45-651: Joinville Island group is a group of antarctic islands , lying off the northeastern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , from which Joinville Island group is separated by the Antarctic Sound . The Joinville Island group lies in Graham Land to the east of the tip of Trinity Peninsula , which is itself the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula . It is separated from the mainland by the Antarctic Sound. Joinville Island
90-510: A British expedition under James Clark Ross , 1839-43, who so named it because of its resemblance to volcanic Mount Etna . 63°24′S 54°55′W / 63.400°S 54.917°W / -63.400; -54.917 . An isolated island lying 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) northwest of Darwin Island, off the southeast end of Joinville Island. Surveyed by the FIDS in 1953. So named by
135-507: A British expedition under Ross, 1839-43, and named by him for Captain the Right Honorable Lord George Paulet . 63°34′S 56°17′W / 63.567°S 56.283°W / -63.567; -56.283 . A circular island 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) in diameter with precipitous cliffs of volcanic rock rising to a snow-covered peak 435 metres (1,427 ft) high high, lying west of Dundee Island in
180-520: A distance by the FIDS in 1953-54. So named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1958 because of their exposed, isolated position on the south side of Bransfield Strait. 63°08′S 55°29′W / 63.133°S 55.483°W / -63.133; -55.483 . A small but prominent island, more than 75 metres (246 ft) high, lying 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) northwest of Ambush Bay off
225-541: A few months later (on 28 July 2000), and as Special Areas of Conservation five years later (on 17 March 2005). Several parts of the firth are within a site of special scientific interest – Inner Tay Estuary , Monifieth Bay , Tayport-Tentsmuir Coast . The Invergowrie Bay section of the firth is a local nature reserve . The Firth of Tay is noted for its extensive sand and mudflats , its population of common seals , and its wintering birds (such as oystercatcher , bar-tailed godwit , shelduck and velvet scoter ). There
270-567: Is a firth on the east coast of Scotland, into which empties the River Tay (Scotland's largest river in terms of flow). The firth is surrounded by four council areas : Fife , Perth and Kinross , Dundee City , and Angus . Its maximum width (at Invergowrie ) is 3 mi (4.8 km). Two bridges span the firth: the Tay Road Bridge and the Tay Rail Bridge . The marshy Mugdrum Island
315-758: Is a polar region around Earth 's South Pole , opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole . The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica , the Kerguelen Plateau , and other island territories located on the Antarctic Plate or south of the Antarctic Convergence . The Antarctic region includes the ice shelves , waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of
360-575: Is at the center of the group. Other islands and rocks include, clockwise from the west, Bransfield Island, D'Urville Island , Wideopen Islands, Brash Island, Danger Islands, Eden Rocks , Paulet Island , Dundee Island . Download coordinates as: 63°05′S 56°20′W / 63.083°S 56.333°W / -63.083; -56.333 . Northernmost island of the Joinville Island group, 17 nautical miles (31 km; 20 mi) long, lying immediately north of Joinville Island, from which it
405-585: Is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny . The Australian James Kerguelen Robinson (1859–1914) was the first human born in the Antarctic, on board the sealing ship Offley in the Gulf of Morbihan (Royal Sound then), Kerguelen Island on 11 March 1859. The first human born and raised on an Antarctic island
450-533: Is credited to the Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla , who reported seeing distant southern snow-capped mountains in 1603. The first Antarctic land discovered was the island of South Georgia , visited by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675. Although such myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent of Antarctica
495-428: Is low on the islands: studies have theorized that the harsh climate was a major contributor towards species richness, but multiple correlations have been found with area, temperature, remoteness of islands, and food chain stability. For example, herbivorous insects are poor in number due to low plant richness, and likewise, indigenous bird numbers are related to insects, which are a major food source. The Antarctic hosts
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#1733085301157540-487: Is managed through an international commission headquartered in Hobart , Australia, by an efficient system of annual fishing quotas, licenses, and international inspectors on the fishing vessels, as well as satellite surveillance. The islands situated between 60°S latitude parallel to the south and the Antarctic Convergence to the north and their respective 200-nautical-mile (370 km) exclusive economic zones fall under
585-721: Is no permanent country in Antarctica . As defined by the Antarctic Treaty System , the Antarctic region is everything south of the 60°S latitude . The Treaty area covers Antarctica and the archipelagos of the Balleny Islands , Peter I Island , Scott Island , the South Orkney Islands , and the South Shetland Islands . However, this area does not include the Antarctic Convergence , a transition zone where
630-601: Is separated by Larsen Channel. Charted in 1902 by the SwedAE under Otto Nordenskjöld, who named it for Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville, French explorer who discovered land in the Joinville Island group. 63°15′S 55°45′W / 63.250°S 55.750°W / -63.250; -55.750 . Largest island of the Joinville Island group, about 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) long in an east–west direction and 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) wide, lying off
675-702: Is set to expire in 35 years. ) To protect the area, all Antarctic ships over 500 tonnes are subject to mandatory regulations under the Polar Code , adopted by the International Maritime Organization (in force since 1 January 2017). Climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions from human activities occurs everywhere on Earth, and while Antarctica is less vulnerable to it than any other continent, climate change in Antarctica has been observed. Since 1959, there has been an average temperature increase of >0.05 °C/decade since 1957 across
720-746: Is the only major island in the firth. The Firth of Tay in Antarctica was discovered in 1892–1893 by Captain Thomas Robertson of the Dundee whaling expedition and named by him after the one in Scotland. He also named nearby Dundee Island in honour of the main city on the firth. The Firth of Tay and the Eden Estuary (which lies 8 mi (13 km) to the south of the firth) were designated as Special Protection Areas on 2 February 2000, as Ramsar wetlands
765-487: The Antarctic Convergence , a zone approximately 32 to 48 km (20 to 30 mi) wide and varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere , of which 5.5 percent (14 million km ) is the surface area of the Antarctica continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administered under the Antarctic Treaty System . Biogeographically ,
810-491: The Antarctic realm is one of eight biogeographic realms on Earth's land surface. Climate change in Antarctica is particularly important because the melting of the Antarctic ice sheet has a high potential to add to the global sea level rise . Further, this melting also disrupts the flow of Southern Ocean overturning circulation , which would have significant effects on the local climate and marine ecosystem functioning.There
855-547: The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1953, it was reported that the feature consists of two rocks lying close together. The Eden Rocks are a designated Important Bird Area . 63°35′S 55°47′W / 63.583°S 55.783°W / -63.583; -55.783 . A circular island about 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) in diameter, lying 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) southeast of Dundee Island. Discovered by
900-534: The Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region. A variety of animals live in Antarctica for at least some of the year, including: Most of the Antarctica continent is permanently covered by ice and snow, leaving less than 1 percent of the land exposed. There are only two species of flowering plant, Antarctic hair grass and Antarctic pearlwort , but a range of mosses , liverworts , lichens and macrofungi . Biodiversity among terrestrial flora and fauna
945-645: The FIDS and named after Eugene Burden (1892-1979), who, as master of the Trepassey , first navigated the passage in January 1947. 63°10′S 56°12′W / 63.167°S 56.200°W / -63.167; -56.200 . A strait 1 to 3 nautical miles (1.9 to 5.6 km; 1.2 to 3.5 mi) wide between D'Urville Island and Joinville Island. Discovered in 1902 by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Nordenskjold, and named for Captain C.A. Larsen of
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#1733085301157990-783: The Firth of Tay with which it separates Joinville and Dundee Islands. Discovered in 1892-93 by Captain Thomas Robertson of the Dundee whaling expedition. Robertson named the feature after his ship, the Active, first vessel to navigate the sound. Smaller islands, clockwise from the west, include: 63°11′S 56°36′W / 63.183°S 56.600°W / -63.183; -56.600 . An island nearly 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) |long, lying 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) southwest of D'Urville Island. The name Point Bransfield, after Edward Bransfield, Master, Royal Navy,
1035-623: The Joinville Island group from the northeast end of the Antarctic Peninsula. The sound was named by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition (SwedAE) under Otto Nordenskjöld for the expedition ship Antarctic which in 1902, under the command of Captain C.A. Larsen, was the first vessel to navigate it. 63°08′S 56°32′W / 63.133°S 56.533°W / -63.133; -56.533 . A marine passage between D'Urville Island and Bransfield Island. Charted in 1947 by
1080-529: The UK-APC because the island lies in an area where brash ice is frequently found. 63°25′S 54°40′W / 63.417°S 54.667°W / -63.417; -54.667 . Group of islands lying 13 nautical miles (24 km; 15 mi) east-southeast of Joinville Island. Discovered December 28, 1842 by a British expedition under James Clark Ross , who so named them because, appearing among heavy fragments of ice, they were almost completely concealed until
1125-551: The West Antarctic, the ocean has warmed by 1 °C (1.8 °F) since 1955. The fresh, 1100-1500 billion tons (GT) per year of meltwater from the ice dilutes the saline Antarctic bottom water , weakening the lower cell of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation (SOOC). According to some research, a full collapse of the SOOC may occur a between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F) of global warming, although
1170-511: The cold waters of the Southern Ocean collide with the warmer waters of the north, forming a natural border to the region. Because the Convergence changes seasonally, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources approximates the Convergence line by joining specified points along parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude . The implementation of the convention
1215-739: The conference were presented at the Antarctic Treaty states' meeting in Uruguay in May 2010. Because Antarctica surrounds the South Pole , it is theoretically located in all time zones . For practical purposes, time zones are usually based on territorial claims or the time zone of a station's owner country or supply base. 90°00′S 00°00′W / 90.000°S -0.000°E / -90.000; -0.000 Firth of Tay The Firth of Tay ( / ˈ t eɪ / ; Scottish Gaelic : Linne Tatha )
1260-496: The continent, although it had been uneven. West Antarctica warmed by over 0.1 °C/decade from the 1950s to the 2000s, and the exposed Antarctic Peninsula has warmed by 3 °C (5.4 °F) since the mid-20th century. The colder, stabler East Antarctica had been experiencing cooling until the 2000s. Around Antarctica, the Southern Ocean has absorbed more oceanic heat than any other ocean, and has seen strong warming at depths below 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Around
1305-450: The expedition ship Antarctic . 63°22′S 55°45′W / 63.367°S 55.750°W / -63.367; -55.750 . A sound, 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) long and 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) wide, extending in a northwest–southeast direction between the northeast side of Dundee Island and the east portion of Joinville Island. It merges to the northwest with Active Sound with which it completes
1350-736: The full effects are expected to occur over multiple centuries; these include less precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere but more in the Northern Hemisphere , an eventual decline of fisheries in the Southern Ocean and a potential collapse of certain marine ecosystems . While many Antarctic species remain undiscovered, there are documented increases in Antarctic flora , and large fauna such as penguins are already having difficulty retaining suitable habitat. On ice-free land, permafrost thaws release greenhouse gases and formerly frozen pollution. The first recorded sighting of Antarctica
1395-523: The most popular destinations being the Antarctic Peninsula area (especially the South Shetland Islands ) and South Georgia Island . In December 2009, the growth of tourism , with consequences for both the ecology and the safety of the travellers in its great and remote wilderness, was noted at a conference in New Zealand by experts from signatories to the Antarctic Treaty . The definitive results of
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1440-818: The national jurisdiction of the countries that possess them: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom), Bouvet Island (Norway), and Heard and McDonald Islands (Australia). Kerguelen Islands (France; also an EU Overseas territory) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego , Falkland Islands , Isla de los Estados , Hornos Island with Cape Horn , Diego Ramírez Islands , Campbell Island , Macquarie Island , Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, Crozet Islands , Prince Edward Islands , Gough Island , and Tristan da Cunha group remain north of
1485-488: The north coast of Joinville Island. Surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1953. The name is descriptive of the island's shape; Patella is the Latin name for a limpet. 63°05′S 55°09′W / 63.083°S 55.150°W / -63.083; -55.150 . An island with a high summit, lying 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) north of the eastern end of Joinville Island. Discovered by
1530-517: The north coast of Joinville Island. The name was applied by the Argentine Antarctic Expedition (1953-54) because large numbers of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) were sighted on this island. 63°00′S 55°49′W / 63.000°S 55.817°W / -63.000; -55.817 . A group of islands and rocks lying 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) north of Boreal Point, Joinville Island. Roughly surveyed from
1575-591: The northeast tip of Antarctic Peninsula and south of Joinville Island. Discovered on January 8, 1893 by Captain Thomas Robertson of the Active and named for the home port, Dundee , Scotland, from whence the ship sailed in company with three other vessels in search of whales. 63°20′S 56°45′W / 63.333°S 56.750°W / -63.333; -56.750 . Body of water about 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) long and from 7 to 12 nautical miles (13 to 22 km; 8.1 to 13.8 mi) wide, separating
1620-540: The northeast tip of Antarctic Peninsula, from which it is separated by Antarctic Sound. Discovered and roughly charted in 1838 by a French expedition under Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville , who named it for François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville (1818-1900), the third son of the Due d'Orleans . 63°30′S 55°55′W / 63.500°S 55.917°W / -63.500; -55.917 . Ice-covered island lying east of
1665-481: The separation of Dundee and Joinville Islands. Discovered in 1892–93 by Captain Thomas Robertson of the Dundee whaling expedition and named by him after the Firth of Tay of Scotland. 63°25′S 56°10′W / 63.417°S 56.167°W / -63.417; -56.167 . A sound, averaging 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) wide, extending in an east-northeast direction from Antarctic Sound and joining
1710-456: The ship was nearly upon them. 63°29′S 55°39′W / 63.483°S 55.650°W / -63.483; -55.650 . A rock lying east of Eden Rocks, off the east end of Dundee Island. The name Cape Puget was given by Sir James Clark Ross on December 30, 1842, for Captain William D. Puget, Royal Navy, but it is not clear from Ross' text what feature he was naming. The name Puget Rock
1755-769: The south entrance to Antarctic Sound. Discovered by the French expedition, 1837-40, under Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville , and named by him for V. Admiral Claude de Rosamel , French Minister of Marine under whose orders the expedition sailed. [REDACTED] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Antarctic The Antarctic ( / æ n ˈ t ɑːr t ɪ k / or / æ n ˈ t ɑːr k t ɪ k / , American English also / æ n t ˈ ɑːr t ɪ k / or / æ n t ˈ ɑːr k t ɪ k / ; commonly / æ ˈ n ɑːr t ɪ k / )
1800-462: The southernmost. In late 1977, Silvia Morella de Palma, who was then seven months pregnant, was airlifted to Esperanza Base , in order to complete her pregnancy in the base. The airlift was a part of the Argentine solutions to the sovereignty dispute over territory in Antarctica. Emilio was automatically granted Argentine citizenship by the government since his parents were both Argentine citizens, and he
1845-719: The world's largest protected area comprising 1.07 million km , the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protection Area created in 2012. The latter exceeds the surface area of another vast protected territory, the Greenland National Park 's 972,000 km (375,000 sq mi). (While the Ross Sea Marine Protection Area established in 2016 is still larger at 1.55 million km , its protection
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1890-636: Was Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen born on 8 October 1913 in Grytviken , South Georgia. Emilio Marcos Palma (born 7 January 1978) is an Argentine man who was the first documented person born on the continent of Antarctica at the Esperanza Base . His father, Captain Jorge Palma, was head of the Argentine Army detachment at the base. While ten people have been born in Antarctica since, Palma's birthplace remains
1935-449: Was born in the claimed Argentine Antarctica . Palma can be considered to be the first native Antarctican. The Antarctic region had no indigenous population when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient scientific and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen research stations maintained by various countries. However, the region is visited by more than 40,000 tourists annually,
1980-578: Was given by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1956 in order to preserve Ross' name in this vicinity. 63°29′S 55°40′W / 63.483°S 55.667°W / -63.483; -55.667 . Two rocks lying just off the east end of Dundee Island. A small island was reported here by Captain James Clark Ross, Royal Navy, on December 30,1842. He named it "Eden Island" for Captain Charles Eden, Royal Navy. Following survey by
2025-437: Was given in 1842 by a British expedition under James Clark Ross to the low western termination of what is now the Joinville Island group. A 1947 survey by the FIDS determined that this western termination is a separate island. 63°07′S 55°57′W / 63.117°S 55.950°W / -63.117; -55.950 . A small circular island lying 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) west of Boreal Point , off
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