-511: The Greeks at Troy and sack all of Greece. Adrasteia was explicitly identified with Nemesis by Antimachus of Colophon (late fifth century BC). The geographer Strabo quotes Antimachus as saying: In a similar vein to the Aeschylean and Euripidean invocations, Plato , in his Republic (c. 375 BC), has Socrates invoke Arasteia (i.e. Nemesis?) as a ward against divine retribution for—not

612-578: The Naiads)". The story of Adrasteia as one of the nurses of Zeus possibly originated as early as a late-fifth-century Orphic theogony (the Eudemian Theogony). Several possible Orphic sources contain accounts of Zeus being nursed by Adrasteia and Ida (here the daughters of Mellissos and Amalthea) and guarded by the Curetes . These have Adrasteia clashing bronze cymbals in front of the cave of Night ( Nyx ) where

648-605: The Ottomans. Antimachus Antimachus of Colophon ( Greek : Ἀντίμαχος ὁ Κολοφώνιος ), or of Claros , was a Greek poet and grammarian , who flourished about 400 BC. Scarcely anything is known of his life. The Suda claims that he was a pupil of the poets Panyassis and Stesimbrotus . His poetical efforts were not generally appreciated, although he received encouragement from his younger contemporary Plato ( Plutarch , Lysander , 18). The emperor Hadrian , however, would later consider him superior to Homer . His chief works were: an epic Thebaid , an account of

684-514: The chorus warns Prometheus that the wise "bow to Adrasteia", a formulaic expression meaning to apologize for a remark which might offend some divinity. In the Rhesus , the chorus, because of the praise they are about to give Rhesus, invoke the goddess saying: In a subsequent passage the hero Rhesus invokes her ("may Adrasteia not resent my words") before boasting to the Trojan hero Hector that he will defeat

720-552: The epithet with the fate of the mythical Argive King Adrastus , leader of the doomed Seven against Thebes . The name Adrasteia (perhaps in connection with the Argive Adrastus) also has geographical associations with Argolis . Pausanias mentions a spring called Adrasteia at Nemea , and Pseudo-Plutarch , mentions a root called Adraseia produced on a mountaintop in Argolis. The earliest surviving references to Adrasteia appear in

756-582: The expedition of the Seven against Thebes and the war of the Epigoni ; and an elegiac poem Lyde , so called from the poet's mistress, for whose death he endeavoured to find consolation telling stories from mythology of heroic disasters (Plutarch, Consul, ad Apoll. 9; Athenaeus xiii. 597). Antimachus was the founder of "learned" epic poetry , and the forerunner of the Alexandrian school , whose critics allotted him

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792-488: The first to build an altar to [Nemesis] beside the stream of the Aesepus River ", and that according to the fourth-century BC historian Callisthenes ( FGrHist 124 F 28), "Adrasteia was named after King Adrastus, who was the first to found a temple of Nemesis". Other ancient writers derived the epithet from the Greek διδράσκω ("run away"), interpreting the epithet to mean the goddess "whom none can escape", connecting

828-459: The goddess Nemesis , derived the epithet from the name 'Adrastus'. Adrasteia was the name of a city and a plain in the Troad , a name known to Homer ; and according to Strabo , the city and plain were said to have been named after a certain "King Adrastus" , of Hellespontine Phrygia , who was said to have built the first temple of Nemesis. Strabo tells us that according to Antimachus , Adrastus "was

864-638: The infant Zeus was being concealed, from his father Cronus , so that the infant's cries would not be heard. In one she is said to be a "lawgiver" ( νομοθετοῦσα ) outside the cave's entrance. Another later Orphic theogony (the Hieronyman Theogony, c. 200 BC?) has Adrasteia (or Necessity) united with ageless Time ( Chronos ) at the beginning of the cosmos. Cyzicus Cyzicus ( / ˈ s ɪ z ɪ k ə s / SIZ -ik-əs ; Ancient Greek : Κύζικος , romanized :  Kúzikos ; Ottoman Turkish : آیدینجق , romanized :  Aydıncıḳ )

900-448: The infant Zeus, to the Curetes and the nymphs Adrasteia and Ida, daughters of Melisseus , to nurse, and they fed Zeus on the milk of the goat Amalthea . Adrasteia gave Zeus a wondrous toy ball to play with, later used by Aphrodite to bribe her son Eros . In the Euripidean Rhesus , Adrasteia is said to be the daughter of Zeus. Adrasteia seems to have originally been a Phrygian mountain goddess, probably associated with Cybele ,

936-483: The mountain mother goddess of Anatolia . Priapus , Cyzicus , and the Troad , where Adrasteia's cult was established, were also areas where Cybele was especially worshipped. The two earliest mentions of Adrasteia both suggest an association with Cybele. Adrasteia's description, in a fragment from the lost epic poem Phoronis as a Phrygian mountain goddess served by the Idaean Dactyls , is hardly distinguishable from Cybele herself, while Aeschylus locates Adrasteia in

972-556: The naval Battle of Cyzicus in 410 during the Peloponnesian War , an Athenian fleet routed and completely destroyed a Spartan fleet. At the peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), like the other Greek cities in Asia, it was made over to Persia . Alexander the Great later captured it from the Persians in 334 BC and was later claimed to be responsible for connecting the island to the mainland. The history of

1008-535: The see died in 1932. Today it is a titular metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . Since 1885, the Catholic Church lists Cyzicus as a titular see of the highest (Metropolitan) rank, but vacant since 1974. Titular metropolitans were: The site amid the marshes of Balkiz Serai is known as Bal-Kiz and entirely uninhabited, though under cultivation. The principal extant ruins are

1044-602: The temple dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian are still visible: the columns were 21.35 metres high (about 70 feet), while the highest known elsewhere, those at Baalbek in Lebanon are only 19.35 metres (about 63 feet). The structure was the largest Greco-Roman temple ever built. The monuments of Cyzicus were used by the Byzantine emperor Justinian as a quarry for the building of his Saint Sophia cathedral, and were still exploited by

1080-730: The town in Hellenistic times is closely connected with that of the Attalids of Pergamon , with whose extinction it came into direct relations with Rome . Cyzicus was held for the Romans against King Mithridates VI of Pontus who besieged it with 300,000 men in 74 BC, the Siege of Cyzicus , but it withstood him stoutly, and the siege was raised by Lucullus : the loyalty of the city was rewarded by an extension of territory and other privileges. The Romans favored it and recognized its municipal independence. Cyzicus

1116-415: The two goddesses is first found in the writings of the late fifth-century BC poet and grammarian Antimachus of Colophon . Adrasteia, like Nemesis, was also associated with Artemis . The land of the Berecyntians, where a fragment of Aeschylus ' lost play Niobe locates the cult of Adrasteia, was also the home of Ephesian Artemis. According to the second-century-BC Greek grammarian Demetrius of Scepsis ,

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1152-401: The walls, dating from the fourth century, which are traceable for nearly their whole extent, and the substructures of the temple of Hadrian , the ruins of a Roman aqueduct and a theatre. The picturesque amphitheatre , intersected by a stream, was one of the largest in the world. Construction for the amphitheatre began in the middle of the first century until the end of the third. Its diameter

1188-562: Was an ancient Greek town in Mysia in Anatolia in the current Balıkesir Province of Turkey . It was located on the shoreward side of the present Kapıdağ Peninsula (the classical Arctonnesus ), a tombolo which is said to have originally been an island in the Sea of Marmara only to be connected to the mainland in historic times either by artificial means or an earthquake. The site of Cyzicus, located on

1224-501: Was nearly 500 feet (150 m) and it is located at these coordinates 40°23′54″N 27°53′5″E  /  40.39833°N 27.88472°E  / 40.39833; 27.88472  ( Cyzicus amphitheatre ) , north of the main part of Cyzicus. Of this magnificent building, sometimes ranked among the seven wonders of the ancient world, thirty-one immense columns still stood erect in 1444. These have since been carried away piecemeal for building purposes. The colossal foundations of

1260-555: Was reckoned from 135 or 139. Owing to its advantageous position it speedily acquired commercial importance, and the gold staters of Cyzicus were a staple currency in the ancient world till they were superseded by those of Philip of Macedon . Its unique and characteristic coin, the cyzicenus , was worth 28 drachmae. During the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) Cyzicus was subject to the Athenians and Lacedaemonians alternately. In

1296-612: Was the leading city of Northern Mysia as far as Troas . Under Tiberius , it was incorporated into the Roman Empire but remained the capital of Mysia (afterwards, Hellespontus ) and became one of the great cities of the ancient world. There was a women's cult at Cyzicus worshiping the goddess Artemis , which was called Dolon (Δόλων). Cyzicus was captured temporarily by the Arabs led by Muawiyah I in AD 675. It appears to have been ruined by

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