Provincial by-elections were held in Quebec in 2002, on the following dates:
116-506: Provincial Provincial The Action démocratique du Québec ("Democratic Action of Quebec"), commonly referred to as the ADQ , was a right-wing populist and conservative provincial political party in Quebec , Canada. On the sovereignty question, it defined itself as autonomist ; it had support from nationalists and federalists . Its members were referred to as adéquistes , a name derived from
232-651: A minority government and relegating the Parti Québécois (PQ) to third place. The ADQ won 41 seats with 31% of the popular vote to serve as the Official Opposition in the National Assembly. However, the ADQ's popularity declined significantly soon afterward and in the 2008 provincial elections , the party failed to secure at least twenty percent of the popular vote or twelve Members of the National Assembly (MNAs) in
348-620: A minority government , with only 48 MNAs. For the first time, the ADQ received a plurality of the popular vote among Francophones and formed the official opposition . Nonetheless, it failed to take a single seat on the island of Montreal, but it did come second in many of the city's ridings. The ADQ MNAs and supporters met in Victoriaville in late September 2007 to detail the party's environmental policy. Former PQ Cabinet Member Jean Garon , former Hydro-Québec CEO André Caillé and environmental activist Steven Guilbeault attended
464-687: A " nihilistic culture and an intractable crisis". [P]opulism is like fascism in being a response to liberal and socialist explanations of the political. And also like fascism, populism does not recognize a legitimate political place for an opposition that it regards as acting against the desires of the people and that it also accuses of being tyrannical, conspiratorial, and antidemocratic. ... The opponents are turned into public enemies, but only rhetorically. If populism moves from rhetorical enmity to practices of enemy identification and persecution, we could be talking about its transformation into fascism or another form of dictatorial repression. This has happened in
580-469: A "right of centre, populist" movement. Bernier lost his seat in the 2019 Canadian federal elections, and the People's Party scored just above 1% of the vote; however, in the 2021 election, it saw improved performance and climbed to nearly 5% of the popular vote. Pierre Poilievre , who has been described as populist by some journalists, won the 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election and became
696-483: A 97% vote of confidence from the party membership and received considerable attention when, in his opening address, he referred to Premier Jean Charest as the "godfather of the Liberal family". Charest threatened legal action if the statement was not retracted. Deltell refused to apologize or issue a retraction and no action was taken. After Deltell took over the leadership, the party recovered from its precarious position, to
812-703: A blend of socially conservative and right-wing populist policies. It grew from a fringe party into a major political force in the 1990s and became the official opposition party before reforming itself as the Canadian Alliance . The Alliance ultimately merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada , after which the Alliance faction dropped some of its populist and socially conservative ideas. In recent years, right-wing populist elements have existed within
928-448: A coward, Picotte jokingly said that the riding would fit Boisclair, who is openly gay , like a glove ( comme un gant ). Many journalists criticized Picotte, saying his comment sounded homophobic . Within days, Picotte apologized. In November 2006, the ADQ held its sixth party convention. The next month, it adopted its platform for the 2007 election , entitled "A Plan A for Quebec" ("Un plan A pour le Québec") and defined its stance on
1044-591: A member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement , was removed from office after facing embezzlement charges. In March 2016, after entering the Social Christian Party , far-right congressman Jair Bolsonaro decided to run for President of the Republic. In 2017, he tried to become the presidential nominee of Patriota , but, eventually, Bolsonaro entered the Social Liberal Party and, supported by
1160-456: A national culture, identity, and economy against perceived attacks by outsiders. Right-wing populism has associations with authoritarianism, while some far-right populists draw comparisons to fascism . Right-wing populism in the Western world is generally associated with ideologies such as anti-environmentalism , anti-globalization , nativism , and protectionism . In Europe, the term
1276-536: A new leadership election, citing the party infighting and alleging irregularities in the party's financial affairs, dating back to 2003, which he had called in the Sûreté du Québec to investigate. It was later revealed that he never contacted the Sûreté du Québec. He then explained that he would remain the leader until the results of a new leadership election, in which he would not be a candidate. Caire said he would not run again for
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#17330855756611392-454: A part of a broader, right-wing populist phenomenon. American businessman and media personality Donald Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election and the 2024 United States presidential election after running on platforms founded on right-wing populist themes. Right-wing populism is an ideology that primarily espouses neo-nationalism , social conservatism , and economic nationalism . Cas Mudde argues that what he calls
1508-800: A philosophy rooted in life, liberty, and property, and free market principles. He criticizes socialism and communism , advocating economic liberalization and the restructuring of government ministries. He opposes the Central Bank of Argentina and current taxation policies. Economically, Milei is influenced by the Austrian school of economics and admires former president Carlos Menem 's policies. He supports capitalism , viewing socialism as embodying envy and coercion. Milei proposes reducing government ministries and addressing economic challenges through spending cuts and fiscal reforms, criticizing previous administrations for excessive spending. He has praised
1624-635: A platform for conservative populist discontent." Some political figures closely associated with the Tea Party, such as U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and former U.S. Representative Ron Paul , have been described as appealing to right-wing populism. In the U.S. House of Representatives , the Freedom Caucus , associated with the Tea Party movement, has been described as right-wing populist. Donald Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign , noted for its anti-establishment , anti-immigration, and protectionist rhetoric,
1740-953: A politically dominant group, while minorities are conceived as threats to the nation". It is "generally, but not necessarily racist"; in the case of the Dutch PVV for instance, "a religious [minority, i.e. Muslims] instead of an ethnic minority constitutes the main 'enemy'". Scholars use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as " radical right " or other terms such as new nationalism . Pippa Norris noted that "standard reference works use alternate typologies and diverse labels categorising parties as ' far ' or 'extreme' right, ' New Right ', ' anti-immigrant ' or ' neo-fascist ', ' anti-establishment ', 'national populist', 'protest', 'ethnic', 'authoritarian', ' anti-government ', 'anti-party', ' ultranationalist ', ' right-libertarian ' and so on". The term 'authoritarian populism' can be used to describe right-wing populism, although it
1856-462: A real syncretism of the left and right, as their ideology and voter base are interclassist. Furthermore, neo-populist parties went from a critique of the welfare state to that of multiculturalism , and their priority demand remains the reduction of immigration. The roots of the right-wing populist movement in Hungary are deep, and over the past few decades it has significantly influenced politics in
1972-521: A rising political star who had been President of the Liberal Youth Commission , the dissidents founded the ADQ. Allaire became the first party leader, but resigned within a few months for health reasons. He was succeeded by Mario Dumont, who retained the leadership until early 2009. Shortly before the 1994 provincial election , Yvon Lafrance , a one-term Liberal backbencher who served under Premier Robert Bourassa , switched parties to join
2088-451: A single real generation, there may be several generations which he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, although it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In this case, the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . They can be called the "post-Dilma generation". Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following
2204-516: A snap election for December 8, 2008. Polls indicated that the ADQ entered the campaign far behind the governing Liberals and the PQ. The party was routed in this election, falling to seven seats, six of whom were incumbents. This was five seats short of official status in the legislature. While giving his concession speech, Dumont announced that he would not be the leader of his party for the subsequent election. While political commentators wondered whether
2320-681: A solid 18 percent of support in the opinion polls. The ADQ recovery was at the expense of the Liberals because of Charest's unpopularity; after that, Charest recovered, but the ADQ benefited from a loss of support for the PQ following the collapse of the Bloc Québécois on the federal stage and internal dissent. After former PQ minister François Legault established a new movement called the Coalition pour l'avenir du Québec in February 2011, as an alternative to
2436-500: A state of decadence, from which "only the healthy common people can free the nation by forming one national class from the different social classes and casting aside the corrupt elites". Methodologically, by co-opting concepts from the left – such as multiculturalism and ethnopluralism , which is espoused by the left as a means of preserving minority ethnic cultures within a pluralistic society – and then jettisoning their non-hierarchical essence, right-wing populists can, in
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#17330855756612552-488: A strong stance on national security, and Amit Shah , the BJP’s chief strategist. The party’s policies often prioritize military modernization, anti-corruption measures, and regional development projects. Quebec provincial by-elections, April 15, 2002 Elections were held in the Quebec provincial electoral districts of Anjou , Saguenay and Viger . They resulted in the election of two Liberals and one ADQ Member to
2668-657: Is a "marriage of convenience" of populism based on an "ethnic and chauvinistic definition of the people", authoritarianism, and nativism. This results in right-wing populism having a "xenophobic nature". Roger Eatwell, Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bath , writes that, "whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically, in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style, and populism can degenerate into leader-oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics." For populism to transition into fascism or proto-fascism, it requires
2784-501: Is a common theme at the center of many national right-wing populist movements, the theme often crystallizes around cultural issues, such as religion, gender roles, and sexuality, as is the case with the transnational anti-gender theory movements. A body of scholarship has also found populist movements to employ or be based around conspiracy theories, rumors, and falsehoods. Some scholars argue that right-wing populism's association with conspiracy, rumor and falsehood may be more common in
2900-814: Is also a prominent factor in Hungarian right-wing populism. Since taking office in 2010, Orbán has changed Fidesz from a center-right party to a right-wing populist organization. Under Orbán's leadership, the party has stressed national sovereignty, anti-immigrant policies, and conservative social values, frequently battling with the EU on a variety of topics. Orbán's administration has centralized authority, controlled media, and altered legal frameworks to keep power. Piero Ignazi [ it ] , an Italian political scientist , divided right-wing populist parties, which he called "extreme right parties", into two categories: he placed traditional right-wing parties that had developed out of
3016-569: Is also used to refer to left-wing political movements. In regard to the authoritarian aspect of right-wing populism, political psychologist Shawn W. Rosenberg asserts that its "intellectual roots and underlying logic" are best seen as "a contemporary expression of the fascist ideologies of the early 20th century". Guided by its roots in ideological fascism ... and its affinity to the fascist governments of 1930s Germany and Italy, [right-wing populism] tends to delegate unusual power to its leadership, more specifically its key leader. This leader embodies
3132-553: Is often used to describe groups, politicians, and political parties generally known for their opposition to immigration , especially from the Muslim world , and for Euroscepticism . Right-wing populists may support expanding the welfare state , but only for those they deem fit to receive it; this concept has been referred to as " welfare chauvinism ". Since the Great Recession , European right-wing populist movements such as
3248-822: Is seen as being strongly culturally conservative and a deeply pious Muslim , although he is no Islamist . Even with Kwankwaso's cultural conservatism, he has expressed support for women's rights in Nigeria . According to John Campbell from the Council on Foreign Relations , Freedom Front Plus is a white and coloured dominated political party that promotes Afrikaner nationalism . The current party manifesto, written by Pieter Groenewald , calls for an end to affirmative action and Black Economic Empowerment while supporting proportional representation . Freedom Front Plus has always promoted policies which are conservative in nature and support Afrikaans-speakers and Christians from
3364-673: Is the leading right-wing party, closely associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist organization. The BJP and the RSS promote the idea of Hindutva, or "Hinduness", which emphasizes India's Hindu cultural heritage. This ideology is often contrasted with secularism and is sometimes seen as favoring policies that strengthen Hindu identity in the nation’s cultural and political fabric. Key figures in right-wing Indian politics include Narendra Modi , known for his policies on economic reform, digital infrastructure, and
3480-558: The 2008 federal election . He said that he would vote Conservative, but claimed that his colleagues and party's supporters were free to support whoever they wanted. MNAs Pierre Gingras , Ginette Grandmont , Linda Lapointe , Lucie Leblanc and Sébastien Proulx campaigned on behalf of the Conservative Party of Canada 's candidates. Yet, the election provided no increase in membership for Quebec's Conservative delegation to Parliament. Quebec premier Jean Charest subsequently called
3596-651: The Allaire Report , a document that advocated a decentralized federal system in which the provincial Government of Quebec would have significantly increased powers. After the failure of the Meech Lake Accord , which made many Québécois feel rejected by the rest of Canada, the Liberals adopted the Allaire Report as their constitutional policy. However, the party later chose the Charlottetown Accord over
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3712-692: The Argentine political landscape and have garnered him significant public attention and polarizing reactions. He has been described politically as a right-wing libertarian and right-wing populist, that supports laissez-faire economics, aligning specifically with minarchist and anarcho-capitalist principles. Milei has proposed a comprehensive overhaul of the country's fiscal and structural policies. He supports freedom of choice on drug policy, firearms, prostitution, same-sex marriage, sexual preference, and gender identity, while opposing abortion and euthanasia. In foreign policy, he advocates closer relations with
3828-475: The Brazilian Labour Renewal Party , he won the 2018 presidential election , followed by left-wing former Mayor of São Paulo Fernando Haddad of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 's Workers' Party. Lula was banned from running after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and imprisoned. Bolsonaro has been accused of racist, xenophobic, misogynistic, and homophobic rhetoric. His campaign
3944-1331: The Brothers of Italy and the League in Italy, the National Rally (formerly the National Front ) in France, the Party for Freedom and the Forum for Democracy in the Netherlands, National Alliance in Latvia, the Conservative People's Party of Estonia , the Finns Party , the Sweden Democrats , Danish People's Party , Vox in Spain, Chega in Portugal, the Freedom Party of Austria , Fidesz in Hungary, Law and Justice in Poland,
4060-512: The Chinese internet , and many narratives very similar to those of the populist right have since been observed, such as anti-" western leftism ", Islamophobia , and anti-multiculturalism . Right-wing politics in India primarily centers around nationalism, cultural conservatism, and economic reform aimed at self-reliance and growth. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) , led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi ,
4176-465: The Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa . President Yoweri Museveni and his party, National Resistance Movement , are usually considered right-wing populist, anti-LGBT , and Ugandan nationalist . According to Corina Lacatus, "Museveni came to power in 1986 as a populist figure who adopted an authoritarian leadership style and converted over the years in an authoritarian leader. Over
4292-534: The Liberal Party of Australia include right-wing populist factions. Rabiu Kwankwaso , as well as his New Nigeria People's Party , are generally as populist and ultraconservative . Styling himself off of Aminu Kano , Kwankwaso has voiced support for the welfare state and building more universities, while also increasing the size of the Nigerian Armed Forces and Nigerian Police Force . Kwankwaso
4408-459: The National Assembly of Quebec . The Liberals unsurprisingly won clear victories in two Montreal-based districts: For the first time ever, an ADQ candidate other than Mario Dumont was sent to the National Assembly of Quebec : François Corriveau won the election in the district of Saguenay, one of the Parti Québécois 's traditional strongholds. Corriveau's showing temporarily boosted
4524-919: The UK Independence Party , the Alternative for Germany , the Freedom and Direct Democracy in the Czech Republic, Greek Solution , Alliance for the Union of Romanians , Revival in Bulgaria, the Swiss People's Party and Reform UK (formerly the Brexit Party ) began to grow in popularity, in large part due to increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa, rising Euroscepticism and discontent with
4640-657: The autonomy of Quebec within Canada. Right-wing populism Right-wing populism , also called national populism and right populism , is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti- elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establishment , and speaking to or for the common people . Recurring themes of right-wing populists include neo-nationalism , social conservatism , economic nationalism and fiscal conservatism . Frequently, they aim to defend
4756-562: The military , the police , and the religious right . The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue fiscally and socially conservative ideas in opposition to the left-wing policies of the Workers' Party . At the same time, right-libertarians , such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement , emerged among many others. For Manheim (1952), within
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4872-584: The popular vote saw its representation at the provincial legislature increased to five MNAs, with the addition of François Gaudreau (Vimont), Marie Grégoire (Berthier) and Sylvie Lespérance (Joliette) to their delegation. PQ candidate and BQ MP Stéphan Tremblay won a slight victory over ADQ candidate Jocelyn Fradette in Lac-Saint-Jean. His colleague Michel Belhumeur lost the election to Lespérance in Joliette. The PQ candidates received 29% of
4988-442: The "Yes" side, in favour of the sovereignty option. However, in subsequent election campaigns, he has promised a moratorium on the sovereignty question, which earned him accusations of not having a clear and honest stand on the constitution question. Although Dumont was a very popular leader, support for the ADQ always lagged well behind him. In fact, for many years, the ADQ tried to capitalize on Dumont's personal popularity by using
5104-538: The "people", national populists claim to defend the "average citizen" and "common sense", against the "betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites". As Front National ideologue François Duprat put in the 1970s, inspired by the Latin American right of that time, right-populism aims to constitute a "national, social, and popular" ideology. If both left and right parties share populism itself, their premises are indeed different in that right-wing populists perceive society as in
5220-495: The "populist radical right" starts with the idea of 'the nation'. He however rejects the use of nationalism as a core ideology of right-wing populism on the ground that there are also purely "civic" or "liberal" forms of nationalism, preferring instead the term " nativism ": a xenophobic form of nationalism asserting that "states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group ('the nation'), and that non-native elements (persons and ideas) are fundamentally threatening to
5336-540: The 1920s. Historical right-wing populist figures in both major parties in the United States have included Thomas E. Watson (D-GA), Strom Thurmond , Joseph McCarthy (R-WI), Barry Goldwater (R-AZ), George Wallace (D-AL), and Pat Buchanan (R-VA). Several of the prominent members of the Populist Party of the 1890s and 1900s, while economically liberal, supported social aspects of right-wing populism. Watson,
5452-447: The 1970s, in a dynamic sustained by voters' rejection of the welfare state and of the tax system, both deemed "confiscatory"; the rise of xenophobia against the backdrop of immigration which, because originating from outside Europe, was considered to be of a new kind; and finally, the end of the prosperity that had reigned since the post–World War II era, symbolized by the oil crisis of 1973 . Two precursor parties consequently appeared in
5568-598: The 1970s. In the late 1980s, the Reform Party of Canada , led by Preston Manning , became another right-wing populist movement formed due to the policies of the center-right Progressive Conservative Party of Canada , which alienated many Blue Tories and led to a feeling of neglect in the West of Canada. Initially motivated by a single-issue desire to give a voice to Western Canada, the Reform Party expanded its platform to include
5684-409: The 2008 provincial election with over 50% of the vote, compared to the less than 15% garnered by ADQ candidate Gilberte Côté. The loss reduced the ADQ to six seats in the National Assembly. In 2009, MNA Éric Caire , former MNA and former party president Gilles Taillon , and former MNA Christian Lévesque ran for the party leadership to succeed Dumont. MNA François Bonnardel also considered entering
5800-480: The ADQ announced it had agreed to merge with the CAQ, pending final approval from the party membership. On January 21, 2012, the ADQ membership approved the merger of their party with the CAQ, with 70% of the party membership voting to merge. The remaining ADQ MNAs, all of which supported the merger, were expected to join the larger CAQ caucus in the National Assembly, increasing the CAQ caucus size to nine members and increasing
5916-408: The ADQ for the first time. Those efforts were successful in damaging the public perception of the party. Moreover, the party's repeated backtracking on its various policies, including a flat rate income tax of 20 per cent, may have appeared opportunist and harmed the party's image as a viable alternative. It was also revealed that a close advisor of Mario Dumont had a criminal record, which prompted
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#17330855756616032-524: The ADQ made a surprisingly strong showing. It took 21 seats from the Quebec Liberal Party and 15 seats from the PQ. All five ADQ incumbents were re-elected, for a total of 41 seats. (The election of so many legislators without prior parliamentary experience led cartoonist Serge Chapleau to portray the ADQ MNAs as elementary school kids with Dumont as their teacher.) The reigning Liberals were reduced to
6148-477: The ADQ with larger grassroots support, more money and star candidates for the subsequent election . Dumont, who was able to recruit Beauce businessman Marcel Dutil , chairman of Groupe Canam Inc. as director of the ADQ's fund-raising activities, was considered as a serious candidate for the office of Premier of Quebec for the first time. As a result of the ADQ attaining greater popular support, its political opponents conducted negative campaigning against
6264-473: The ADQ would survive Dumont's departure, there were three candidates for the 2009 leadership election . On February 27, 2009, Sylvie Roy was named the interim leader of the party. The ADQ candidate came in third place in a June 21, 2009 by-election to fill the Rivière-du-Loup seat that Dumont vacated when he resigned from the National Assembly. Dumont had held the seat for 14 years; he had carried it in
6380-534: The ADQ's performance, and political support for the party seemed to lose momentum again. The ADQ suffered a major setback in 2008, losing four consecutive by-elections by substantial margins. Its support did not exceed 15% in any of the districts at stake. Furthermore, MNAs Pierre-Michel Auger and André Riedl , as well as power broker Yvon Picotte , switched political affiliation from ADQ to Liberal in October 2008. ADQ Leader Mario Dumont made no official endorsement in
6496-408: The ADQ's poll numbers and led to another series of ADQ by-election victories two months later, on June 17, 2002 . Elections were held in the Quebec provincial electoral districts of Berthier , Joliette , Lac-Saint-Jean and Vimont . They resulted in the election of three ADQ and one PQ Member to the National Assembly of Quebec . For the first time ever, the ADQ , which received 45% of
6612-510: The ADQ, becoming the party's first sitting member of the legislature. In the ensuing election campaign, Dumont took part in the televised leaders debate and was elected as an MNA, but could not expand his electoral support significantly enough to get other party members elected. For the next eight years, he was the ADQ's lone MNA. In the 1995 Quebec referendum on the Parti Québécois government's proposals for sovereignty, Dumont campaigned for
6728-431: The ADQ. The Liberals criticized the ADQ's financial plan as vague and unrealistic, accusing Dumont of underestimating its total cost. According to them, the ADQ's promises totaled $ 6.3 billion rather than the $ 1.7 billion announced by Dumont. Besides, many journalists accused the ADQ of being a one-man show. Two candidates, who had made inappropriate comments, were dropped by the party from the election. On election day,
6844-515: The Allaire Report in 1992. The Charlottetown Accord would have recognized Quebec as a " distinct society " within Canada, but consisted of a much milder reform of the Canadian federal system. While most Liberals supported the Charlottetown Accord, a number of them opposed it and quit the party. Led by Jean Allaire , an attorney from Laval and author of the Allaire Report, and Mario Dumont ,
6960-430: The CAQ in 2011 after two years as an independent. The ADQ advocated liberal economics reforms, or neoliberalism , coupled with support for increased autonomy for Quebec deriving from Quebec nationalism . On the political spectrum of Quebec, the ADQ was to the political right of the Quebec Liberal Party and the Parti Québécois. The ADQ advocated the autonomy of individuals, the autonomy of municipal governments , and
7076-603: The Conservative Party of Canada and mainstream provincial parties and have most notably been espoused by Ontario MP Kellie Leitch ; businessman Kevin O'Leary ; Quebec Premier François Legault ; the former Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford ; and his brother, Ontario Premier Doug Ford . In August 2018, Conservative MP Maxime Bernier left the party, and the following month he founded the People's Party of Canada , which has self-described as "smart populism" and been described as
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#17330855756617192-412: The French pronunciation of the initials 'ADQ'. The party was founded by dissidents of the Quebec Liberal Party who did not accept the Charlottetown Accord , and first contested the 1994 provincial election , electing Mario Dumont to the National Assembly . Under longtime leader Dumont, the ADQ had a strong showing in the 2007 provincial election , reducing the ruling Quebec Liberal Party (PLQ) to
7308-399: The Liberals. However, polls showed that the ADQ had the potential to significantly increase its representation in the National Assembly. Dumont ran an effective campaign, unveiling one plank from his electoral platform every day and therefore benefiting from sustained attention from his opponents and the media. Dumont's performance had its own setbacks, however, as it led to more scrutiny of
7424-481: The United States, right-wing populism is frequently aligned with evangelical Christianity , segregationism , nationalism , nativism anti-intellectualism and anti-Semitism . The Republican Party (United States) , particularly supporters of Donald Trump, includes right-wing populist factions. Moore (1996) argues that "populist opposition to the growing power of political, economic, and cultural elites" helped shape "conservative and right-wing movements" since
7540-463: The United States, supporting Ukraine in response to the Russian invasion of the country . He is also distancing Argentina from geopolitical ties with China. He has been variously described as far right, far-right populist, right-wing libertarian, ultraconservative , and ultra-liberal . A philosophical anarcho-capitalist who is for practical purposes a minarchist , Milei advocates minimal government, focusing on justice and security, with
7656-495: The Vice-Presidential nominee of the Populist Party in 1896 and presidential nominee in 1900, eventually embraced white supremacy and anti-Semitism . William Jennings Bryan, the 1896 Populist presidential nominee, was socially and theologically conservative, supporting creationism, Prohibition and other aspects of Christian fundamentalism. Bradley J. Longfield posits Bryan was a "theologically conservative Social Gospeler ". An article by National Public Radio 's Ron Elving likens
7772-491: The West's current economic settlement. They are suspicious of "cosmopolitan and globalizing agendas". Populist parties use crises in their domestic governments to enhance anti-globalist reactions; these include refrainment towards trade and anti-immigration policies. The support for these ideologies commonly comes from people whose employment might have low occupational mobility. This makes them more likely to develop an anti-immigrant and anti-globalization mentality that aligns with
7888-427: The West. [...] [Their] 'direct' conception of democracy differs from the 'liberal' one that has flourished across the West following the defeat of fascism and which has gradually become more elitist in character." Furthermore, national populists question what they call the "erosion of the nation-state", "hyper ethnic change" and the "capacity to rapidly absorb [high] rates of immigration", the "highly unequal societies" of
8004-509: The anti-parliamentarian Ligue des Patriotes , led by Boulanger , Déroulède , and Barrès , called for a "plebiscitary republic", with the president elected by universal suffrage , and the popular will expressed not through elected representatives (the "corrupted elites"), but rather via "legislative plebiscites", another name for referendums. It also evolved to antisemitism after the Dreyfus affair (1894). Modern national populism—what Pierro Ignazi called "post-industrial parties" —emerged in
8120-410: The by-election wins, the ADQ soared in popularity, leading the established parties in public opinion polling for the first time in its existence. For a brief period, a number of political analysts predicted that the ADQ could gather as much as 42% of the vote and more than 80 seats in the National Assembly, which would have been enough for a strong majority. The increased popularity of the party provided
8236-416: The collective, the people and the nation. Individuals are thus constituted as a mass who share a single common significant categorical quality – they are nationals, members of the nation. ... In this conception, the individual and the nation are inextricably intertwined, the line between them blurred. As suggested by philosophers of fascism ... the state is realized in the people and the people are realized in
8352-515: The contest, but decided to manage Taillon's campaign. Myriam Taschereau, a former federal Conservative candidate, and director of communications in the Prime Minister's Office , had also declared she would run, but later withdrew and endorsed Caire. On October 18, 2009, Taillon was elected leader on the second ballot by the slim margin of 50.03% of ballots cast, two votes more than runner-up Caire. Lévesque had been eliminated after finishing third on
8468-459: The controversial reasonable accommodation debate, which was well received by a substantial number of voters. When the 2007 election campaign started, the ADQ was running only a few candidates with widespread name recognition and lacked the financial resources its rivals (especially the Liberals) had. Marcel Dutil announced that even though he likes Dumont, he would vote strategically in favour of
8584-519: The convention. Tom Pentefountas , a former ADQ candidate in the district of Nelligan in a 2004 by-election, succeeded Gilles Taillon as President of the party. Pentefountas enjoys little name recognition among voters in general, but he is a member of the Greek community and lives in Montreal. ADQ supporters hope that his profile might facilitate the party's attempts to connect with these constituencies. During
8700-826: The country. Right-wing populism is growing in Hungary at present because its origins can be found in the post-communist era, particularly in the economic and political chaos of the 1990s. In the early 2000s, the Jobbik Party , formally known as the Movement for a Better Hungary, emerged and rapidly became the country's most successful far-right political party. Jobbik, which was founded in 2003, exploited anti-Semitic and anti-Roma feelings to rally support, as well as strong nationalist rhetoric and hostility to capitalism and liberalism. The party's successful use of internet channels to attract and mobilize young people resulted in tremendous popularity and influence. Viktor Orbán 's Fidesz Party
8816-414: The culture and interests of the nation, and promise to give voice to a people who feel that they have been neglected, even held in contempt, by distant and often corrupt elites." They are part of a "growing revolt against mainstream politics and liberal values. This challenge is in general not anti-democratic. Rather, national populists are opposed to certain aspects of liberal democracy as it has evolved in
8932-488: The digital era thanks to widely accessible means of content production and diffusion. These media and communication developments in the context of specific historical shifts in immigration and cultural politics have led to the association of right-wing populism with post-truth politics . German and French right-wing populism can be traced back to the period 1870–1900 in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War , with
9048-961: The early 1970s: the Progress Party , the ancestor of the Danish People's Party , and Anders Lange's Party in Norway. A new wave of right-wing populism arose after the September 11 attacks . "Neo-populists" are nationalist and Islamophobic politicians who aspire "to be the champions of freedoms for minorities (gays, Jews, women) against the Arab-Muslim masses"; a trend first embodied by the Dutch Pim Fortuyn List and later followed by Geert Wilders ' Party for Freedom and Jean Marie and his daughter Marine Le Pen 's National Rally . According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg , those parties are not
9164-459: The economic policies of former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and called her "a great leader". In Brazil, right-wing populism began to rise roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 presidential election . In the Brazilian general election of 2014 , Levy Fidelix, from the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party , presented himself with a conservative speech and, according to him,
9280-601: The economic policies of the European Union. From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies. Right-wing populism has remained the dominant political force in the Republican Party in the United States since the 2010s. Although extreme right-wing movements in the United States (where they are normally referred to as the " radical right ") are usually characterized as separate entities, some writers consider them to be
9396-549: The election of three new ADQ MNAs, who were still unknown at the provincial level but were well established in their communities. The ADQ drew enough votes from previous PQ supporters to give the victory to Jean Charest's Liberals, but did not make a significant breakthrough in the National Assembly. In the months that followed the election, the ADQ benefited from anger over the decision of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) not to renew
9512-424: The existing five person CAQ caucus which was made up of other former ADQ and PQ MNAs. Deltell served as the CAQ's parliamentary leader until Legault returned to the legislature in 2012. As of 2018, Bonnardel, Caire and Picard are the last parliamentary survivors of the ADQ. Bonnardel was elected in the ADQ's 2007 surge and joined Legault's cabinet when the CAQ won government at the 2018 election , while Picard joined
9628-420: The first ballot. On November 6, 2009, Caire and supporter Marc Picard left the party, alleging that the party organization lacked transparency and that Taillon had a dictatorial style of leadership. They resigned from caucus to sit as independents . This reduced the size of the ADQ caucus to four seats in the National Assembly. On November 10, 2009, 23 days after his election as party leader, Taillon announced
9744-637: The former Belgian Vlaams Blok (which would include certain aspects of traditional extreme right parties), the Danish Progress Party , the Norwegian Progress Party and the Freedom Party of Austria in the second category. Right-wing populist parties in the English-speaking world include the UK Independence Party and Australia's One Nation . The U.S. Republican Party , Conservative Party of Canada , Conservative Party (UK) and
9860-804: The historical right and post-industrial parties that had developed independently. He placed the British National Party , the National Democratic Party of Germany , the German People's Union , and the former Dutch Centre Party in the first category, whose prototype would be the disbanded Italian Social Movement . In contrast, he placed the French National Front , the German Republicans , the Dutch Centre Democrats ,
9976-481: The homogeneous nation-state". Mudde further argues that "while nativism could include racist arguments, it can also be non-racist (including and excluding on the basis of culture or even religion)", and that the term nativism does not reduce the parties to mere single-issue parties, such as the term "anti-immigrant" does. In the maximum definition, to nativism is added authoritarianism—an attitude, not necessarily anti-democratic or autocratic, to prefer " law and order " and
10092-443: The ideals of the populist party. Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg see "national populism" as an attempt to combine the socio-economical values of the left and political values of the right and the support for a referendary republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions as they aim for the unity of the political (the demos ), ethnic (the ethnos ) and social (the working class ) interpretations of
10208-421: The ideologies, politics, and practices of right-wing populism and Extreme Right Wing Parties." Similarly, historian Rick Shenkman describes the ideology presented by right-wing populism as "a deadly mix of xenophobia, racism, and authoritarianism". Tamir Bar-On also concluded in 2018 that the literature generally places "nativism" or "ethnic nationalism" as the core concept of the ideology, which "implicitly posits
10324-564: The impeachment of President Rousseff . Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017, facing a corruption scandal after accusations of obstructing justice and racketeering against him. He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the National Congress of Brazil . On the other hand, President of the Senate Renan Calheiros , acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and
10440-604: The last election, and consequently lost official party status , though in early 2009 it was recognised as an official party by the PLQ and the PQ. On 21 January 2012, the membership approved a merger with the Coalition Avenir Québec . The merger was recognised by the Directeur général des élections du Québec on 14 February 2012. The party was formed in 1994 by a group of nationalists , known as les allairistes , that supported
10556-575: The leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition . Some journalists have compared Poilievre to American Republican populists such as Donald Trump and Ted Cruz , however many journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre's pro-choice, pro-immigration, and pro-same-sex marriage positions. In the 2018 political campaign , both Evangelical Christian candidate Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz and right-wing anti-establishment candidate Juan Diego Castro Fernández were described as examples of right-wing populists. In
10672-467: The legal concept of the nation as a polity, with the people as its members; in general, it rejects the rule of law. All of these attributes, as well as its favoring of strong political leadership, suggest right-wing populism's fascist leanings. Historian Federico Finchelstein defines populism as a form of authoritarian democracy while fascism is an ultraviolent dictatorship. According to Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin , "National populists prioritize
10788-526: The license of Quebec City radio station CHOI-FM . Radio host Jeff Fillion urged listeners to vote for ADQ candidate Sylvain Légaré in a by-election for the local district of Vanier . Légaré defended the station's freedom of speech and was elected on September 20, 2004, which raised the number of ADQ seats back to five. A few days later, the ADQ held a convention in Drummondville , where its members adopted
10904-529: The mainstream Liberal-National Coalition ., and Katter's Australian Party , led by Queensland MP Bob Katter . Furthermore, the main center-right party the Coalition has certain members belonging to the right-wing populist faction known as National Right including the current opposition leader Peter Dutton . The wave of refugees caused by the Syrian crisis has caused a wave of anti-immigration sentiment on
11020-525: The media to question Dumont's judgment. The popularity of the ADQ declined. Dumont did not make any major mistake during the televised leaders' debate, but did not deliver the outstanding performance he needed to gain momentum. By contrast, Quebec Liberal leader Jean Charest was able to put Bernard Landry of the Parti Québécois on the defensive. The ADQ received 18% of the vote at the 2003 provincial election . All ADQ incumbents and star candidates, except Dumont, were defeated. The losses were compensated by
11136-577: The nascence of two different trends in Germany and France: the Völkisch movement and Boulangism . Völkischen represented a romantic nationalist , racialist , and from the 1900s, antisemitic tendency in German society, as they idealized a bio-mystical "original nation" that still could be found in their views in the rural regions, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites". In France,
11252-700: The new constitutional position of the ADQ, which was labeled as autonomist without much precision on what it actually means. ADQ members also elected ex- Liberal minister Yvon Picotte as President of the ADQ, a job previously held by political analyst Guy Laforest . In the January 2006 federal election , ten Conservative Members of Parliament were elected in Quebec, at the federal level. Four of those newly elected federal Members of Parliament – Maxime Bernier , Steven Blaney , Jacques Gourde and Josée Verner – came from districts represented by ADQ members at
11368-415: The official name Action démocratique du Québec-Équipe Mario Dumont ( Action démocratique du Québec-Team Mario Dumont ). In April and June 2002 , voter dissatisfaction with both the Parti Québécois (PQ) government of Bernard Landry and the Liberal alternative presented by Jean Charest led the ADQ to an unexpected victory in a series of by-elections , bringing the party caucus to five members. After
11484-412: The only right-wing candidate. He spoke for traditional family values and opposed abortion, legalization of marijuana, and same-sex marriage and proposed that homosexual individuals be treated far away from the good citizens' and workers' families. In the first round of the general election, Fidelix received 446,878 votes, representing 0.43% of the popular vote. Fidelix ranked 7th out of 11 candidates. In
11600-417: The party leadership, adding "Mr. Taillon has done irreparable damage to the ADQ... I don't know how the party will recover from this. I can't see the party going through a second leadership race. The last one almost destroyed us." On November 19, 2009, the party executive acclaimed Gérard Deltell as the party's leader. After Deltell assumed the leadership, the party enjoyed a modest rebound, rising from 5% in
11716-466: The past ... and without question it could happen in the future. This morphing of populism back into fascism is always a possibility, but it is very uncommon, and when it does happen, and populism becomes fully antidemocratic, it is no longer populism. Erik Berggren and Andres Neergard wrote in 2015 that, "[m]ost researchers agree [...] that xenophobia , anti-immigration sentiments , nativism , ethno-nationalism are, in different ways, central elements in
11832-539: The polls in spring 2010 to 15% by the end of the year, and enjoying a substantial lead in the Quebec City region. The party maintained the level of support it had had in the 2008 election in the by-elections held in Saint-Laurent and Kamouraska-Temiscouata in fall 2010. The ADQ held a convention on November 13, 2010, adopting a number of proposals dealing with democratic reform and anti-corruption measures. Deltell received
11948-561: The populism of Bryan to the later right-wing populism of Trump. In 2010, Rasmussen and Schoen characterized the Tea Party movement as "a right-wing anti-systemic populist movement". They added, "Today our country is in the midst of a...new populist revolt that has emerged overwhelmingly from the right – manifesting itself as the Tea Party movement." In 2010, David Barstow wrote in The New York Times : "The Tea Party movement has become
12064-464: The pressure on Charest to call an election. On 22 January 2012, the results of the mail-in vote were announced, with 70% of ADQ members approving the merger with the CAQ. In mid-December, after the parties had agreed in principle to merge, two former ADQ MNAs who had left to sit as independents joined the CAQ. The four MNAs where were still members of the ADQ at the party's dissolution–Deltell, Sylvie Roy , Janvier Grondin and Francois Bonnardel –joined
12180-512: The provincial level. All except Bernier were at one point ADQ activists. Blaney was ADQ candidate in Beauce-Nord in 1998 . This breakthrough prepared the ground the subsequent growth of the ADQ, which could rely on a number of supporters from the modest Conservatives' organization in Quebec. In May 2006, the ADQ held a general council ( French : conseil général ) in Granby , where Dumont brought up
12296-494: The second round, Fidelix supported candidate Aécio Neves . In addition, according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice, Antônio Augusto de Queiroz, the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the "re-democratization" movement, noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as ruralists ,
12412-445: The sovereignty movement, there were calls for the ADQ to merge with it because of their similar policies. Polls suggested the new movement would win a plurality of seats at the next election with 35 percent, with the ADQ taking eight percent if they did not merge. On 14 November 2011, Legault officially launched the movement as a new political party under the slightly modified name of Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) . On December 14, 2011,
12528-450: The state. It is a symbiotic relation. Individuals are realized in their manifestation of the national characteristics and by their participation in the national mission. In so doing, individuals are at once defined and valued, recognized and glorified. (p.12) According to Rosenberg, right-wing populism accepts the primacy of "the people", but rejects liberal democracy's protection of the rights of minorities, and favors ethno-nationalism over
12644-551: The subject of having the current federal Conservative government broach the subject of a new round of constitutional talks in order to get Quebec to finally sign the Constitution. Embarrassing comments were made by party president Yvon Picotte about PQ Leader André Boisclair . Boisclair had decided not to run in a by-election for the district of Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques in Montreal, the district where he lives and which includes Montreal's Gay Village . Accusing Boisclair of being
12760-523: The submission to authority —and populism —a "thin-centered ideology" that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, "the pure people" versus "the corrupt elite", and which argues that politics should be an expression of the "general will of the people", regardless of human rights or constitutional guarantees. Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser reiterated in 2017 that within European right-wing populism, there
12876-399: The will of the people, renders it clear for everyone else and executes accordingly. Thus distinctions between the leadership, the people as a whole and individuals are blurred as their will is joined in a single purpose. (p.5) ... In this political cultural conception, individuals have a secondary and somewhat derivative status. They are rendered meaningful and valued insofar as they are part of
12992-607: The words of sociologist Jens Rydgren , "mobilize on xenophobic and racist public opinions without being stigmatized as racists". Sociologist Hande Eslen-Ziya argues that right-wing populist movements rely on "troll science", namely "(distorted) scientific arguments moulded into populist discourse" that creates an alternative narrative. In addition to rhetorical methods, right-wing populist movements have also flourished by using tools of digital media, including websites and newsletters, social media groups and pages, as well as Youtube channels and messaging chat groups. While immigration
13108-411: The year that followed the 2007 election, a number of ADQ members such as Éric Caire , Gilles Taillon and especially Sébastien Proulx emerged as effective and articulate legislators. Nonetheless, according to journalist Gilbert Lavoie, the more experienced PQ caucus was better able to position itself as the best alternative to Jean Charest's Liberals. Political observers made unflattering comments about
13224-399: The years, he has continued to rely on a tried-and-tested populist discourse that granted him political success in the first place, to continue the advancement of his regime and to promote his election campaigns." Javier Milei , the incumbent president of Argentina, is known for his flamboyant personality, distinctive personal style, and strong media presence. Milei's views distinguish him in
13340-586: Was centered on opposition to crime, political corruption, and queer identity, and support for tax cuts, militarism , catholicity , and evangelicalism . Canada has a history of right-wing populist protest parties and politicians, most notably in Western Canada, partly due to the idea of Western alienation . The highly successful Social Credit Party of Canada consistently won seats in British Columbia , Alberta, and Saskatchewan but fell into obscurity by
13456-452: Was characterized as right-wing populist. The ideology of Trump's former Chief Strategist, Steve Bannon , has also been described as such. Donald Trump's policies and rhetoric as have been frequently described as right-wing populist by academics and political commentators. Right-wing populism has also been represented by Pauline Hanson's One Nation , led by Pauline Hanson , Senator for Queensland and typically preferences votes to
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