Adicolor is a brand of German sports manufacturer Adidas , which consists of several collections of the Adidas Originals clothing line, using mostly primary colors.
54-445: The first Adicolor apparel line was launched in 1983. The brand also launched all-white sneakers that were sold along with marker pens to let customers make art interventions to their shoes. The Adicolor sneaker was an all-white training shoe was specifically created for the adicolor concept. Presented in a wooden box, the adicolor low-top shoe comes with an all-white track jacket, a set of six colored acrylic paints, paintbrushes, and
108-492: A wide variety of other names , are shoes primarily designed for sports or other forms of physical exercise but which are also widely used for everyday casual wear . They were popularized by companies such as Converse , Nike and Spalding in the mid 20th century. Like other parts of the global clothing industry, shoe manufacturing is heavily concentrated in Asia with nine in ten shoes produced there. Sneakers have gone by
162-547: A documentary, Just for Kicks , about the sneaker phenomenon and history was released. Contemporary sneakers are largely made from synthetic materials, and the materials and manufacturing process produce, on average, about 14 kg (31 lb) of CO 2 emissions . Some companies are trying to substitute more sustainable materials in their manufacture. About 90% of shoes end up in landfills at end of life. Hiberno-English Hiberno-English or Irish English ( IrE ), also formerly sometimes called Anglo-Irish ,
216-479: A fashionable outgrowth of the mainstream non-local Dublin English, advanced Dublin English , also new Dublin English or formerly fashionable Dublin English , is a youthful variety that originally began in the early 1990s among the " avant-garde " and now those aspiring to a non-local "urban sophistication". Advanced Dublin English itself, first associated with affluent and middle-class inhabitants of southside Dublin ,
270-441: A flexible sole, appropriate tread for the function, and ability to absorb impact. As the industry and designs have expanded, the term "athletic shoes" is based more on the design of the bottom of the shoe than the aesthetics of the top of the shoe. Today's designs include sandals, Mary Janes , and even elevated styles suitable for running, dancing, and jumping. The shoes themselves are made of flexible compounds, typically featuring
324-534: A rubber outsole. Each pair comes with two types of laces, one containing Leonardo da Vinci 's quote, "For all those colours which you wish to be beautiful, always start with a fresh white ground". One of the Adicolor range was criticised by the Organization of Chinese Americans for presenting a stereotyped image of Asians. In 2006 Adidas released adicolor Films a series of 7 directors' shorts corresponding to each of
378-433: A sole made of dense rubber. While the original design was basic, manufacturers have since tailored athletic shoes for their specific purposes. An example of this is the spiked shoe developed for track running. Some of these shoes are made up to unusually large sizes for athletes with large feet. Sneakers intended for running come in a range of shapes suited to different purposes. Generally, they are divided by running style:
432-460: A traditional look with increased comfort rapidly achieved wide popularity and by 2010 was displacing sales of leather shoes for adults in a parallel with the post-1950 success of sneakers among children. The shift was especially noticeable in combination with business-casual clothing. From 1970 (five models), to 1998 (285 models), to 2012 (3,371), the number of sport shoe models in the U.S. has grown exponentially. Sneakers intended for sports have
486-615: A variety of names, depending on geography and changing over the decades. The broader category inclusive of sneakers is athletic shoes . The term 'athletic shoes' is typically used for shoes utilized for jogging or road running and indoor sports such as basketball , but tends to exclude shoes for sports played on grass such as association football and rugby football , which are generally known in North America as " cleats " and in British English as "boots" or "studs". The word "sneaker"
540-455: A wooden palette. The white leather can also be coated with sealant before or after painting. In 2005 Adidas re-launched Adicolor as a replica of the original. Trainers include characters on them such as "Trimmy" "Betty Boop" "Mr Happy" "Tron" "Miss Piggy", "Kermit the Frog" and Muhammad Ali . There are similarities between the 1983 version and the 2005 version such as the "ghilly" lacing system and
594-450: Is a collection of broad varieties of Ireland's West Region and Southern Region . Accents of both regions are known for: The subset, South-West Irish English (often known, by specific county , as Cork English , Kerry English , or Limerick English ), features two additional defining characteristics of its own. One is the pin–pen merger : the raising of dress to [ɪ] when before /n/ or /m/ (as in again or pen ). The other
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#1732884653936648-504: Is occurs in all other situations. There are apparent exceptions to these rules; John C. Wells describes prefer and per as /ɛr/ , despite the vowel in question following a labial in both cases. The distribution of /ɛr/ versus /ʊr/ is listed below in some example words: /ɛr/ /ʊr/ ^4 In a rare few local Dublin varieties that are non-rhotic, /ər/ is either lowered to [ɐ] or backed and raised to [ɤ] . ^5 The distinction between /ɔːr/ and /oʊr/
702-455: Is often attributed to American Henry Nelson McKinney, who was an advertising agent for N. W. Ayer & Son . In 1917, he used the term because the rubber sole made the shoe's wearer stealthy. The word was already in use at least as early as 1887, when the Boston Journal made reference to "sneakers" as "the name boys give to tennis shoes." The name "sneakers" originally referred to how quiet
756-416: Is probably now spoken by a majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s. Advanced Dublin English can have a fur–fair merger , horse–hoarse , and witch–which mergers , while resisting the traditionally Irish English cot–caught merger . This accent has since spread south to parts of east County Wicklow , west to parts of north County Kildare and parts of south County Meath . The accent can be heard among
810-582: Is realised as [ɒːɹ] . ^2 In non-local Dublin's more recently emerging (or "advanced Dublin") accent, /ɛər/ and /ɜr/ may both be realised more rounded as [øːɻ] . ^3 The NURSE mergers have not occurred in local Dublin, West/South-West, and other very conservative and traditional Irish English dialects, including in Ulster, all of which retain a two-way distinction between /ɛr/ as in earn versus /ʊr/ as in urn . Contrarily, most English dialects worldwide have merged /ɛ/ and /ʊ/ before
864-403: Is the intonation pattern of a slightly higher pitch followed by a significant drop in pitch on stressed long-vowel syllables (across multiple syllables or even within a single one), which is popularly heard in rapid conversation, by speakers of other English dialects, as a noticeable kind of undulating "sing-song" pattern. Dublin English is highly internally diverse and refers collectively to
918-782: Is the set of dialects of English native to the island of Ireland . In both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland , English is the dominant first language in everyday use and, alongside the Irish language , one of two official languages (with Ulster Scots , in Northern Ireland, being yet another local language). Irish English's writing standards, such as its spelling, align with British English . However, Irish English's diverse accents and some of its grammatical structures and vocabulary are unique, including certain notably conservative phonological features: features no longer common in
972-568: Is used here to represent the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative , sometimes known as a "slit fricative", which is apico - alveolar . ^5 Overall, /hw/ and /w/ are being increasingly merged in supraregional Irish English, for example, making wine and whine homophones , as in most varieties of English around the world. The following vowels + ⟨r⟩ create combinations that are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: Footnotes: ^1 In southside Dublin 's " Dublin 4 " (or "Dortspeak") accent, /ɑːr/
1026-602: Is widely preserved in Ireland, so that, for example, horse and hoarse are not merged in most Irish English dialects; however, they are usually merged in Belfast and advanced Dublin. ^6 In local Dublin /(j)uːr/ may be realised as [(j)uʷə(ɹ)] . For some speakers /(j)uːr/ may merge with /ɔːr/ . A number of Irish language loan words are used in Hiberno-English, particularly in an official state capacity. For example,
1080-889: The NPD Group , one in four pairs of running shoes that were sold in the United States in 2016 were bought from an online retailer . As of 2020 , brands with global popularity include: Sneakers have been an important part of hip hop (primarily Pumas, Nike, and Adidas) and rock 'n roll (Converse, Vans) cultures since the 1970s. Hip hop artists sign million dollar deals with major brands such as Nike, Adidas, or Puma to promote their shoes. Sneaker collectors, called " sneakerheads ", regard sneakers as fashionable items. Sneaker companies encourage this trend by producing rare sneakers in limited numbers, often at very high retail prices. Artistically-modified sneakers can sell for upwards of $ 1000 at exclusive establishments like Saks Fifth Avenue. In 2005,
1134-714: The interwar period , athletic shoes began to be marketed for different sports, and differentiated designs were made available for men. Athletic shoes were used by competing athletes at the Olympics , helping to popularise them among the general public. In 1936, a French brand, Spring Court, marketed the first canvas tennis shoe featuring signature eight ventilation channels on a vulcanised natural rubber sole. Adolf "Adi" Dassler began producing his own sports shoes in his mother's wash kitchen in Herzogenaurach , Bavaria , after his return from World War I , and went on to establish one of
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#17328846539361188-437: The " /ɑː/ and broad /æ/ " set becomes rounded as [ɒː] . ^2 In South-West Ireland, /ɛ/ before /n/ or /m/ is raised to [ɪ] . ^3 Due to the phenomenon of "vowel breaking" in local Dublin accents, /iː/ and /uː/ may be realised as [ijə] and [ʊuwə] in closed syllables . Other notes: The following diphthongs are defining characteristics of Irish English: Footnotes: ^1 Due to
1242-514: The 16th-century Elizabethan Early Modern period , making that variety of English spoken in Ireland the oldest outside of Great Britain . It remains phonologically more conservative today than many other dialects of English. Initially during the Anglo-Norman period in Ireland, English was mainly spoken in an area known as the Pale around Dublin , with largely the Irish language spoken throughout
1296-438: The 1980s or later are showing fewer features of this late-twentieth-century mainstream supraregional form and more characteristics aligning to a rapidly-spreading advanced Dublin accent. See more above, under "Non-local Dublin English". Ireland's supraregional dialect pronounces: The following charts list the vowels typical of each Irish English dialect as well as the several distinctive consonants of Irish English, according to
1350-503: The 1990s, shoe companies perfected their fashion and marketing skills. Sports endorsements with famous athletes grew larger, and marketing budgets went through the roof. Sneakers became a fashion statement and were marketed as a definition of identity and personality rather than simply athletic aids. Also during the 1990s, various vendors began producing "walking shoes" for adults using the construction technology of sneakers but visually resembling traditional leather shoes. The combination of
1404-560: The Czech footwear company Botas , whose produce was one of the few foreign brands of sneakers available during the Soviet occupation . These shoes acquired the nickname ' plimsoll ' in the 1870s, derived according to Nicholette Jones' book The Plimsoll Sensation , from the colored horizontal band joining the upper to the sole, which resembled the Plimsoll line on a ship's hull. Alternatively, just like
1458-494: The Irish English varieties immediately surrounding and within the metropolitan area of Dublin . Modern-day Dublin English largely lies on a phonological continuum, ranging from a more traditional, lower-prestige, local urban accent on the one end, to a more recently developing, higher-prestige, non-local, regional and even supra-regional accent on the other end. Most of the latter characteristics of Dublin English first emerged in
1512-583: The Plimsoll line on a ship, if water got above the line of the rubber sole, the wearer would get wet. Plimsolls were widely worn by vacationers and also began to be worn by sportsmen on the tennis and croquet courts for their comfort. Special soles with engraved patterns to increase the surface grip of the shoe were developed, and these were ordered in bulk for the use of the British Army . Athletic shoes were increasingly used for leisure and outdoor activities at
1566-557: The accents of England or North America . It shows significant influences from the Irish language and, in the north, the Scots language . Phonologists today often divide Irish English into four or five overarching dialects or accents: Ulster or Northern Irish accents , Western and Southern Irish accents (like Cork accents), various Dublin accents , and a non-regional standard accent (outside of Ulster) whose features are shifting since only
1620-489: The consonant /r/ . For instance, in the case of non-local Dublin, supraregional, and younger Irish accents, the merged sequence is phonetically [ɚː] . However, for those accents which retain the more conservative distinction, the distribution of /ɛr/ and /ʊr/ is as follows: /ʊr/ occurs when spelled ⟨ur⟩ and ⟨or⟩ (e.g. urn and word ), ⟨ir⟩ after alveolar stops (e.g. dirt ), and after labial consonants (e.g. fern ); /ɛr/
1674-457: The early- to mid-twentieth century is the direct influence and catalyst for this variety, coming about by the suppression of certain markedly Irish features, and retention of other Irish features, as well as the adoption of certain standard British (i.e., non-Irish) features. The result is a configuration of features that is still unique. In other words, this accent is not simply a wholesale shift towards British English. Most speakers born in
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1728-483: The education system. A German traveller, Ludolf von Münchhausen, visited the Pale in Dublin in 1591. He says of the pale in regards to the language spoken there: "Little Irish is spoken; there are even some people here who cannot speak Irish at all". He may be mistaken, but if this account is true, the language of Dublin in the 1590s was English, not Irish. And yet again, Albert Jouvin travelled to Ireland in 1668; he says of
1782-468: The first rubber-soled shoes in the country, sparking a surge in demand and production. The first basketball shoes were designed by Spalding as early as 1907. The market for sneakers grew after World War I , when sports and athletics increasingly became a way to demonstrate moral fiber and patriotism . The U.S. market for sneakers grew steadily as young boys lined up to buy Converse All Stars sneakers endorsed by basketball player Chuck Taylor . During
1836-446: The greater eastern Irish region surrounding the city. In the most general terms, all varieties of Dublin English have the following identifying sounds that are often distinct from the rest of Ireland, pronouncing: Local Dublin English (or popular Dublin English ) is a traditional, broad , working-class variety spoken in the Republic of Ireland 's capital city of Dublin . It is the only Irish English variety that in earlier history
1890-757: The head of government is the Taoiseach , the deputy head is the Tánaiste , the parliament is the Oireachtas and its lower house is Dáil Éireann . Less formally, people also use loan words in day-to-day speech, although this has been on the wane in recent decades and among the young. /ˈɡɑːrsuːr/ Another group of Hiberno-English words are those derived from the Irish language . Some are words in English that have entered into general use, while others are unique to Ireland. These words and phrases are often Anglicised versions of words in Irish or direct translations into English. In
1944-467: The last quarter of the 20th century onwards. Middle English, as well as a small elite that spoke Anglo-Norman , was brought to Ireland as a result of the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century. The remnants of which survived as the Yola language and Fingallian dialects, which is not mutually comprehensible with Modern English. A second wave of the English language was brought to Ireland in
1998-455: The late 1980s and 1990s. The accent that most strongly uses the traditional working-class features has been labelled by the linguist Raymond Hickey as local Dublin English . Most speakers from Dublin and its suburbs, have accent features falling variously along the entire middle, as well as the newer end of the spectrum, which together form what is called non-local Dublin English . It is spoken by middle- and upper-class natives of Dublin and
2052-1353: The latter term also used in Hiberno-English . Tennis shoes and kicks are other terms used in Australian and North American English . The British English equivalent of sneaker in its modern form is divided into two separate types: predominantly outdoor and fashionable trainers, training shoes or quality 'basketball shoes' and in contrast cheap rubber-soled, low cut and canvas-topped plimsolls , daps , or flats . In Geordie English , sneakers may also be called sandshoes , gym boots , or joggers . Several terms for sneakers exist in South Africa, including gym shoes , sports shoes and takkies . Other names for sneakers includes rubber shoes in Philippine English , track shoes in Singapore English , canvas shoes in Nigerian English , camboo ("camp boot") in Ghana English, and sportex in Greece. In Latvia any sneakers are still called botas after
2106-532: The leading athletic shoe manufacturers, Adidas . He also successfully marketed his shoes to athletes at the 1936 Summer Olympics , which helped cement his good reputation. Business boomed and the Dasslers were selling 200,000 pairs of shoes each year before World War II. During the 1950s, leisure opportunities greatly expanded, and children and adolescents began to wear sneakers as school dress codes relaxed. Sneaker sales rose so high, they began to adversely affect
2160-594: The linguist Raymond Hickey. Phonological characteristics of overall Irish English are given as well as categorisations into five major divisions of Hiberno-English: Ulster; West and South-West Ireland; local Dublin; advanced Dublin; and supraregional (southern) Ireland. Features of mainstream non-local Dublin English fall on a range between what Hickey calls "local Dublin" and "advanced Dublin". The following monophthongs are defining characteristics of Irish English: Footnotes: ^1 In southside Dublin 's once-briefly fashionable " Dublin 4 " (or "Dortspeak") accent,
2214-552: The main colors in the line: the series was created by independent film studio Idealogue. The series was produced by Mark Beukes, Jacqueline Bosnjak and Sara Seiferheld and was the first campaign to be available for download on the iPod and PlayStation Portable. Adicolor Films won a D&AD Award and Yellow Pencil for Excellence in short film and was shortlisted at Cannes Lions for the Titanium Award in 2007. Sneakers Sneakers ( US ) or trainers ( UK ), also known by
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2268-552: The majority are for heel-toe joggers/runners which are further subdivided into ' neutral ', ' overpronation ' and ' underpronation '. However, most evidence-based comparisons show no reduction in lower-limb running injuries from prescribing different types of shoe for different foot types. The shoes are constructed with a complex structure of "rubber" with plastic/metal stiffeners to restrict foot movement. More advanced runners tend to wear flatter and flexible shoes , which allow them to run more quickly with greater comfort. According to
2322-451: The majority language spoken in the country. It has retained this status to the present day, with even those whose first language is Irish being fluent in English as well. Today, there is little more than one per cent of the population who speaks the Irish language natively, though it is required to be taught in all state-funded schools. Of the 40% of the population who self-identified as speaking some Irish in 2016, 4% speak Irish daily outside
2376-481: The middle to upper classes in most major cities in the Republic today. Supraregional Southern Irish English , sometimes, simply Supraregional Irish English or Standard Irish English , refers to a variety spoken particularly by educated and middle- or higher-class Irish people, crossing regional boundaries throughout all of the Republic of Ireland, except the north. A mainstream middle-class variety of Dublin English of
2430-561: The pale and the east coast, "In the inland parts of Ireland, they speak a particular language, but in the greatest part of the towns and villages on the sea coast, only English is spoken". A Tour of Ireland in 1775 By Richard Twiss (writer) says of the language spoken in Dublin "as at present almost all the peasants speak the English language, they converse with as much propriety as any persons of their class in England" Ulster English , or Northern Irish English , here refers collectively to
2484-1022: The phenomenon of "vowel breaking" local Dublin accents, /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ may be realised as [əjə] and [ɛwə] in closed syllables . The consonants of Hiberno-English mostly align with the typical English consonant sounds. However, a few Irish English consonants have distinctive, varying qualities. The following consonant features are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: Footnotes: ^1 In traditional, conservative Ulster English , /k/ and /ɡ/ are palatalised before an open front vowel . ^2 Local Dublin features consonant cluster reduction , so that plosives occurring after fricatives or sonorants may be left unpronounced, resulting, for example, in "poun(d)" and "las(t)". ^3 In extremely traditional and conservative accents (e.g. Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh and Jackie Healy-Rae ), prevocalic /r/ can also be an alveolar flap , [ɾ] . /r/ may be guttural ( uvular , [ʁ] ) in north-east Leinster . ^4 ⟨θ̠⟩
2538-645: The rest of the country. Some small pockets of speakers remained, who predominantly continued to use the English of that time . Because of their sheer isolation, these dialects developed into later, now-extinct, English-related varieties , known as Yola in Wexford and Fingallian in Fingal , Dublin. These were no longer mutually intelligible with other English varieties. By the Tudor period , Irish culture and language had regained most of
2592-739: The rubber soles were on the ground, in contrast to noisy standard hard leather sole dress shoes . Someone wearing sneakers could "sneak up", while someone wearing standards could not. Earlier, the name "sneaks" had been used by prison inmates to refer to warders (guards) because of the rubber-soled shoes they wore. The term "sneakers" is most commonly used in Northeastern United States , Central and South Florida , Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Canada. However, in Australian , Canadian , and Scottish English , running shoes and runners are synonymous terms used to refer to sneakers, with
2646-530: The sales of conventional leather shoes, leading to a fierce advertising war for market share in the late '50s. In the 1970s, jogging for exercise became increasingly popular, and trainers designed specifically for comfort while jogging sold well. Companies also started to target some of their products at the casual fashion market. Soon, shoes were available for football, jogging, basketball, running , etc. Many sports had their relevant shoe, made possible by podiatrist development of athletic shoe technology. During
2700-416: The territory lost to the invaders: even in the Pale, "all the common folk… for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit, and of Irish language". The Tudor conquest and colonisation of Ireland in the 16th century led to a second wave of immigration by English speakers, along with the forced suppression and decline in the status and use of the Irish language. By the mid-19th century, English had become
2754-535: The turn of the 20th century - plimsolls were even found with the ill-fated Scott Antarctic expedition of 1911. Plimsolls were commonly worn by pupils in schools' physical education lessons in the UK from the 1950s until the early 1970s. British company J.W. Foster and Sons designed and produced the first shoes designed for running in 1895; the shoes were spiked to allow for greater traction and speed. The company sold its high-quality handmade running shoes to athletes around
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#17328846539362808-587: The varieties of the Ulster province, including Northern Ireland and neighbouring counties outside of Northern Ireland, which has been influenced by Ulster Irish as well as the Scots language , brought over by Scottish settlers during the Plantation of Ulster . Its main subdivisions are Mid-Ulster English, South Ulster English and Ulster Scots , the latter of which is arguably a separate language. Ulster varieties distinctly pronounce: Western and Southern Irish English
2862-526: The world, eventually receiving a contract for the manufacture of running shoes for the British team in the 1924 Summer Olympics. Harold Abrahams and Eric Liddell won the 100 m and 400 m events, kitted out with Foster's running gear. This style of footwear also became prominent in America at the turn of the 20th century, where they were called 'sneakers'. In 1892, the U.S. Rubber Company introduced
2916-477: Was non-rhotic; however, it is today weakly rhotic. Known for diphthongisation of the GOAT and FACE vowels, the local Dublin accent is also known for a phenomenon called "vowel breaking", in which MOUTH , PRICE , GOOSE and FLEECE in closed syllables are "broken" into two syllables, approximating [ɛwə] , [əjə] , [uwə] , and [ijə] , respectively. Evolving as
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