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33-534: In 1923, now as a senator, Gordo created another bill, also nicknamed the Adolfo Gordo Law, but with the aim of censoring the press; as a result, it earned the nickname "infamous law" in journalistic circles. To some extent, it also had contributions from Azevedo Marques, who was Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time. Three traits unite all the projects that carried the politician's name: defense of economic interests, governability and maintaining social peace. At

66-454: A more dynamic and reliable process, ensuring this process for the requester. Azevedo Marques, until then the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the country, also contributed to the draft. Jornal do Comércio , O Dia and A Folha da Noite were totally against and critical of the law, describing it with adjectives such as "disaster", "monstrous", "unfortunate" and "infamous". In their view, the act

99-410: A new type of workforce. Encouraging the migratory flow, the state government welcomed the immigrants and redirected them to rural areas. As friction arose between the bosses and the workers coming from abroad, the disagreements sparked anarchist and socialist ideas from the foreigners themselves, in view of the working conditions at the time. Over time, the category became unwanted by employers. In 1894,

132-688: A result of the Napoleonic Wars , when the capital of the Portuguese Empire and all its bureaucracy were transferred to Rio de Janeiro. The transfer of the Portuguese Court heavily influenced the Brazilian institutions that would later form. Finally, there was the participation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the process of recognizing Brazilian independence . This moment's relevance surpassed

165-495: Is a major daily newspaper in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . Its sales are slightly higher than its main rival, O Globo . In August 2012, it was sold to Grupo Record . The newspaper was founded on 5 June 1951 by the then deputy Chagas Freitas  [ pt ] , future governor of the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro . Chagas used graphic equipment evening The News (owned by São Paulo former Governor Ademar de Barros) to run

198-630: Is commonly referred to in Brazilian media and diplomatic jargon as Itamaraty , after the palace which houses the ministry (originally in Rio de Janeiro , and currently in a second location which also bears this name in Brasília ). Since 1 January 2023, the minister responsible is Mauro Vieira . The Ministry of Foreign Affairs operates the Rio Branco Institute and the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation. There were three relevant moments that defined

231-642: The 1891 Constitution . Although there was the influence of the Russian Revolution of 1905, the main focus was anarcho-syndicalism. Despite the fight against anarchist influences surfacing in the 1920s after changes were made to the Law on the Expulsion of Foreigners, the aversion to the movement and its philosophy was already present in Adolfo Gordo's speech. When defending the 1907 law that bore his name, he referred to

264-508: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the institution that would later be established. The first was the signature of the 1750 Spanish–Portuguese treaty , which re-established the borders set in the Treaty of Tordesillas . This moment was not a foreign issue policy of Brazil per se, but was instead a pursuit of interests by the Portuguese in their largest colony. There was, however, a notable Brazilian in

297-527: The activities of Brazilian companies in foreign markets. Permanent diplomatic missions are meant to carry out representation, negotiation and information activities, as well as the protection of Brazilian interests with governments of other states and international organizations . Brazil has an extensive diplomatic network, consisting of over 220 overseas missions: 15°48′04″S 47°52′01″W  /  15.801°S 47.867°W  / -15.801; -47.867 O Dia O Dia ( The Day )

330-542: The anarchist as "dangerous, a professional criminal and comes to our country with sinister plans". According to Adolfo, "in the early days, the anarchism studies our language and our institutions, getting to know our country and forming relationships... Isn't it clear that its action can be much more nefarious, much more dangerous, after this preliminary work? Isn't it clear that its action can be much more harmful, much more dangerous after this preliminary work, than when it first arrived?" In this excerpt, he speaks exclusively of

363-614: The beginning of the 1910s, the workers' movement in Brazil intensified. After the communist victory in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the relationship between this event and the arrival of European immigrants in the country, workers' organizations saw this as a chance to put an end to capitalist exploitation of labor. In 1917, 70,000 employees in São Paulo went on strike for a week, demanding better wages and decent working conditions. In

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396-486: The company to found the newspaper Q !, bringing together radio MPB FM. At this point, the Company Dia also included the newspaper Meia Hora, the website O Dia Online, O Dia TV and FM Radio Dia, as well as a news agency and Ary Carvalho Institute. In April 2010 Editora O Dia sold part of its capital to EJESA, Company Journalistic Econômico SA, which publishes the business newspaper Brasil Econômico, for $ 75 million. Now

429-408: The consequences to be covered by the rules were death, permanent incapacity and temporary partial incapacity. Based on these definitions, pensions would be set. Payment could be made individually or collectively and directly through an "unseizable" guarantee fund, an authorized insurance company or a guarantee union. In the latter two cases, no deductions were made from the workers' salaries. After all

462-420: The creation of Brazilian diplomatic institutions and for the first time tested the negotiation skills of Emperor Peter I 's diplomatic corps, which achieved recognition from every world power. From that moment on and since its inception in 1822, Itamaraty has defined some of its basic principles of action such as the peaceful resolution of principles and non-intervention. With the conclusion of World War II and

495-565: The creation of the United Nations in 1945 the ministry consolidated Brazil's presence in international forums. Notable diplomats in the history of Itamaraty include the Viscount of Uruguay , the Baron of Rio Branco and Osvaldo Aranha . The main mission of Brazilian diplomatic embassies and consulates abroad is to promote the country's interests, provide assistance to Brazilian citizens and support

528-572: The diplomatic corps, Alexandre de Gusmão , who directed the Portuguese foreign policy of trying to separate the Americas from the subject of European successions. The height of Gusmão's diplomatic effort was the signing of the Treaty of Madrid of 1750, in which territorial issues in South America were resolved. The second relevant historic moment was the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil in 1808 as

561-607: The draft of the Law on Accidents at Work to the Federal Senate on July 25, 1915. During its discussion, it was combated by the Industrial Center of Brazil in the Chamber of Deputies. After it was approved in 1918, it became part of Decree No. 3,274 of January 15, 1919, which regulated the proposals. Until then, the current theory in the workplace was based on culpability. It referred to "proven guilt" or "presumed guilt", assuming that

594-402: The end, an agreement guaranteed a 20% increase in their pay. In the 1920s, repression, including in the legislative sphere, became ever greater. Among the government's reasons for interfering in the workers' struggle, was the fact that the movement was artificially controlled by foreigners, radical leaders who deluded Brazilian employees. At this point, the 1921 Law on the Expulsion of Foreigners

627-415: The expense should be included in the industry's general expenses. The amendments would include workers and apprentices who would receive compensation for accidents when working on machines. Some requirements were essential for compensation: the accident had to have occurred at work and as a result of work and the employer had to employ more than five men, with the exception of dangerous services. In addition,

660-802: The founding of the PCB ( Brazilian Communist Party ). Adolfo Afonso da Silva Gordo, born in Piracicaba , had a law degree from the São Francisco College, and was a federal deputy and senator. He was governor of Rio Grande do Norte from December 6, 1889, until February 8, 1890, during the provisional government after the Proclamation of the Republic . He represented São Paulo in the Constituent Assembly installed on November 15, 1890, which would later result in

693-504: The idea of expulsion emerged with Bill 109-B, which was approved by the Chamber of Deputies but not by the Senate; the same thing happened with Bill 317-A in 1902. In 1906, after the rejections, the issue returned to the agenda and was approved and sanctioned by the President of the Republic. The government's main concern was that foreigners would "threaten" the nation, as can be seen in the text of

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726-472: The latter even drawing up a counter-draft. The law received presidential sanction and effectively acquired this title after undergoing some modifications during its passage. Later, it was renamed the Adolfo Gordo Law. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( MRE ; Portuguese: Ministério das Relações Exteriores ; literally: Ministry of External Relations ) conducts Brazil 's foreign relations with other countries. It

759-399: The law. Adolfo Gordo argued that a foreigner who had lived in the country for two years, for example, could be even more dangerous than a newcomer. Regarding those married to Brazilian women with children in the country, he felt that expulsion was unrelated to family members, since they would have the option of accompanying the foreigner or not. Initially created to repress rural workers, it

792-571: The measure as a way of preventing the "excesses" of the periodicals, saying that those who were responsible were not afraid of the initiative. With the same opinion, A Folha , A Tribuna and Jornal do Comércio thought the action was necessary, but saw the discussion as inopportune because the country was in a state of siege. Associations such as the Nationalist League and the Lawyers' Institute of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo were opposed, with

825-552: The movement as something foreign, referring also to the repression of possible union leaders who were expelled from the country for creating "disorder" in the country. In another quote, Adolfo Gordo mentions deportation and talks about the right of the Federal Government, classifying it as "the power to force a foreigner, deemed dangerous, to leave national territory, regardless of legal proceedings and conviction". After slavery ended in Brazil, São Paulo's coffee farmers needed

858-439: The newspaper. Chagas was a partner and political ally of Ademar at the time. At the time of the coup d'état in Brazil in 1964, the newspaper published an article published on 2 April of that year, which stated: The population of Copacabana took to the streets in true carnival, saluting army troops. Rains chopped papers fell from the windows of the buildings as the people gave vent, in the streets, their contentment In 1983, O Dia

891-412: The obstruction by the business community, postponed votes and twists and turns in the discussions, the law was launched with the changes demanded by the disgruntled class regarding the form of payment of pensions and medical and pharmaceutical aid, which would be paid at the place of the establishment where the unexpected happened. The employer's participation in the medical and pharmaceutical care processes

924-411: The victim of the accident had to appeal to the courts in order for something to be proved against their employer, which, considering the living conditions of the workers, contributed to impunity. With the change, Adolfo introduced the doctrine of "professional risk", which accepted that the employer would be responsible for providing compensation to victims in the event of accidents in the course of work;

957-497: Was an attempt by Adolfo and the government to adapt Brazil to French legislation without considering that the country had a different dynamic. In addition, they accused him of "attacking the freedom of the press", in reference to the end of anonymity. Other analyses considered that the idea behind the bill was to restrict the workers' press due to the anarchist movements of 1917 and 1919. On the other hand, newspapers such as A Imprensa , Gazeta de Notícias , O País and A Platéia saw

990-408: Was introduced, proposing the summary deportation of people involved in organizations symbolizing disorder and within workers' actions. Soon, anarchism became an important issue in Brazil's big cities. In the context of oligarchic decisions, workers in the first two decades of the 20th century welcomed a reduction in working hours. Another movement that defined itself in the country was communism, after

1023-465: Was not institutionalized. Known as the "infamous law" by some journalists, the Press Law, or Decree No. 4,743 of October 31, 1923, was drafted as a bill with a few articles and divided opinions among the media. The demands were: a ban on anonymity in any section, with the exception of news, announcements, notices, propaganda, public notices and events of the same kind; and the right of reply instituted with

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1056-469: Was purchased by journalist and entrepreneur Ary Carvalho. Initially a strong popular appeal newspaper, facing police and violence news, the newspaper underwent extensive renovation in the early 1990s, with the intention to compete for readers with more traditional Jornal do Brasil and O Globo . With the death of Ary Carvalho in 2003, the company's property was divided between his three daughters: Ariane, Gigi and Eliane de Carvalho. In 2005, Ariane has left

1089-500: Was used much more in the urban sphere when the 1917 strike mobilized 70,000 workers in the city of São Paulo for better conditions in industry. In 1919, the issue was discussed again and a new bill was introduced with changes to the regulations regarding the entry conditions for foreigners; it became known as the second Adolfo Gordo Law. As Senator, Adolfo Gordo, assisted by the São Paulo State Department of Labor, presented

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