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84-553: Ruby on Rails (simplified as Rails ) is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License . Rails is a model–view–controller (MVC) framework, providing default structures for a database , a web service , and web pages . It encourages and facilitates the use of web standards such as JSON or XML for data transfer and HTML , CSS and JavaScript for user interfacing. In addition to MVC, Rails emphasizes

168-401: A computer network . Typically, a client is a computer application , such as a web browser , that runs on a user 's local computer , smartphone , or other device, and connects to a server as necessary. Operations may be performed client-side because they require access to information or functionality that is available on the client but not on the server, because the user needs to observe

252-417: A computer security context, server-side vulnerabilities or attacks refer to those that occur on a server computer system, rather than on the client side, or in between the two . For example, an attacker might exploit an SQL injection vulnerability in a web application in order to maliciously change or gain unauthorized access to data in the server's database . Alternatively, an attacker might break into

336-451: A model in the Ruby on Rails framework maps to a table in a database and to a Ruby file. For example, a model class User will usually be defined in the file 'user.rb' in the app/models directory, and linked to the table 'users' in the database. While developers are free to ignore this convention and choose differing names for their models, files, and database table, this is not common practice and

420-452: A basic website . Also included are WEBrick , a simple Ruby web server that is distributed with Ruby, and Rake , a build system, distributed as a gem . Together with Ruby on Rails, these tools provide a basic development environment. Ruby on Rails is most commonly not connected to the Internet directly, but through some front-end web server . Mongrel was generally preferred over WEBrick in

504-501: A client-server or client-queue-client network, peers communicate with each other directly. In peer-to-peer networking, an algorithm in the peer-to-peer communications protocol balances load , and even peers with modest resources can help to share the load. If a node becomes unavailable, its shared resources remain available as long as other peers offer it. Ideally, a peer does not need to achieve high availability because other, redundant peers make up for any resource downtime ; as

588-440: A client-side attack would normally be an attacker's only opportunity to gain access to the decrypted contents. For instance, the attacker might cause malware to be installed on the client system, allowing the attacker to view the user's screen, record the user's keystrokes, and steal copies of the user's encryption keys, etc. Alternatively, an attacker might employ cross-site scripting vulnerabilities to execute malicious code on

672-464: A computer processes a request and returns data. This is the request-response messaging pattern. When all the requests are met, the sequence is complete and the web browser presents the data to the customer. This example illustrates a design pattern applicable to the client–server model: separation of concerns . Server-side refers to programs and operations that run on the server . This is in contrast to client-side programs and operations which run on

756-403: A controller implementing a flight-search function would need to query a model representing individual flights to find flights matching the search, and might also need to query models representing airports and airlines to find related secondary data. The controller might then pass some subset of the flight data to the corresponding view, which would contain a mixture of static HTML and logic that use

840-469: A data set (a server-side operation) and sends it back to the client. The client then analyzes the data (a client-side operation), and, when the analysis is complete, displays it to the user (as with Google Earth) and/or transmits the results of calculations back to the server (as with SETI@home). In the context of the World Wide Web , commonly encountered computer languages which are evaluated or run on

924-439: A default online rich-text editor , parallel testing, multiple database support, mailer routing and a new autoloader. Rails 6.1 was released on 9 December 2020, adding per-database connection switching, horizontal database sharding , eager loading of all associations, Delegated Types as an alternative to single-table inheritance, asynchronous deletion of associations, error objects, and other improvements and bug fixes. Rails 7.0

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1008-488: A foreign key when a change is needed. Foreign keys play an essential role in database design . One important part of database design is making sure that relationships between real-world entities are reflected in the database by references, using foreign keys to refer from one table to another. Another important part of database design is database normalization , in which tables are broken apart and foreign keys make it possible for them to be reconstructed. Multiple rows in

1092-417: A number of client programs (e.g. most modern web browsers can request and receive data using both HTTP and FTP). In the case of more specialized applications, programmers may write their own server, client, and communications protocol which can only be used with one another. Programs that run on a user's local computer without ever sending or receiving data over a network are not considered clients, and so

1176-502: A particular supplier. Supplier details (such as name and address) are kept in a separate table; each supplier is given a 'supplier number' to identify it. Each invoice record has an attribute containing the supplier number for that invoice. Then, the 'supplier number' is the primary key in the Supplier table. The foreign key in the Invoice table points to that primary key. The relational schema is

1260-449: A polite protest in the Ruby on Rails community. In response to this criticism, Hansson replied: I only grant promotional use [of the Rails logo] for products I'm directly involved with. Such as books that I've been part of the development process for or conferences where I have a say in the execution. I would most definitely seek to enforce all the trademarks of Rails. The trademark of the logo

1344-416: A row may not be able to fully cascade because the row is referenced by data your transaction cannot "see", and therefore cannot cascade onto. An example: while your transaction is attempting to renumber a customer account, a simultaneous transaction is attempting to create a new invoice for that same customer; while a CASCADE rule may fix all the invoice rows your transaction can see to keep them consistent with

1428-482: A row of the referenced table. For example, consider a database with two tables: a CUSTOMER table that includes all customer data and an ORDER table that includes all customer orders. Suppose the business requires that each order must refer to a single customer. To reflect this in the database, a foreign key column is added to the ORDER table (e.g., CUSTOMERID), which references the primary key of CUSTOMER (e.g. ID). Because

1512-436: A self-referencing or recursive foreign key. In database management systems, this is often accomplished by linking a first and second reference to the same table. A table may have multiple foreign keys, and each foreign key can have a different parent table. Each foreign key is enforced independently by the database system . Therefore, cascading relationships between tables can be established using foreign keys. A foreign key

1596-404: A server constitutes a service . Whether a computer is a client, a server, or both, is determined by the nature of the application that requires the service functions. For example, a single computer can run a web server and file server software at the same time to serve different data to clients making different kinds of requests. The client software can also communicate with server software within

1680-403: A server farm. Each load balancer sits between client devices and backend servers, receiving and then distributing incoming requests to any available server capable of fulfilling them. In a peer-to-peer network, two or more computers ( peers ) pool their resources and communicate in a decentralized system . Peers are coequal, or equipotent nodes in a non-hierarchical network. Unlike clients in

1764-492: A server system using vulnerabilities in the underlying operating system and then be able to access database and other files in the same manner as authorized administrators of the server. In the case of distributed computing projects such as SETI@home and the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search , while the bulk of the operations occur on the client side, the servers are responsible for coordinating

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1848-464: A service. By restricting communication to a specific content format , it facilitates parsing . By abstracting access, it facilitates cross-platform data exchange. A server may receive requests from many distinct clients in a short period. A computer can only perform a limited number of tasks at any moment, and relies on a scheduling system to prioritize incoming requests from clients to accommodate them. To prevent abuse and maximize availability ,

1932-495: Is a foreign key referencing a candidate key, PERSON_NAME, in the PERSON table. Since MEMBER_NAME is a foreign key, any value existing as the name of a member in TEAM must also exist as a person's name in the PERSON table; in other words, every member of a TEAM is also a PERSON. Important points to note:- The table containing the foreign key is called the child table, and the table containing

2016-468: Is a reference to it from a referencing or child table. To understand RESTRICT (and CASCADE) better, it may be helpful to notice the following difference, which might not be immediately clear. The referential action CASCADE modifies the "behavior" of the (child) table itself where the word CASCADE is used. For example, ON DELETE CASCADE effectively says "When the referenced row is deleted from the other table (master table), then delete also from me ". However,

2100-414: Is any computer connected to a network. Whereas the words server and client may refer either to a computer or to a computer program, server-host and client-host always refer to computers. The host is a versatile, multifunction computer; clients and servers are just programs that run on a host. In the client–server model, a server is more likely to be devoted to the task of serving. An early use of

2184-502: Is defined as an attribute or set of attributes in a relation whose values match a primary key in another relation. The syntax to add such a constraint to an existing table is defined in SQL:2003 as shown below. Omitting the column list in the REFERENCES clause implies that the foreign key shall reference the primary key of the referenced table. Likewise, foreign keys can be defined as part of

2268-453: Is intended to emphasize Convention over Configuration (CoC), and the Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) principle. The Rails Doctrine is an enduring enabler that guides the philosophy, design, and implementation of the Ruby on Rails framework. "Convention over Configuration" means a developer only needs to specify unconventional aspects of the application. For example, if there is a class Sale in

2352-457: Is not supported by Microsoft SQL 2012 and earlier. NO ACTION and RESTRICT are very much alike. The main difference between NO ACTION and RESTRICT is that with NO ACTION the referential integrity check is done after trying to alter the table. RESTRICT does the check before trying to execute the UPDATE or DELETE statement. Both referential actions act the same if the referential integrity check fails:

2436-490: Is often installed using RubyGems , a package manager which is included with current versions of Ruby. Many free Unix-like systems also support installation of Ruby on Rails and its dependencies through their native package management system . Ruby on Rails is typically deployed with a database server such as MySQL or PostgreSQL , and a web server such as Apache running the Phusion Passenger module. Ruby on Rails

2520-443: Is subject to an inclusion dependency constraint that the tuples consisting of the foreign key attributes in one relation , R, must also exist in some other (not necessarily distinct) relation, S; furthermore that those attributes must also be a candidate key in S. In other words, a foreign key is a set of attributes that references a candidate key. For example, a table called TEAM may have an attribute, MEMBER_NAME, which

2604-498: Is the facility for RESTful web services. Rails 3.1 introduced Sass as standard CSS templating. By default, the server uses Embedded Ruby in the HTML views, with files having an html.erb extension. Rails supports swapping-in alternative templating languages, such as HAML and Mustache . Ruby on Rails 3.0 has been designed to work with Ruby 1.8.7, Ruby 1.9.2, and JRuby 1.5.2+; earlier versions are not supported. Ruby on Rails 3.2

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2688-655: Is the last series of releases that support Ruby 1.8.7. Ruby on Rails is separated into various packages, namely ActiveRecord (an object-relational mapping system for database access), Action Pack, Active Support and Action Mailer. Prior to version 2.0, Ruby on Rails also included the Action Web Service package that is now replaced by Active Resource. Apart from standard packages, developers can make plugins to extend existing packages. Earlier Rails supported plugins within their own custom framework; version 3.2 deprecates these in favor of standard Ruby "gems". Ruby on Rails

2772-412: Is usually discouraged in accordance with the " convention-over-configuration " philosophy. A controller is a server-side component of Rails that responds to external requests from the web server to the application, by determining which view file to render. The controller may also have to query one or more models for information and pass these on to the view. For example, in an airline reservation system,

2856-645: The CREATE TABLE SQL statement. If the foreign key is a single column only, the column can be marked as such using the following syntax: Foreign keys can be defined with a stored procedure statement. Because the database management system enforces referential constraints, it must ensure data integrity if rows in a referenced table are to be deleted (or updated). If dependent rows in referencing tables still exist, those references have to be considered. SQL:2003 specifies 5 different referential actions that shall take place in such occurrences: Whenever rows in

2940-535: The ActiveRecord module of Rails, the developer does not need to specify database column names in class definitions. Instead, Ruby on Rails can retrieve this information from the database based on the class name. "Fat models, skinny controllers" means that most of the application logic should be placed within the model while leaving the controller as light as possible. HTML Over The Wire (Hotwire), Conceptual compression, and robust security mark Rails 7.0's approach to

3024-580: The JavaScript libraries Prototype and Script.aculo.us for scripting Ajax actions. Ruby on Rails 3.0 separates the markup of the page (which defines the structure of the page) from scripting (which determines functionality or logic of the page). As of version 7.0, new Ruby on Rails applications come with the Hotwire family of JavaScript libraries installed by default. Since version 2.0, Ruby on Rails offers both HTML and XML as standard output formats. The latter

3108-406: The client . (See below) "Server-side software" refers to a computer application , such as a web server , that runs on remote server hardware , reachable from a user 's local computer , smartphone , or other device. Operations may be performed server-side because they require access to information or functionality that is not available on the client , or because performing such operations on

3192-534: The client side would be slow, unreliable, or insecure . Client and server programs may be commonly available ones such as free or commercial web servers and web browsers , communicating with each other using standardized protocols . Or, programmers may write their own server, client, and communications protocol which can only be used with one another. Server-side operations include both those that are carried out in response to client requests, and non-client-oriented operations such as maintenance tasks. In

3276-483: The triggers or the semantics of the statement itself may yield an end state in which no foreign key relationships are violated by the time the constraint is finally checked, thus allowing the statement to complete successfully. In general, the action taken by the DBMS for SET NULL or SET DEFAULT is the same for both ON DELETE or ON UPDATE: the value of the affected referencing attributes is changed to NULL for SET NULL, and to

3360-451: The 2000s, web applications matured enough to rival application software developed for a specific microarchitecture . This maturation, more affordable mass storage , and the advent of service-oriented architecture were among the factors that gave rise to the cloud computing trend of the 2010s. In addition to the client-server model, distributed computing applications often use the peer-to-peer (P2P) application architecture. In

3444-561: The One person framework. In March 2007, David Heinemeier Hansson applied to register three Ruby on Rails-related trademarks with the USPTO . These applications concern the phrase "RUBY ON RAILS", the word "RAILS", and the official Rails logo. In the summer of 2007, Hansson denied the publisher Apress permission to use the Ruby on Rails logo on the cover of a new Ruby on Rails book written by some authoritative community members. The episode gave rise to

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3528-519: The UPDATE or DELETE statement will result in an error. In other words, when an UPDATE or DELETE statement is executed on the referenced table using the referential action NO ACTION, the DBMS verifies at the end of the statement execution that none of the referential relationships are violated. This is different from RESTRICT, which assumes at the outset that the operation will violate the constraint. Using NO ACTION,

3612-402: The availability and load capacity of peers change, the protocol reroutes requests. Both client-server and master-slave are regarded as sub-categories of distributed peer-to-peer systems. Foreign key A foreign key is a set of attributes in a table that refers to the primary key of another table, linking these two tables. In the context of relational databases , a foreign key

3696-408: The candidate key is called the referenced or parent table. In database relational modeling and implementation, a candidate key is a set of zero or more attributes, the values of which are guaranteed to be unique for each tuple (row) in a relation. The value or combination of values of candidate key attributes for any tuple cannot be duplicated for any other tuple in that relation. Since the purpose of

3780-420: The client and the server know what to expect. The language and rules of communication are defined in a communications protocol . All protocols operate in the application layer . The application layer protocol defines the basic patterns of the dialogue. To formalize the data exchange even further, the server may implement an application programming interface (API). The API is an abstraction layer for accessing

3864-472: The client initiates a request to the bank's web server. The customer's login credentials may be stored in a database , and the webserver accesses the database server as a client. An application server interprets the returned data by applying the bank's business logic and provides the output to the webserver. Finally, the webserver returns the result to the client web browser for display. In each step of this sequence of client–server message exchanges,

3948-532: The client side include: An early form of client–server architecture is remote job entry , dating at least to OS/360 (announced 1964), where the request was to run a job , and the response was the output. While formulating the client–server model in the 1960s and 1970s, computer scientists building ARPANET (at the Stanford Research Institute ) used the terms server-host (or serving host ) and user-host (or using-host ), and these appear in

4032-563: The client's system without needing to install any permanently resident malware. Distributed computing projects such as SETI@home and the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, as well as Internet-dependent applications like Google Earth , rely primarily on client-side operations. They initiate a connection with the server (either in response to a user query, as with Google Earth, or in an automated fashion, as with SETI@home), and request some data. The server selects

4116-411: The client, etc. In the context of the World Wide Web , commonly encountered server-side computer languages include: However, web applications and services can be implemented in almost any language, as long as they can return data to standards-based web browsers (possibly via intermediary programs) in formats which they can use. Client-side refers to operations that are performed by the client in

4200-483: The client-server model, the server is often designed to operate as a centralized system that serves many clients. The computing power, memory and storage requirements of a server must be scaled appropriately to the expected workload. Load-balancing and failover systems are often employed to scale the server beyond a single physical machine. Load balancing is defined as the methodical and efficient distribution of network or application traffic across multiple servers in

4284-402: The clients, sending them data to analyze, receiving and storing results, providing reporting functionality to project administrators, etc. In the case of an Internet-dependent user application like Google Earth , while querying and display of map data takes place on the client side, the server is responsible for permanent storage of map data, resolving user queries into map data to be returned to

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4368-401: The early days, but it can also run on Lighttpd , Apache , Cherokee , Hiawatha , Nginx (either as a module – Phusion Passenger for example – or via CGI , FastCGI or mod ruby ), and many others. From 2008 onward, Passenger replaced Mongrel as the most-used web server for Ruby on Rails. Ruby is also supported natively on IBM i . Ruby on Rails is also noteworthy for its extensive use of

4452-460: The early documents RFC 5 and RFC 4. This usage was continued at Xerox PARC in the mid-1970s. One context in which researchers used these terms was in the design of a computer network programming language called Decode-Encode Language (DEL). The purpose of this language was to accept commands from one computer (the user-host), which would return status reports to the user as it encoded the commands in network packets. Another DEL-capable computer,

4536-615: The flight data to create an HTML document containing a table with one row per flight. A controller may provide one or more actions. In Ruby on Rails, an action is typically a basic unit that describes how to respond to a specific external web-browser request. Also, note that the controller/action will be accessible for external web requests only if a corresponding route is mapped to it. Rails encourages developers to use RESTful routes, which include actions such as create, new, edit, update, destroy, show, and index. These mappings of incoming requests/routes to controller actions can be easily set up in

4620-547: The foreign key is to identify a particular row of referenced table, it is generally required that the foreign key is equal to the candidate key in some row of the primary table, or else have no value (the NULL value. ). This rule is called a referential integrity constraint between the two tables. Because violations of these constraints can be the source of many database problems, most database management systems provide mechanisms to ensure that every non-null foreign key corresponds to

4704-531: The form_tag/form_for helpers. Rails 5.2 was released on 9 April 2018, introducing new features that include ActiveStorage, built-in Redis Cache Store, updated Rails Credentials and a new DSL that allows for configuring a Content Security Policy for an application. Rails 5.2.2 was released on 4 December 2018, introducing numerous bug fixes and several logic improvements. Rails 6.0 was released on 16 August 2019, making Webpack default, adding mailbox routing,

4788-421: The model, the corresponding table in the database is called sales by default. It is only if one deviates from this convention, such as calling the table "products sold", that the developer needs to write code regarding these names. Generally, Ruby on Rails conventions lead to less code and less repetition. "Don't repeat yourself" means that information is located in a single, unambiguous place. For example, using

4872-625: The network, and a computer terminal has no operating system at all; it is only an input/output interface to the server. In contrast, a rich client , such as a personal computer , has many resources and does not rely on a server for essential functions. As microcomputers decreased in price and increased in power from the 1980s to the late 1990s, many organizations transitioned computation from centralized servers, such as mainframes and minicomputers , to rich clients. This afforded greater, more individualized dominion over computer resources, but complicated information technology management . During

4956-426: The operations of such programs would not be termed client-side operations. In a computer security context, client-side vulnerabilities or attacks refer to those that occur on the client / user's computer system, rather than on the server side , or in between the two . As an example, if a server contained an encrypted file or message which could only be decrypted using a key housed on the user's computer system,

5040-502: The operations or provide input, or because the server lacks the processing power to perform the operations in a timely manner for all of the clients it serves. Additionally, if operations can be performed by the client, without sending data over the network, they may take less time, use less bandwidth , and incur a lesser security risk. When the server serves data in a commonly used manner, for example according to standard protocols such as HTTP or FTP , users may have their choice of

5124-420: The parent (referenced) table are deleted (or updated), the respective rows of the child (referencing) table with a matching foreign key column will be deleted (or updated) as well. This is called a cascade delete (or update). A value cannot be updated or deleted when a row exists in a referencing or child table that references the value in the referenced table. Similarly, a row cannot be deleted as long as there

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5208-722: The primary key of a table must be unique, and because CUSTOMERID only contains values from that primary key field, we may assume that, when it has a value, CUSTOMERID will identify the particular customer which placed the order. However, this can no longer be assumed if the ORDER table is not kept up to date when rows of the CUSTOMER table are deleted or the ID column altered, and working with these tables may become more difficult. Many real world databases work around this problem by 'inactivating' rather than physically deleting master table foreign keys, or by complex update programs that modify all references to

5292-505: The project management tool Basecamp at the web application company 37signals . Hansson first released Rails as open source in July 2004, but did not share commit rights to the project until February 2005. In August 2006, the framework reached a milestone when Apple announced that it would ship Ruby on Rails with Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" , which was released in October 2007. Rails version 2.3

5376-417: The referencing (or child) table may refer to the same row in the referenced (or parent) table. In this case, the relationship between the two tables is called a one to many relationship between the referencing table and the referenced table. In addition, the child and parent table may, in fact, be the same table, i.e. the foreign key refers back to the same table. Such a foreign key is known in SQL:2003 as

5460-431: The referential action RESTRICT modifies the "behavior" of the master table, not the child table, although the word RESTRICT appears in the child table and not in the master table! So, ON DELETE RESTRICT effectively says: "When someone tries to delete the row from the other table (master table), prevent deletion from that other table (and of course, also don't delete from me, but that's not the main point here)." RESTRICT

5544-432: The relevant application protocol , i.e. the content and the formatting of the data for the requested service. Clients and servers exchange messages in a request–response messaging pattern . The client sends a request, and the server returns a response. This exchange of messages is an example of inter-process communication . To communicate, the computers must have a common language, and they must follow rules so that both

5628-403: The renumbered customer row, it won't reach into another transaction to fix the data there; because the database cannot guarantee consistent data when the two transactions commit, one of them will be forced to roll back (often on a first-come-first-served basis.) As a first example to illustrate foreign keys, suppose an accounts database has a table with invoices and each invoice is associated with

5712-410: The routes.rb configuration file. A view in the default configuration of Rails is an erb file, which is evaluated and converted to HTML at run-time. Alternatively, many other templating systems can be used for views. Ruby on Rails includes tools that make common development tasks easier "out-of-the-box", such as scaffolding that can automatically construct some of the models and views needed for

5796-406: The same computer. Communication between servers, such as to synchronize data, is sometimes called inter-server or server-to-server communication. Generally, a service is an abstraction of computer resources and a client does not have to be concerned with how the server performs while fulfilling the request and delivering the response. The client only has to understand the response based on

5880-406: The server software may limit the availability to clients. Denial of service attacks are designed to exploit a server's obligation to process requests by overloading it with excessive request rates. Encryption should be applied if sensitive information is to be communicated between the client and the server. When a bank customer accesses online banking services with a web browser (the client),

5964-529: The server-host, received the packets, decoded them, and returned formatted data to the user-host. A DEL program on the user-host received the results to present to the user. This is a client–server transaction. Development of DEL was just beginning in 1969, the year that the United States Department of Defense established ARPANET (predecessor of Internet ). Client-host and server-host have subtly different meanings than client and server . A host

6048-423: The shared resources of other hosts. Centralized computing , however, specifically allocates a large number of resources to a small number of computers. The more computation is offloaded from client-hosts to the central computers, the simpler the client-hosts can be. It relies heavily on network resources (servers and infrastructure) for computation and storage. A diskless node loads even its operating system from

6132-610: The specified default value for SET DEFAULT. Referential actions are generally implemented as implied triggers (i.e. triggers with system-generated names, often hidden.) As such, they are subject to the same limitations as user-defined triggers, and their order of execution relative to other triggers may need to be considered; in some cases it may become necessary to replace the referential action with its equivalent user-defined trigger to ensure proper execution order, or to work around mutating-table limitations. Another important limitation appears with transaction isolation : your changes to

6216-502: The stack. Rails 3.2 was released on 20 January 2012 with a faster development mode and routing engine (also known as Journey engine), Automatic Query Explain and Tagged Logging. Rails 3.2.x is the last version that supports Ruby 1.8.7. Rails 3.2.12 supports Ruby 2.0. Rails 4.0 was released on 25 June 2013, introducing Russian Doll Caching, Turbolinks , Live Streaming as well as making Active Resource, Active Record Observer and other components optional by splitting them as gems. Rails 4.1

6300-1262: The use of other well-known software engineering patterns and paradigms, including convention over configuration (CoC), don't repeat yourself (DRY), and the active record pattern . Ruby on Rails' emergence in 2005 greatly influenced web app development, through innovative features such as seamless database table creations, migrations , and scaffolding of views to enable rapid application development. Ruby on Rails' influence on other web frameworks remains apparent today, with many frameworks in other languages borrowing its ideas, including Django in Python ; Catalyst in Perl ; Laravel , CakePHP and Yii in PHP ; Grails in Groovy ; Phoenix in Elixir ; Play in Scala ; and Sails.js in Node.js . Well-known sites that use Ruby on Rails include Airbnb , Crunchbase , Dribbble , GitHub , Twitch and Shopify . David Heinemeier Hansson extracted Ruby on Rails from his work on

6384-597: The word client occurs in "Separating Data from Function in a Distributed File System", a 1978 paper by Xerox PARC computer scientists Howard Sturgis, James Mitchell, and Jay Israel. The authors are careful to define the term for readers, and explain that they use it to distinguish between the user and the user's network node (the client). By 1992, the word server had entered into general parlance. The client-server model does not dictate that server-hosts must have more resources than client-hosts. Rather, it enables any general-purpose computer to extend its capabilities by using

6468-507: Was cancelled on 25 October 2019. Server-side The server component provides a function or service to one or many clients, which initiate requests for such services. Servers are classified by the services they provide. For example, a web server serves web pages and a file server serves computer files . A shared resource may be any of the server computer's software and electronic components, from programs and data to processors and storage devices . The sharing of resources of

6552-411: Was instituted in October 2024. Ruby on Rails evolves radically from release to release exploring the use of new technologies and adopting new standards on the Internet. Some features are very stable in Ruby on Rails while some are replaced in favour of new techniques. The model–view–controller (MVC) pattern is the fundamental structure to organize application programming. In a default configuration,

6636-501: Was launched, and Ruby on Rails announced it would work with the Merb project to bring "the best ideas of Merb" into Rails 3, ending the "unnecessary duplication" across both communities. Merb was merged with Rails as part of the Rails 3.0 release. Rails 3.1 was released on 31 August 2011, featuring Reversible Database Migrations, Asset Pipeline, Streaming, jQuery as default JavaScript library and newly introduced CoffeeScript and Sass into

6720-491: Was released on 15 December 2021, replacing Node.js and Webpack with import maps for JavaScript management by default, replacing Turbolinks with a combination of Turbo and Stimulus, adding at-work encryption into Active Record, using Zeitwerk exclusively for code loading, and more. Rails 7.1 was released on 5 October 2023, Dockerfiles support using Kamal in order to deploy your application, authentication improvements, and now including support for bun . Ruby on Rails 8.0.0

6804-513: Was released on 15 March 2009, with major new developments in templates, engines, Rack and nested model forms. Templates enable the developer to generate a skeleton application with custom gems and configurations. Engines give developers the ability to reuse application pieces complete with routes, view paths and models. The Rack web server interface and Metal allow one to write optimized pieces of code that route around Action Controller. On 23 December 2008, Merb , another web application framework,

6888-415: Was released on 27 April 2017, introducing JavaScript integration changes (management of JavaScript dependencies from NPM via Yarn, optional compilation of JavaScript using Webpack , and a rewrite of Rails UJS to use vanilla JavaScript instead of depending on jQuery), system tests using Capybara , encrypted secrets, parameterized mailers, direct & resolved routes, and a unified form_with helper replacing

6972-485: Was released on 8 April 2014, introducing Spring, Variants, Enums, Mailer previews, and secrets.yml. Rails 4.2 was released on 19 December 2014, introducing Active Job, asynchronous emails, Adequate Record, Web Console, and foreign keys . Rails 5.0 was released on 30 June 2016, introducing Action Cable, API mode, and Turbolinks 5. Rails 5.0.0.1 was released on 10 August 2016, with Exclusive use of rails CLI over Rake and support for Ruby version 2.2.2 and above. Rails 5.1

7056-401: Was released on 8 November 2024. This major release introduces fundamental shifts in Rails development, enabling individual developers to host and manage their applications independently without the need for a Platform-as-a-service . The update focuses on empowering single developers to handle all aspects of application deployment and management seamlessly. A revised maintenance policy

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