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78-536: Acumen was founded in 2001 by Jacqueline Novogratz, with help of seed capital from the Rockefeller Foundation , Cisco Systems Foundations and three individual philanthropists. Acumen uses a business mechanism to fight poverty, investing in for-profit businesses that treat the poor as customers. Acumen's model is to invest as equity or debt in social enterprises, both for-profit or nonprofit organizations, that are serving people living below, at or slightly above

156-446: A 10-year alliance with Monsanto in 2012, to develop biotech solutions for the farming industry by developing natural molecules for crop protection. In 2012, it formed a partnership with Sanofi Genzyme to develop a treatment for transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, a hereditary disease in Asia. In February 2013, it formed a partnership with The Medicines Company to develop a drug to treat

234-543: A close relationship with Rockefeller University (also known as the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) with many faculty holding overlapping positions between the institutions. The Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease was a Rockefeller-funded campaign from 1909 to 1914 to study and treat hookworm disease in 11 Southern states. Hookworm was known as the "germ of laziness". In 1913,

312-439: A deal worth $ 2.8 billion for the development of a hypertension drug. In 2016, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals had 18 potential treatments in various development stages in genetic medicine, cardiometabolic disease and hepatic infectious disease. In late 2016, the company's lead candidate in phase III studies was patisiran , a treatment targeting transthyretin (TTR) for the treatment of TTR-mediated amyloidosis (ATTR), in patients with

390-459: A genetic form of high cholesterol. In July 2013, during a Phase I trial Alnylam demonstrated statistically significant reduction of a protein called transthyretin, or TTR and demonstrated human efficacy with intravenous and subcutaneous modes of administration. In 2014, Sanofi Genzyme acquired a 12 percent stake in Alnylam and increased its rights to several of the company's drugs for $ 700 million. In

468-610: A haven for scholars threatened by the Nazis. After World War II the foundation sent a team to West Germany to investigate how it could become involved in reconstructing the country. They focused on restoring democracy, especially regarding education and scientific research, with the long-term goal of reintegrating Germany into the Western world. The foundation also supported the early initiatives of Henry Kissinger , such as his directorship of Harvard's International Seminars (funded as well by

546-465: A large part of Senior's fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes. The first secretary of the foundation was Jerome Davis Greene , the former secretary of Harvard University , who wrote a "memorandum on principles and policies" for an early meeting of the trustees that established a rough framework for the foundation's work. It was initially located within the family office at Standard Oil 's headquarters at 26 Broadway , later (in 1933) shifting to

624-528: A separate transaction Alnylam announced that it had purchased Merck & Co. 's Sirna Therapeutics , for $ 25 million cash and $ 150 million in stock. In 2015, the company had $ 41 million in revenue and a market cap of $ 5.2 billion. In 2016, the company purchased land in Norton, Massachusetts to build a manufacturing facility. In October 2016 the Phase III clinical trial of the company's lead product, revusiran,

702-573: A suite of products that range from single-function lanterns for reading and ambient light, to more advanced multi-function solar light solutions and full-home systems. By replacing a kerosene lamp with a d.light product, a consumer can expect monthly cost savings of 10-25%, increased health and safety from the elimination of kerosene fumes and fires, and increased productivity due to the superior quality of light. Kentaste Products Limited Kentaste creates products such as coconut oil, milk, cream and flakes that are sold in more than 300 grocery stores across

780-495: Is a joint venture of Acumen and Hindustan Latex Limited to provide women with a cheaper and accessible way of childbirth. It started in 2005 when Anant Kumar, CEO of HLL (now known as HLL Lifecare) travelled to hospitals to talk to women about family planning practices and contraceptive use. Kumar found out that most women were unsatisfied with the level of care at public hospitals, some were so frustrated that they would take out loans to finance visits to private facilities. Kumar took

858-572: Is a pilot grant program that is overseen by the Lincoln Center . The grants are to be used towards art and cultural opportunities in the underserved areas of Brooklyn and the South Bronx with three overarching goals. The Rockefeller Foundation supported the art scene in Haiti in 1948 and a literacy project with UNESCO . Rusk was involved with funding the humanities and the social sciences during

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936-480: Is attributed to family planning services, consultation fees and rent from outsourced laboratory and pharmacy. In December 2013, LifeSpring Hospitals decided to raise $ 3.2 million to fund its expansion plan and to set up another maternity home. Rockefeller Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private foundation and philanthropic medical research and arts funding organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue , New York City. The foundation

1014-494: Is being explored in clinical trials currently underway. Novartis obtained global rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize Leqvio under a license and collaboration agreement with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Alnylam still does not earn money, but writes losses. The losses ("GAAP Operating Loss") from Alnylam were around $ 650 million in the late 2020. Alnylam expects to achieve net profits financially in 2022 or 2023. In July 2023, Roche partnered with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals in

1092-585: Is scheduled for September 13, 2023. Although the APOLLO-B study met key endpoints, the FDA questioned the clinical significance of the results particularly for patients not on background therapy with tafamidis . The FDA is seeking the committee's input on the clinical meaningfulness and patient populations for patisiran use potentially challenging Pfizer's tafamidis dominance in ATTR-CM treatment. A decision on Alnylam's application

1170-556: Is sometimes referred to as the " Villa Serbelloni ", the property bequeathed to the foundation in 1959 under the presidency of Dean Rusk (who was later to become U.S. President Kennedy 's secretary of state). The Bellagio Center operates both a conference center and a residency program . Numerous Nobel laureates , Pulitzer winners, National Book Award recipients, Prince Mahidol Award winners, and MacArthur fellows , as well as several acting and former heads of state and government, have been in residence at Bellagio. Agriculture

1248-605: The Central Intelligence Agency ) and the early foreign policy magazine Confluence , both established by him while he was still a graduate student. In 2021, Rajiv J. Shah , president of the Rockefeller Foundation, released a statement condemning eugenics and supporting the anti-eugenics movement. He stated that "[...]we commend the Anti-Eugenics Project for their essential work to understand[...]

1326-632: The China Medical Board , which established the first public health university in China, the Peking Union Medical College , in 1921; this was subsequently nationalized when the Communists took over the country in 1949. In the same year it began a program of international fellowships to train scholars at many of the world's universities at the post-doctoral level . The Foundation also maintained

1404-730: The Cold War period, including study of the Soviet Union . In July 2022, the Rockefeller Foundation granted $ 1m to the Wikimedia Foundation . The foundation also owns and operates the Bellagio Center in Bellagio, Italy . The center has several buildings, spread across a 50-acre (200,000 m ) property, on the peninsula between lakes Como and Lecco in Northern Italy . The center

1482-643: The Enhanced Livelihood Investment Initiative to improve the lives of farmers and their communities in Africa , South Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean . The initiative involves a 3-year, $ 10 Million commitment to improve the economic lives of farmers by creating and improving privately held companies which links the farmers to Unilever's global supply chain and distribution network. This increases

1560-513: The GE Building (then RCA ), along with the newly named family office, Room 5600 , at Rockefeller Center ; later it moved to the Time-Life Building in the center, before shifting to its current Fifth Avenue address. In 1914, the trustees set up a new Department of Industrial Relations, inviting William Lyon Mackenzie King to head it. He became a close and key advisor to Junior through

1638-839: The International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines . Part of the original program, the funding of the IRRI was later taken over by the Ford Foundation. The International Rice Research Institute and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center are part of a consortium of agricultural research organizations known as CGIAR . Costing around $ 600 million, over 50 years, the revolution brought new farming technology, increased productivity, expanded crop yields and mass fertilization to many countries throughout

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1716-1135: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics , (also known as the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research ) which conducted eugenics experiments in Nazi Germany and influenced the development of Nazi racial scientific ideology. Rockefeller spent almost $ 3 million between 1925 and 1935, and also funded other German eugenicists, Herman Poll , Alfred Grotjahn , Eugen Fischer , and Hans Nachsteim , continuing even after Hitler's ascent to power in 1933; Rüdin's work influenced compulsory sterilisation in Nazi Germany . Josef Mengele worked as an assistant in Verschuer's lab, though Rockefeller executives did not know of Mengele and stopped funding that specific research before World War II started in 1939. The Rockefeller Foundation continued funding German eugenics research even after it

1794-610: The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial (LSRM), established by Senior in 1918 and named after his wife, the Rockefeller fortune was for the first time directed to supporting research by social scientists. During its first few years of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to social workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by Junior. In 1922, Beardsley Ruml was hired to direct the LSRM, and he most decisively shifted

1872-604: The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom. they spent more than $ 25 million in developing other public health schools in the US and in 21 foreign countries. In 1913, it also began a 20-year support program of the Bureau of Social Hygiene , whose mission was research and education on birth control, maternal health and sex education. In 1914, the foundation set up

1950-514: The Ludlow Massacre , turning around his attitude to unions ; however the foundation's involvement in IR was criticized for advancing the family's business interests. The foundation henceforth confined itself to funding responsible organizations involved in this and other controversial fields, which were beyond the control of the foundation itself. Junior became the foundation chairman in 1917. Through

2028-532: The Nasdaq stock exchange. In 2005, the company partnered with Medtronic to develop drug-device combinations to treat neurodegenerative disorders, and in 2006 with Biogen Idec to develop treatments of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy . In 2007, it entered into a nonexclusive alliance with Hoffmann-La Roche , in which Alnylam received $ 331 million in exchange for access to its technology platform. and also partnered with Ionis Pharmaceuticals to found

2106-637: The OECD , the foundation provided $ 284 million for development in 2021. The foundation has given more than $ 14 billion in current dollars. The foundation has had an international reach since the 1930s and major influence on global non-governmental organizations . The World Health Organization is modeled on the International Health Division of the foundation, which sent doctors abroad to study and treat human subjects. The National Science Foundation and National Institute of Health are also modeled on

2184-491: The 100 Resilient Cities program funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. In January 2016, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development announced winners of its National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC), awarding three 100RC member cities – New York, NY ; Norfolk, VA ; and New Orleans, LA – with more than $ 437 million in disaster resilience funding. The grant was the largest ever received by

2262-696: The 1930s. Even into the 1950s, Rockefeller continued to provide some funding for research borne out of German eugenics. The foundation also funded the relocation of scholars threatened by the Nazis to America in the 1930s, known as the Refugee Scholar Program and the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars. Some of the notable figures relocated or saved, among a total of 303 scholars, were Thomas Mann , Claude Lévi-Strauss and Leó Szilárd . The foundation helped The New School provide

2340-827: The American Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Connecticut , Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., Karamu House in Cleveland , and Lincoln Center in New York. The foundation underwrote Spike Lee 's documentary on New Orleans , When the Levees Broke . The film has been used as the basis for a curriculum on poverty, developed by the Teachers College at Columbia University for their students. The Cultural Innovation Fund

2418-643: The Caribbean including Italy , France , Venezuela , Mexico , and Puerto Rico , totaling fifty-two countries on six continents and twenty-nine islands. The first director was Wickliffe Rose , followed by F.F. Russell in 1923, Wilbur Sawyer in 1935, and George Strode in 1944. A number of notable physicians and field scientists worked on the international campaigns, including Lewis Hackett , Hideyo Noguchi , Juan Guiteras , George C. Payne , Livingston Farrand , Cornelius P. Rhoads , and William Bosworth Castle . In 1936, The Rockefeller Foundation received one of

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2496-538: The Global Resilient Cities Network (GRCN), founded by former 100RC leadership and staff. 40°45′03″N 73°59′00″W  /  40.75083°N 73.98333°W  / 40.75083; -73.98333 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics for genetically defined diseases. The company

2574-533: The Mexican Government and derail any possible communist infiltration, in order to protect the Rockefeller family's investments. By 1943, this program, under the foundation's Mexican Agriculture Project , had proved such a success with the science of corn propagation and general principles of agronomy that it was exported to other Latin American countries; in 1956, the program was then taken to India; again with

2652-595: The amount of machinery to only those necessary in performing a safe normal delivery, LifeSpring hospitals has brought the cost down to make it accessible to the poor population. Through its process-driven model, LifeSpring has filled a void in the Indian healthcare landscape. Its developmental goals are to reduce maternal and child mortality while achieving financial sustainability. It ensures that more babies are born with qualified physicians rather than at home in high-risk situations. Additional income generated apart from deliveries

2730-663: The center of all our work: [...] confronting the hateful legacies of the past [...] we understand that the work we engage in today does not absolve us of yesterday's mistakes. [...]" Although the United States never joined the League of Nations , the Rockefeller Foundation was involved, and by the 1930s the foundations had changed the League from a "Parliament of Nations" to a modern think tank that used specialized expertise to provide in-depth impartial analysis of international issues. After

2808-461: The city of Norfolk. In April 2019, it was announced that the foundation would no longer be funding the 100 Resilient Cities program as a whole. Some elements of the initiative's work, most prominently the funding of several cities' Chief Resilience Officer roles, continues to be managed and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, while other aspects of the program continue in the form of two independent organizations, Resilient Cities Catalyst (RCC) and

2886-440: The coast where nearly 100 locally-hired staff produce and distribute the premium Kentaste products. When investing in businesses, Acumen measures success in the number of lives reached in bottom of the pyramid markets. For them, success is correlated with the social change that occurs in people's lives. For example, when looking to invest in a company that makes and distributes anti-malarial bed nets, Acumen uses numbers to measure

2964-558: The company Regulus Therapeutics , focused on microRNA therapeutics. In 2009, the company formed alliances with Cubist Pharmaceuticals and Kyowa Hakko Kirin to market a drug targeted at respiratory syncytial virus . In 2010, it expanded its previous collaboration with Medtronic to include the CHDI Foundation in its Huntington's disease focused research. In 2011, it partnered with GlaxoSmithKline to develop RNAi technology enhancing vaccine production. The company entered into

3042-500: The compromised nervous system condition of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). In August 2018, with its commercial name Onpattro , patisiran received the U.S. regulatory approval to treat polyneuropathy in patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. In September 2023, the FDA raised doubts about the efficacy of patisiran for treating cardiomyopathy associated with transthyretin -mediated amyloidosis (ATTR-CM). The FDA's Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs Advisory Committee meeting

3120-578: The direct family link and becoming the sixth family member to serve on the board. C. Douglas Dillon , the United States Secretary of the Treasury under both Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson , served as chairman of the foundation. Stock in the family's oil companies had been a major part of the foundation's assets, beginning with Standard Oil and later with its corporate descendants, including ExxonMobil . In December 2020,

3198-754: The eugenics movement. The Rockefeller Foundation, along with the Carnegie Institution , was the primary financier for the Eugenics Record Office , until 1939. The foundation also provided grants to Margaret Sanger and Alexis Carrel , who supported birth control, compulsory sterilization and eugenics . Sanger went to Japan in 1922 and influenced the birth control movement there. By 1926, Rockefeller had donated over $ 400,000, which would be almost $ 4 million adjusted for inflation in 2003, to hundreds of German researchers, including Ernst Rüdin and Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer , through funding

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3276-550: The first awarded Walter Reed Medals from The American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene to recognize its study and control of Yellow Fever . The World Health Organization , seen as a successor to the IHD, was formed in 1948, and the IHD was subsumed by the larger Rockefeller Foundation in 1951, discontinuing its overseas work. While the Rockefeller doctors working in tropical locales such as Mexico emphasized scientific neutrality, they had political and economic aims to promote

3354-488: The focus of Rockefeller philanthropy into the social sciences , stimulating the founding of university research centers, and creating the Social Science Research Council . In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded into the Rockefeller Foundation, in a major reorganization. The Rockefeller family helped lead the foundation in its early years, but later limited itself to one or two representatives, to maintain

3432-476: The foundation expanded its work with the Sanitary Commission abroad and set up the International Health Division (also known as International Health Board), which began the foundation's first international public health activities. The International Health Division conducted campaigns in public health and sanitation against malaria , yellow fever , and hookworm in areas throughout Europe, Latin America and

3510-578: The foundation granted $ 100000 to the Institute for Psychoanalysis in Chicago. This grant was renewed in 1938, with payments extending into the early-1940s. This division funded women's contraception and the human reproductive system in general, but also was involved in funding controversial eugenics research. Other funding went into endocrinology departments in American universities, human heredity, mammalian biology, human physiology and anatomy, psychology , and

3588-425: The foundation pledged to dump their fossil fuel holdings. With a $ 5 billion endowment, the Rockefeller Foundation was "the largest US foundation to embrace the rapidly growing divestment movement." CNN writer Matt Egan noted, "This divestment is especially symbolic because the Rockefeller Foundation was founded by oil money." Public health , health aid , and medical research are the most prominent areas of work of

3666-432: The foundation's independence and avoid charges of undue family influence. These representatives have included the former president John D. Rockefeller III , and then his son John D. Rockefeller, IV , who gave up the trusteeship in 1981. In 1989, David Rockefeller 's daughter, Peggy Dulany , was appointed to the board for a five-year term. In October 2006, David Rockefeller Jr. joined the board of trustees, re-establishing

3744-580: The foundation's president committed to reckoning with their history, and to centering equity and inclusion. John D. Rockefeller Sr. first conceived the idea of the foundation in 1901. In 1906, Rockefeller's business and philanthropic advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates , encouraged him toward "permanent corporate philanthropies for the good of Mankind" so that his heirs should not "dissipate their inheritances or become intoxicated with power." In 1909 Rockefeller signed over 73,000 Standard Oil shares worth $ 50 million, to his son, Gates and Harold Fowler McCormick as

3822-694: The foundation. On December 5, 1913, the Board made its first grant of $ 100,000 to the American Red Cross to purchase property for its headquarters in Washington, D.C. The foundation established the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Harvard School of Public Health , two of the first such institutions in the United States, and established the School of Hygiene at the University of Toronto in 1927, and

3900-688: The geopolitical imperative of providing an antidote to communism. It wasn't until 1959 that senior foundation officials succeeded in getting the Ford Foundation (and later USAID , and later still, the World Bank ) to sign on to the major philanthropic project, known now to the world as the Green Revolution . It was originally conceived in 1943 as CIMMYT , the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico. It also provided significant funding for

3978-403: The harmful legacies of eugenicist ideologies. [...] examine the role that philanthropies played in developing and perpetuating eugenics policies and practices. The Rockefeller Foundation is currently reckoning with our own history in relation to eugenics.  This requires uncovering the facts and confronting uncomfortable truths, [...] The Rockefeller Foundation is putting equity and inclusion at

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4056-660: The idea of opening a high-quality maternal care institution to low-income families in the sprawling Hyderabad urban slums. The concept involved provision of high quality pre- and post-natal health care services priced at 50–70% the price of private clinics. The concept was welcomed among the poor population and it was expanded to nine hospitals in low-income areas by 2009. Its narrow specialization in maternal health care has been instrumental in lowering costs and increasing productivity in its locations. By limiting capital expenditures such as renting hospital buildings on multi year leases, outsourcing pharmacy and laboratory services and reducing

4134-472: The identification of human viruses, techniques for virus identification, and arthropod -borne viruses. Bristol-Myers Squibb , Johns Hopkins University and the Rockefeller Foundation are currently the subject of a $ 1 billion lawsuit from Guatemala for "roles in a 1940s U.S. government experiment that infected hundreds of Guatemalans with syphilis ". A previous suit against the United States government

4212-580: The latter approach is complicated, expensive and impractical for emerging companies. Instead, Acumen measures between output and impact, i.e. distribution of bed nets to reduction of malaria. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: Cisco , Sapling Foundation The Clinton Foundation : In 2015, Acumen, Unilever and the Clinton Guistra Enterprise Partnership , part of the Clinton Foundation, launched an initiative called

4290-437: The poverty line. Key to their model is patient capital, allowing an extended timeline for a return (7–12 years). They are looking for a 1X return across their portfolio of investments and they re-invest their gains. In choosing these organizations, Acumen tends to focus on companies working in off-grid, renewable energy and agriculture. Here are two examples of companies that Acumen has invested in: d.light d.light developed

4368-509: The region. The largest buyer on the Kenyan coast, Kentaste purchases coconuts from nearly 2,000 farmers at consistently high volumes and fixed prices—ensuring that, no matter how the global market’s coconut prices fluctuate, its farmers will always make the same steady income for what they produce. To save farmers significant labor expenses and maximize their profits, Kentaste’s staff harvest the coconuts and transport them to its processing facilities on

4446-774: The social and economic impact of these businesses alongside sustaining them. The challenges in this initiative involve difficulty in accessing and adopting beneficial agricultural innovations as well as the company's challenge in providing it and still remaining profitable. This partnership helps in overcoming these challenges by developing repeatable models to scale the adoption of agricultural innovations. Additional partners include Alnylam Pharmaceuticals , AlphaSights , American Express , Autodesk Foundation , Bain & Company , Bank of America , Barclays , Ernst & Young , IKEA Foundation , Mitsubishi Group , Safaricom , SAP , Signify , Target Foundation and UBS Optimus Foundation . LifeSpring Hospitals : LifeSpring hospitals

4524-626: The social impact of this company. This means that greater number of anti-malarial bed nets manufactured and distributed, the more impact the company made. If a company builds toilets and shower facilities in urban slums and business districts, the success of this investment is measured by the number of times the toilet and shower facilities are used. Acumen measures the immediate output and considers it when looking for businesses to invest in, but doesn't focus on whether these social changes are contributing to decrease in malaria or improvement in health and environment. Its former CEO, Brian Trelstad argues that

4602-575: The studies of human sexual behavior by Alfred Kinsey . In the interwar years, the foundation funded public health, nursing, and social work in Eastern and Central Europe. In 1950, the foundation expanded their international program of virus research, establishing field laboratories in Poona , India, Trinidad , Belém , Brazil, Johannesburg , South Africa, Cairo , Egypt, Ibadan , Nigeria, and Cali , Colombia, among others. The foundation funded research into

4680-416: The third inaugural trustee, in the first installment of a projected $ 100 million endowment. The nascent foundation applied for a federal charter in the US Senate in 1910, with at one stage Junior even secretly meeting with President William Howard Taft , through the aegis of Senator Nelson Aldrich , to hammer out concessions. However, because of the ongoing (1911) antitrust suit against Standard Oil at

4758-401: The time, along with deep suspicion in some quarters of undue Rockefeller influence on the spending of the endowment, the result was that Senior and Gates withdrew the bill from Congress in order to seek a state charter from New York. On May 14, 1913, New York Governor William Sulzer approved a charter for the foundation with Junior becoming the first president. With its large-scale endowment,

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4836-629: The treatment of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy . On December 22, 2021, Novartis announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Leqvio (inclisiran), a small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Leqvio is indicated in the United States as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) who require additional lowering of LDL-C. The effect of Leqvio on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

4914-714: The use of so-called terminator genes; the company later complied. In the 1990s, the foundation shifted its agriculture work and emphasis to Africa; in 2006, it joined with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in a $ 150 million effort to fight hunger in the continent through improved agricultural productivity. In an interview marking the 100 year anniversary of the Rockefeller Foundation, Judith Rodin explained to This Is Africa that Rockefeller has been involved in Africa since their beginning in three main areas – health, agriculture and education, though agriculture has been and continues to be their largest investment in Africa. A total of 100 cities across six continents were part of

4992-456: The value of public health to improve American relations with the host country. Although they claimed the banner of public health and humanitarian medicine, they often engaged with politics and business interests. Rhoads was involved in a racism whitewashing scandal in the 1930s during which he joked about injecting cancer cells into Puerto Rican patients, inspiring Puerto Rican nationalist and anti-colonialist leader Pedro Albizu Campos . Noguchi

5070-422: The war, the foundation was involved in the establishment of the United Nations . Senate House (University of London) was built on donation from Rockefeller Foundation in 1926 and a foundation stone laid by King George V in 1933. It is the headquarters of the University of London since 1937. In the arts, the Rockefeller Foundation has supported the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario , Canada, and

5148-417: The work funded by Rockefeller. It has also been a supporter of and influence on the United Nations . In 2020, the foundation pledged that it would divest from fossil fuel , notable since the endowment was largely funded by Standard Oil. The foundation also has a controversial past, including support of eugenics in the 1930s, as well as several scandals arising from their international field work. In 2021,

5226-448: The world. Later it funded over $ 100 million of plant biotechnology research and trained over four hundred scientists from Asia, Africa and Latin America. It also invested in the production of transgenic crops, including rice and maize. In 1999, the then president Gordon Conway addressed the Monsanto Company board of directors, warning of the possible social and environmental dangers of this biotechnology, and requesting them to disavow

5304-430: Was also involved in an unethical human experimentation scandal. Susan Lederer , Elizabeth Fee , and Jay Katz are among the modern scholars who have researched this period. Researchers with the foundation including Noguchi developed the vaccine to prevent yellow fever . Rhoads later became a significant cancer researcher and director of Memorial Sloan-Kettering , though his eponymous award for oncological excellence

5382-448: Was announced that Maraganore would step down as CEO, to be succeeded by the company's chief operating officer, Yvonne Greenstreet , on January 1, 2022. In December 2021, Alnylam submitted a clinical trial authorisation (CTA) application to the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom to initiate a Phase 1 study of ALN-APP, an investigational RNAi therapeutic targeting amyloid precursor protein (APP) for

5460-475: Was clear that it was being used to rationalize discrimination against Jewish people and other groups, after the Nuremberg laws in 1935 . In 1936, Rockefeller fulfilled pledges of $ 655,000 to Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, even though several distinguished Jewish scientists had been dropped from the institute at the time. The Rockefeller Foundation did not alert the world about the racist implications of Nazi ideology , but furthered and funded eugenic research through

5538-438: Was created by Standard Oil magnate John D. Rockefeller ("Senior") and son " Junior ", and their primary business advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates , on May 14, 1913, when its charter was granted by New York . It is the second-oldest major philanthropic institution in America (after the Carnegie Corporation ) and ranks as the 30th largest foundation globally by endowment, with assets of over $ 6.3 billion in 2022. According to

5616-538: Was dismissed in 2011 for the Guatemala syphilis experiments when a judge determined that the U.S. government could not be held liable for actions committed outside of the U.S. An experiment was conducted by Vanderbilt University in the 1940s where they gave 800 pregnant women radioactive iron , 751 of which were pills, without their consent. In a 1969 article published in the American Journal of Epidemiology , it

5694-473: Was estimated that three children had died from the experiment. With significant post-war activity John D. Rockefeller Jr. was an outspoken supporter of eugenics. Even as late as 1951, John D. Rockefeller III and John Foster Dulles , who was chairman of the foundation at the time, established the Population Council to advance family planning , birth control , and population control , and goals of

5772-517: Was founded in 2002 and is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts . In 2016, Forbes included the company on its "100 Most Innovative Growth Companies" list. The company is a spin-off from the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry . In 2002, Alnylam was founded by scientists Phillip Sharp , Paul Schimmel , David Bartel , Thomas Tuschl , and Phillip Zamore , and by investors Christoph Westphal and John Kennedy Clarke; John Maraganore

5850-455: Was halted due to increased deaths in the drug arm of the trial, and the company said it was terminating development of the compound. On October 10, 2018, Alnylam appoints Margaret Hamburg to Board of Directors. Prior to this, from May 2009 to April 2015, she serves as Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In February 2020, Alnylam appointed former Sanofi CEO Olivier Brandicourt to its board of directors. In 2021, it

5928-463: Was introduced to the Natural Sciences division of the foundation in the major reorganization of 1928. In 1941, the foundation gave a small grant to Mexico for maize research, in collaboration with the then new president, Manuel Ávila Camacho . This was done after the intervention of Vice President Henry Wallace and the involvement of Nelson Rockefeller ; the primary intention being to stabilise

6006-557: Was renamed after the scandal reemerged. During the late-1920s, the Rockefeller Foundation created the Medical Sciences Division, which emerged from the former Division of Medical Education. The division was led by Richard M. Pearce until his death in 1930, to which Alan Gregg succeeded him until 1945. During this period, the Division of Medical Sciences made contributions to research across several fields of psychiatry. In 1935

6084-532: Was the founding CEO. The company was named after Alnilam , a star in Orion 's belt. The spelling was modified to make it unique. In 2003, the firm merged with the German pharmaceutical company, Ribopharma AG. The newly formed company also received $ 24.6 million in funding from private-equity firms. On February 27, 2004, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals filed for an IPO . The company raised $ 26 million and began trading as ALNY on

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