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50-812: Adna Romanza Chaffee (April 14, 1842 – November 1, 1914) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army . Chaffee took part in the American Civil War and Indian Wars , played a key role in the Spanish–American War , and fought in the Boxer Rebellion in China. He was the Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1904 to 1906, overseeing far-reaching transformation of organization and doctrine in

100-491: A Confederate Cavalry regiment at Fairfield, Pennsylvania, just outside Gettysburg on July 3, 1863 (source, Wittenberg, Eric: Gettysburg: Forgotten Cavalry Actions). In the ensuing action, he was wounded and briefly held a prisoner of the Confederates. He served with the 6th Cavalry for the remainder of the war, being twice wounded. In February 1865, he was promoted to first lieutenant . For his "gallant and meritorious" actions in

150-413: A general vacates their three or four-star rank at the termination of their assignment unless placed in an equal ranking billet. Douglas MacArthur , who served as a four-star general and Army Chief of Staff, reverted to two stars after his CoS tour ended but chose to stay on active duty in the United States Army. The practice of using lieutenant general and general grades as a temporary rank continues, with

200-593: A hurried attempt to relieve Beijing, but failed to get through when it met with severe resistance after it left Tianjin , the nearest port city to Beijing. As a result of the Philippine–American War , the United States had forces available nearby in the Philippines, and was therefore in a position to contribute one of the larger contingents to the international relief expedition. The first American forces left

250-462: A three-star rank is a game of musical chairs; once an officer vacates a position bearing that rank, they have 60 days to be appointed or reappointed to a position of equal or higher importance or involuntarily retire. Historically, officers leaving three-star positions were allowed to revert to their permanent two-star ranks to mark time in lesser jobs until statutory retirement, but now such officers are expected to retire immediately to avoid obstructing

300-456: Is extremely rare. Other than voluntary retirement, the statute sets a number of mandates for retirement. Lieutenant generals must retire after 38 years of service unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer. Otherwise, all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense can defer a three-star officer's retirement until

350-472: Is three years but some are set four or more years by statute. Extensions of the standard tour length can be approved, within statutory limits, by their respective service secretaries, the Secretary of Defense, the president, or Congress but these are rare, as they block other officers from being promoted. Some statutory limits under the U.S. Code can be waived in times of national emergency or war. Three-star ranks may also be given by an act of Congress but this

400-698: The Air Force Reserve Command . Additionally, lieutenant generals of all services serve as high-level staff officers at various major command headquarters and The Pentagon , often as the heads of their departments. In 2014 five women were serving as lieutenant generals in the US Army. After the close of the Second World War, generals were normally promoted permanently to brigadier general and major general, with temporary promotions to lieutenant general and general to fill senior positions as needed. In theory,

450-774: The Battle of Dinwiddie Court House he was brevetted captain . After the war, Chaffee became a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States . Chaffee decided to remain with the army after the war. He was posted to the western frontier, and was promoted to captain of Regulars in October 1867. For the next thirty years he served in the Indian Wars , fighting the Central Plains and Southwestern tribes. In 1868, he

500-412: The Battle of Taku Forts , which guarded the river approach to Tianjin. On July 6 the 9th Infantry Regiment arrived at Taku. Colonel Emerson H. Liscum , commander of the 9th Infantry Regiment, disembarked the regiment's 1st and 2nd Battalions and marched on Tianjin. On 13 July 1900 elements of this force participated in the attack on Tianjin troops from several other nations. The city of Tianjin fell to

550-656: The Department of the East , a position he held until October 1903. In January 1904, he was promoted to lieutenant general and, from January 9, 1904, until January 14, 1906, served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army . At his own request, Chaffee was retired on February 1, 1906. General Chaffee was invested with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor by the president of France. In his retirement, he moved to Los Angeles , where he

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600-522: The M24 Chaffee , named in his honor. After his death, Chaffee was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery on November 9, 1914, after a funeral service at St. John's Episcopal Church . After her death six and a half years later, his second wife Annie was interred beside him. A historical marker documenting Chaffee's birthplace stands in Orwell, Ohio . The city of Chaffee, Missouri ,

650-465: The president 's discretion during time of war or national emergency. The three-star grade goes hand-in-hand with the position of office to which it is linked, so the rank is temporary. Officers may only achieve three-star grade if they are appointed to positions that require the officer to hold such a rank. Their rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute. Lieutenant generals are nominated for appointment by

700-646: The Allies on the same day. Liscum and the flag bearer of the regiment were killed by Chinese snipers, the 9th infantry regiment suffered a ten percent casualty rate. By the beginning of August, the American forces were reinforced by the 14th Infantry Regiment , and Battery F of the 5th Artillery Regiment . Major General Adna R. Chaffee Sr arrived in Nagasaki , Japan, on July 24. Within two days of his arrival, General Chaffee received orders to proceed to Taku and assume command of

750-566: The American forces there; his new command was designated the China Relief Expedition. Other units, including the 6th Cavalry Regiment , were deployed directly from the mainland United States. Using Manila as a base and Nagasaki as an advance port, the United States eventually assembled some 2,500 soldiers and Marines in China. By early August a multinational coalition of 19,000 soldiers, including British, French , Japanese, Russian , German , Austrian , Italian , and American troops,

800-549: The Army and discontinued. An Army or Marine Corps lieutenant general typically commands a corps -sized unit (20,000 to 45,000 soldiers for an Army Corps and a similar number of Marines for a Marine Expeditionary Force), while an Air Force lieutenant general commands a large Numbered Air Force consisting of several wings or a smaller USAF Major Command (MAJCOM) such as the Air Force Special Operations Command or

850-570: The Army and Air Force, no more than about 25% of the service's active duty general officers may have more than two stars. Some of these slots can be reserved by statute. Officers serving in certain intelligence positions are not counted against either limit, including the deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency . The president may also add three-star slots to one service if they are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services. All statutory limits may be waived at

900-556: The Army's Infantry and Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth . In June 1897 he was promoted to colonel and transferred to the 3rd Cavalry , where he served as commandant of the Cavalry School at Fort Riley until 1898. With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Chaffee was assigned a brigade and was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers in May of that year, and in July after

950-553: The Boxer Uprising marked the first time since the American Revolution that the country had joined with other powers in an allied military operation. The intervention in China represented an instance of the gradual change taking place in the traditional policies and attitudes of the United States in world affairs as a result of the triumph of imperialism. Most Americans still believed, despite the acquisition of overseas colonies,

1000-646: The China Relief Expedition, the United States military created the China Campaign Medal and the China Relief Expedition Medal . The China Relief Expedition streamer is yellow with a narrow blue stripe on each side. The color yellow was restricted for use only by the Manchu rulers of China during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). The color blue is emblematic of the East and of the blue dragon depicted on

1050-583: The East. On February 28, 1855, President Franklin Pierce nominated Winfield Scott to be breveted lieutenant general, effective March 29, 1847, as an honor for his capture Veracruz and San Juan de Ulúa , during the Mexican–American War . The grade was re-established by a vote in House of Representatives on 1 February 1864, with 96 for and 41 against. On June 1, 1888, the rank was merged with General of

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1100-517: The Philippines on June 14. A detachment of 107 Marines went to China to protect American lives and property; this detachment was drawn from the 1st Marine Infantry Regiment stationed at Cavite . This detachment steamed toward Taku aboard the USS Newark , arriving on June 18, where they joined by 32 Marines aboard the USS ; Nashville  (PG-7) . Under the command of Major Littleton W.T. Waller ,

1150-557: The President and the Department of Defense creating temporary or indefinite three- and four-star assignments, with a fixed term of office, with the approval of the Senate. Even with the temporary status, such officers are also almost always granted permanent retirement in the last grade they held with the satisfactory completion of at least two or three years in grade. Listed in order of receiving

1200-403: The United States claimed only $ 25 million. In a few years it became apparent that even this sum was more than was needed to indemnify claims of American nationals and in 1907, and again in 1924, the United States returned portions totaling nearly $ 17 million to China, which placed the money in a trust fund for education of Chinese youths in both countries. The participation of the United States in

1250-638: The United States contributed a small contingent of Regulars remained in north China. It was withdrawn in September 1901 under terms of the Boxer Protocol . This agreement also provided that the powers maintain a fortified legation in Beijing, garrison the Tianjin-Beijing Railway—an American contingent served as a part of this force until 1938—and receive reparations of $ 333 million. Of this amount

1300-579: The army. Chaffee was born in Orwell, Ohio . When the American Civil War broke out in July 1861, Chaffee joined the U.S. 6th Cavalry Regiment . In 1862, Chaffee was promoted to sergeant and took part in the Peninsular Campaign and the Battle of Antietam . In September of that year he was made the first sergeant of Company K. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in May 1863. His 6th Cavalry, on detached service from General John Buford's 1st Union Cavalry Division, though outnumbered, attacked

1350-543: The assassination of Clemens von Ketteler , the German ambassador plenipotentiary, on June 20. The Chinese government then broke off diplomatic relations and demanded that all foreigners leave immediately, promising safe escort. About 3,500 foreigners and Chinese Christians refused to leave, and fearing for their safety, took refuge in the foreign legation compound, where they were besieged . A composite military force of 407 men (including 56 Americans) plus about 200 civilians defended

1400-696: The compound. The Great Powers took immediate steps to organize a large relief expedition for Beijing, to stamp out what came to be known as the Boxer Rebellion. Although the William McKinley administration disliked the idea of becoming involved in an international incident with overtones of entangling foreign alliances during an election year , President McKinley agreed to join with the other powers to take steps to rescue their beleaguered nationals. The Seymour Expedition (10–26 June), an international column of Sailors and Marines, including 112 Americans, made

1450-511: The detachment landed at Taku the next day and advanced toward Tianjin. Although General Arthur MacArthur Jr. , commanding in the Philippines, was reluctant to weaken his already overextended forces, he agreed to dispatch to China the 9th Infantry Regiment , which departed from Manila on June 27 aboard USAT Logan . On June 17 the United States Navy's China Squadron under Rear Admiral Louis Kempff declined to join foreign naval forces in

1500-516: The end of the nineteenth century was its threatened partition by the Great Powers. Both the United States and the British opposed this, and in September 1899 the United States announced it had secured agreement from the interested powers for maintenance of an Open Door policy in their relations with China. Many Chinese resented the extensive foreign intervention in China. This discontent coalesced into

1550-517: The legations were relieved. In 1900–1901 American forces were included in the Allied occupation of Peking (Beijing). As American commander Chaffee began public health, relief, and police operations in cooperation with Chinese officials. According to Chaffee, "[I]t is safe to say that where one real Boxer has been killed, fifty harmless coolies or laborers, including not a few women and children, have been slain." Chaffee concluded that Chinese respected only

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1600-400: The nation could continue to adhere to its doctrine of isolationism. Developments in the early years of the 20th century would demonstrate, however, that the nation had to make changes and adjustments in many long-established institutions and policies—including those relating to military defense of the country—to meet the requirements of its new status as a world power . For serving during

1650-542: The nucleus of a secret group called the Righteous Harmony Society (義和團 – Yìhétuán); Westerners called them Boxers. The Boxers, with the support of Prince Duan , undertook a campaign against foreign influences and foreigners. By early 1900 this movement had brought much of China to the verge of revolution. Boxers in the northern provinces attacked and killed hundreds of Chinese Christians and foreigners, mostly missionaries. The wave of unrest came to an apex following

1700-414: The officer's 66th birthday and the president can defer it until the officer's 68th birthday. General officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits, so as not to impede the upward career mobility of their juniors. Since there is a finite number of three-star slots available to each service, typically one officer must leave office before another can be promoted. Maintaining

1750-628: The president from any eligible officers holding the rank of brigadier general or above, who also meet the requirements for the position, with the advice of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate before the appointee can take office and thus assume the rank. The standard tour length for most lieutenant general positions

1800-501: The primary phase of the Philippine–American War . In December 1901, he assigned General Jacob H. Smith to deal with anti-American resistance in the province of Samar , resulting in an ill-fated campaign that led to the deaths of up to 2,000 Filipino civilians. Chaffee became a member of the Military Order of the Carabao for Philippine veterans, and also served as Paramount Carabao for a time. In October 1902, Chaffee became commander of

1850-625: The promotion flow. During the Quasi War with France, President John Adams promoted George Washington to lieutenant general to celebrate his service in the American Revolution . The rank of lieutenant general would not be awarded to an active American military commander until Ulysses S. Grant was promoted sixty years later, shortly before the end of the American Civil War, to recognize his position as overall commander of Union forces in

1900-656: The provinces. Most American units were withdrawn to Manila before winter, and mopping up operations in the provinces were left to the other Powers. A few American Regulars remained to form part of an allied occupation force and a small guard for the United States Legation in Beijing. In a few months the Allies offered peace terms to the Dowager Empress, which included the payment of an indemnity and reaffirm previously existing commercial concessions. During prolonged negotiations an international army of occupation to which

1950-506: The rank of vice admiral in the other United States uniformed services which use naval ranks . It is abbreviated as LTG in the Army, LtGen in the Marine Corps, and Lt Gen in the Air Force and Space Force. The United States Code explicitly limits the total number of generals that may be concurrently active to 231 for the Army, 62 for the Marine Corps, and 198 for the Air Force. For

2000-520: The rank: China Relief Expedition The American annexation of the Philippines resulting from the Spanish–American War stimulated a growing American interest in China for both commercial and humanitarian reasons. The Philippines served as a convenient way point for trade with the Qing China , and would be of use in the protection of American interests in the Pacific. The dominant problem in China at

2050-511: The relief expedition's attack was poorly executed. The Russian contingent prematurely forced an entrance into the Outer City on 10 August, only to be ambushed by waiting Chinese soldiers and require rescue by other allied troops. In the seizure of the Outer City of Beijing on 14 August, elements of the 14th Infantry scaled the Tartar Wall , planted the first foreign flag ever to fly there, and opened

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2100-491: The superior power. Reassigned to the Philippines he applied the lessons there, combining benevolence and public health measures with force and cooperation with local officials. Chaffee was one of the founders of the Military Order of the Dragon , a military society for officers who had served in China during the Boxer Rebellion. He served as the society's president from its founding in 1900 until his death. In February 1901, Chaffee

2150-458: The victory at El Caney , to major general of volunteers. From late 1898 to May 1900, he served as the chief of staff to the military governor of Cuba, General Leonard Wood , being promoted to colonel of regulars in May 1899. He was a member of Society of the Army of Santiago, a military society for officers who had served in Cuba. In June 1900, the Boxer Rebellion broke out in China. Colonel Chaffee

2200-659: The way for British units to relieve the legation compound. Then on 15 August, Captain Henry J. Reilly's Light Battery F of the U.S. 5th Artillery shattered the gates leading into the Inner City with several well-placed salvos, opening the way for the allied troops to occupy the center of Beijing. Although American troops had suffered comparatively light losses—slightly more than 200 killed and wounded—they did not take part in subsequent military operations, which consisted primarily of suppressing scattered Boxer elements and rescuing foreigners in

2250-449: Was appointed president of the Board of Public Works for the city of Los Angeles . Chaffee was married twice; in September 1867 he married Kate Haynie Reynolds, a young widow who died two and a half years later. In 1875, he married Annie Frances Rockwell. Their son Adna R. Chaffee Jr. also became a general and was one of the fathers of the U.S. Army 's armored forces , having a light tank,

2300-470: Was brevetted major for his actions at Paint Creek , Texas . In the following years, he engaged the Native Americans many times, most notably at Red River , Texas , in 1874, and Big Dry Wash , Arizona Territory , in 1882, for which he was brevetted lieutenant colonel . In July 1888, he was promoted to major and transferred to the 9th Cavalry . From 1894 to 1896, he was an instructor of tactics at

2350-536: Was named in his honor when founded in 1905. Lieutenant general (United States) In the United States Armed Forces , a lieutenant general is a three-star general officer in the United States Army , Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force . A lieutenant general ranks above a major general and below a general . The pay grade of lieutenant general is O-9. It is equivalent to

2400-510: Was promoted to major general in the Regular Army. From July of that year until October 1902, he served as commander of American forces in the Philippines , following the dissolution of the American military government under General Arthur MacArthur Jr. and the institution of civilian rule under governor-general William Howard Taft . Chaffee commanded U.S. troops during the final months of

2450-455: Was ready to move out of Tianjin toward Beijing, some seventy miles distant. High points of the fighting en route were at Beicang , which fell on 5 August, and a severe engagement for American and British contingents at Yangcun on 6 August. The force reached the Qing capital on 12 August 1900 and prepared immediately to assault the gates leading into the Outer City. Lacking effective central direction,

2500-464: Was sent to China in July as the commander of the U.S. Army's China Relief Expedition . The Expedition was a part of the international force sent to rescue Western and Japanese citizens and put down the rebellion. Chaffee arrived at Taku Bay, China aboard USAT Grant to take command on 29 July 1900. Chaffee participated in the Gaselee Expedition and subsequently the Battle of Peking , in which

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