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35-761: Adachi ( 足立区 , Adachi-ku ) is a special ward in the Tokyo Metropolis in Japan . It is located to the north of the heart of Tokyo. The ward consists of two separate areas: a small strip of land between the Sumida River and Arakawa River and a larger area north of the Arakawa River. The ward is bordered by the cities of Kawaguchi , Sōka and Yashio in Saitama and Katsushika , Sumida , Arakawa and Kita in Tokyo. The ward

70-659: A big pond, water park and bird sanctuary. A part of the east site is now under construction. The park can be accessed by arriving at Toneri-kōen Station on the Nippori-Toneri Liner or by bus. Higashi Ayase Park is a metropolitan park that straddles the border between Ayase and Higashi Ayase. It contains Tokyo Budokan. Within the park, there is a Japanese garden which has a wide variety of plants. It also has sports facilities such as baseball and gateball grounds. Urban Agricultural Park (Toshi Nōgyō Kōen), located in Shikahama,

105-413: A new 2012 law, – sometimes informally called "Osaka Metropolis plan law", but not specifically referring to Osaka – major cities and their surrounding municipalities in prefectures other than Tokyo may be replaced with special wards with similar functions if approved by the involved municipal and prefectural governments and ultimately the citizens of the dissolving municipalities in a referendum. Prerequisite

140-511: Is 3-20-1 Ayase, Adachi, Tokyo. Galaxy+City (Gyarakushitii) is a generic term for series of cultural facilities in Kurihara. It used to be run by Adachi Lifelong Educational Promotion Corporation, but the management was taken over by Youth Centre of Adachi Board of Education on April 1, 2005. It contains two main facilities: Nishiarai Culture Hall (theatre) and Adachi Children's Science Museum. There are also event halls, cafes and others. Theatre 1010

175-675: Is Gochisan Henjōin Sōji-ji (Sōji-ji Temple). This is one of the Three Great Temples in the Kantō region along with Kawasaki Daishi and Sano Yakuyoke Daishi, and a large number of people annually visit the temple at New Year . Toneri Park is a metropolitan park located in Toneri. It is divided into east and west sections by Ogubashi Street. The west site has sports facilities such as an athletic stadium, tennis courts and baseball grounds. The east site has

210-405: Is a population of at least 2 million in the dissolving municipalities; three cities (Yokohama, Nagoya and Osaka) meet this requirement on their own, seven other major city areas can set up special wards if a designated city is joined by neighboring municipalities. However, prefectures ( 道府県 , -dō/-fu/-ken ) where special wards are set up cannot style themselves metropolis ( 都 , -to ) as

245-467: Is a rest house near the entrance on the Arakawa riverbank side. The rest house is at the point where the Arakawa and Shibakawa cycling roads meet. There is no admission fee. It is closed early in the morning and late at night, as well as all day on some days such as the year-end and new-year holidays. The park is far from the train station, but there is a bus running from Nishiarai Station to the park. The park

280-634: Is about a five-minute walk south of the bus stop Shikahama 5 on Kawaguchi Station line (Shikahama-Ryōke) and Akabane Station line (to Nishiarai Station by way of Arakawa Bridge). There is parking for cars and sightseeing buses under the Shuto Expressway Kawaguchi Route, and Shikahamabashi Exit and Higashi Ryōke Exit are nearby. The parking lot is also close to Kan-nana Road. Adachi Park of Living Things, located within Motofuchie Park in Hokima,

315-553: Is called Adachi City in English. As of May 1, 2015, the ward has an estimated population of 692,707 and a population density of 13,010 persons per km. The total area is 53.25 km. The Adachi Land Transportation Office is located here, and automobiles registered at this office bear Adachi number plates . Under the Ritsuryō system, the present-day ward was the southern extremity of Adachi District, Musashi Province . In 826, during

350-657: Is located in the area. Adachi has sister-city relationships with Belmont , Australia . Within Japan, Adachi has similar ties with the city of Uonuma (formerly the town of Koide ) in Niigata Prefecture , Yamanouchi in Nagano Prefecture , and the city of Kanuma in Tochigi Prefecture . The primary railway station in the city is Kita-Senju Station . Shuto Expressway Special wards of Tokyo Although

385-532: Is run by Adachi Ward. Tokyo Budokan, located within Higashi Ayase Metropolitan Park, is a sports facility run by Tokyo Sport Benefits Corporation. The Tokyo Budokan has an avant-garde building designed by a famous architect Kijō Rokkaku. It includes places for martial arts and Kyūdō , and training rooms. The word budokan means "martial arts hall", and the same word is part of the name of the more-famous Nippon Budokan . The Tokyo Budokan's address

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420-466: Is run by Adachi Ward. Officially, it is a part of Kōhoku Park. It is located near the meeting of the Shiba and Arakawa Rivers, and its south end faces a green space on the Arakawa river area. There are fields, orchards, greenhouses and other facilities that aim to show farming techniques that have been adopted in the suburbs of Tokyo. There are also facilities for families such as lawns and play equipment. There

455-521: Is similar between the Federal District and its 35 administrative regions in Brazil . To finance the joint public services it provides to the 23 wards, the metropolitan government levies some of the taxes that would normally be levied by city governments, and also makes transfer payments to wards that cannot finance their own local administration. Waste disposal is handled by each ward under direction of

490-451: The 23 wards ( 23区 , nijūsan-ku ) or just Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō ) if the context makes obvious that this does not refer to the whole prefecture. Today, all wards refer to themselves as a city in English, but the Japanese designation of special ward ( tokubetsu-ku ) remains unchanged. They are a group of 23 municipalities; there is no associated single government body separate from

525-596: The Constitution of Japan . This means that they had no constitutional right to pass their own legislation, or to hold direct elections for mayors and councilors. While these authorities were granted by statute during the US-led occupation and again in 1975, they could be unilaterally revoked by the National Diet ; similar measures against other municipalities would require a constitutional amendment. The denial of elected mayors to

560-773: The Heian period , the Nishiarai Daishi temple was founded. During the Muromachi period and into the Sengoku period , the Chiba clan held control of the region. The Great Senju Bridge was built in 1594. In the Edo period , parts were under the direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate , and parts were under the administration of Kan'ei-ji , a temple in present-day Ueno, Tokyo . Adachi was also home to Senju-shuku

595-543: The Local Autonomy Law only allows Tokyo with that status. In Osaka , a 2015 referendum to replace the city with five special wards was defeated narrowly. Many important districts are located in Tokyo's special wards: Nishiarai Station Nishiarai Station ( 西新井駅 , Nishiarai-eki ) is a railway station in Adachi, Tokyo , Japan . It is operated by private railway operator Tobu Railway . The station

630-438: The National Diet designated the special wards as local public entities ( 地方公共団体 , chihō kōkyō dantai ) , giving them a legal status similar to cities. The wards vary greatly in area (from 10 to 60 km ) and population (from less than 40,000 to 830,000), and some are expanding as artificial islands are built. Setagaya has the most people, while neighboring Ōta has the largest area. The total population census of

665-519: The Tokyo Metropolitan Government , which governs all 62 municipalities of Tokyo, not just the special wards. Analogues exist in historic and contemporary Chinese and Korean administration: "Special wards" are city-independent wards, analogously, " special cities /special cities" (teukbyeol-si/tokubetsu-shi) are province-/prefecture-independent cities and were intended to be introduced under SCAP in Japan, too; but in Japan, implementation

700-550: The prefectural government , then renamed to "Metropolitan". During the Occupation of Japan , municipal autonomy was restored to former Tokyo City by the establishment of special wards, each with directly elected mayor and assembly, as in any other city, town or village in Tokyo and the rest of the country. In Japanese, they are collectively also known as "Wards area of Tokyo Metropolis" ( 東京都区部 , Tōkyō-to kubu ) , "former Tokyo City" ( 旧東京市 , kyū-Tōkyō-shi ) , or less formally

735-401: The 23 special wards had fallen under 8 million as the postwar economic boom moved people out to suburbs, and then rose as Japan's lengthy stagnation took its toll and property values drastically changed, making residential inner areas up to 10 times less costly than during peak values. Its population was 8,949,447 as of October 1, 2010, about two-thirds of the population of Tokyo and a quarter of

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770-411: The administrative wards of cities (that unlike Tokyo City retained their elected mayors and assemblies) but still less than other municipalities in Tokyo or the rest of the country, making them less independent than cities, towns or villages, but more independent than city subdivisions. Today, each special ward has its own elected mayor ( 区長 , kuchō ) and assembly ( 区議会 , kugikai ) . In 2000,

805-505: The autonomy law today allows for special wards to be established in other prefectures, to date they exist only in Tokyo , which consists of 23 special wards and 39 other, ordinary municipalities ( cities , towns , and villages ). The special wards of Tokyo occupy the land that was Tokyo City in its 1936 borders before it was abolished under the Tōjō Cabinet in 1943 to become directly ruled by

840-510: The current city area. On March 15, 1943, as part of wartime totalitarian tightening of controls, Tokyo's local autonomy (elected council and mayor) under the Imperial municipal code was eliminated by the Tōjō cabinet and the Tokyo city government and ( Home ministry appointed) prefectural government merged into a single (appointed) prefectural government; the wards were placed under the direct control of

875-514: The metropolitan government. For example, plastics were generally handled as non-burnable waste until the metropolitan government announced a plan to halt burying of plastic waste by 2010; as a result, about half of the special wards now treat plastics as burnable waste, while the other half mandate recycling of either all or some plastics. Unlike other municipalities (including the municipalities of western Tokyo ), special wards were initially not considered to be local public entities for purposes of

910-500: The population of the Greater Tokyo Area . As of December 2012, the population passed 9 million; the 23 wards have a population density of 14,485 people/km (37,520 people/sq mi). The Mori Memorial Foundation put forth a proposal in 1999 to consolidate the 23 wards into six larger cities for efficiency purposes, and an agreement was reached between the metropolitan and special ward governments in 2006 to consider realignment of

945-431: The prefecture. The 35 wards of the former city were integrated into 22 on March 15, 1947, just before the legal definition of special wards was given by the Local Autonomy Law , enforced on May 3 the same year. The 23rd ward, Nerima, was formed on August 1, 1947, when Itabashi was split again. The postwar reorganization under the US-led occupation authorities democratized the prefectural administrations but did not include

980-478: The reinstitution of Tokyo City. Seiichirō Yasui , a former Home Ministry bureaucrat and appointed governor, won the first Tokyo gubernatorial election against Daikichirō Tagawa, a former Christian Socialist member of the Imperial Diet, former vice mayor of Tokyo city and advocate of Tokyo city's local autonomy. Since the 1970s, the special wards of Tokyo have exercised a considerably higher degree of autonomy than

1015-465: The same way as Tokyo City, making the boroughs top-level divisions of England or New York state. Although special wards are autonomous from the Tokyo metropolitan government, they also function as a single urban entity in respect to certain public services, including water supply, sewage disposal, and fire services. These services are handled by the Tokyo metropolitan government, whereas cities would normally provide these services themselves. This situation

1050-766: The special wards was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in the 1963 decision Japan v. Kobayashi et al. (also known as Tokyo Ward Autonomy Case). In 1998, the National Diet passed a revision of the Local Autonomy Law (effective in the year 2000) that implemented the conclusions of the Final Report on the Tokyo Ward System Reform increasing their fiscal autonomy and established the wards as basic local public entities. The word "special" distinguishes them from

1085-505: The wards ( 区 , ku ) of other major Japanese cities. Before 1943, the wards of Tokyo City were no different from the wards of Osaka or Kyoto . These original wards numbered 15 in 1889. Large areas from five surrounding districts were merged into the city in 1932 and organized in 20 new wards, bringing the total to 35; the expanded city was also referred to as "Greater Tokyo" ( 大東京 , Dai-Tōkyō ) . By this merger, together with smaller ones in 1920 and 1936, Tokyo City came to expand to

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1120-464: The wards, but there has been minimal further movement to change the current special ward system. Special wards do not currently exist outside Tokyo; however, several Osaka area politicians, led by Governor Tōru Hashimoto , are backing an Osaka Metropolis plan under which the city of Osaka would be replaced by special wards, consolidating many government functions at the prefectural level and devolving other functions to more localized governments. Under

1155-706: Was a post station on both the Nikkō Kaidō and the Mito Kaidō . The shogunate maintained the Kozukappara execution grounds in Senju. In 1932, Adachi, formerly known as Minamiadachi District , became a ward of Tokyo City . The special ward was founded on March 15, 1947. Nishiarai Daishi, located in Nishiarai, is a temple of the Buzan branch of Shingon Buddhism . Its formal name

1190-691: Was named as it is because the number 1010 (Senjū) and the name of the theater's location (Senju) are homonyms in Japanese. Adachi Historical Museum, located within Higashifuchie Park in Ōyata, is run by Adachi Ward. The city's public high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education . The city's public elementary and junior high schools are operated by the Adachi City Board of Education (足立区教育委員会). International schools: Tokyo Future University

1225-531: Was stalled, and in 1956 special cities were replaced in the Local Autonomy Law with designated major cities which gain additional autonomy, but remain part of prefectures. In everyday English, Tokyo as a whole is also referred to as a city even though it contains 62 cities, towns, villages and special wards. The closest English equivalents for the special wards would be the London boroughs or New York City boroughs if Greater London and New York City had been abolished in

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