Lluq'i Yupanki (born c. January 1, 1260 – died c. January 1, 1290, aged approximately circa 30) ( Quechua Lluq'i Yupanki "the glorified lefthander") was the third Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cuzco (beginning around CE 1260) and a member of the Hurin dynasty .
31-407: He was the son and successor of Sinchi Ruq'a , though he had an elder brother Manqu Sapaca . He was the father of Mayta Cápac . His wife's name is variously given as Mama Cava, also known as Mama Qawa (Spanish Mama Qawa ) or Mama Cora Ocllo. The mother of this king was queen Mama Cura. Although some chronicles attributed minor conquests to him, others say that he did not wage any wars, or that he
62-498: A patriotic duty to help increase their country's birthrate. Even the government was reluctant in its support to the movement. It was only between 1938 and 1939 that the French government became directly and permanently involved in the pronatalist effort. Although the birthrate started to surge in late 1941, the trend was not sustained. Falling birthrate once again became a major concern among demographers and government officials beginning in
93-501: A ceremony where he received it from the hands of the Willaq Umu, the high priest or pontiff of the Inca religion. One of the stories told about Sinchi Roca was that during his reign a llama shepherd had entered his house and took a young woman whom he cherished very well. The Inca then had them captured and tortured him to tell why he had committed such a sin; the young woman, not wanting to see
124-654: A cross-section of the population in one year. "Cohort" data on the other hand, follows the same people over a period of decades. Both period and cohort measures are widely used. A parent's number of children strongly correlates with the number of children that each person in the next generation will eventually have. Factors generally associated with increased fertility include religiosity , intention to have children, and maternal support. Factors generally associated with decreased fertility include wealth , education, female labor participation , urban residence, cost of housing, intelligence , increased female age and (to
155-512: A lesser degree) increased male age . The "Three-step Analysis" of the fertility process was introduced by Kingsley Davis and Judith Blake in 1956 and makes use of three proximate determinants: The economic analysis of fertility is part of household economics , a field that has grown out of the New Home Economics . Influential economic analyses of fertility include Becker (1960), Mincer (1963), and Easterlin (1969). The latter developed
186-494: A territorial division of his domains and is considered to be the initiator of the first census of the Inca population. He also ordered all members of his ethnic group (Inca) to pierce their ears as a sign of nobility. The 16th century Spanish writers, including Cabello de Balboa quoted by María Rostworowski, also affirm that Sinchi Roca would have been the first Inca to use Mascapaicha or Maskaypacha ( Quechua : Mask'ay seek; Pacha land, world, or space-time), which would become
217-1111: A year, while a study in 2013 of 2,820 Danish women saw 78% of 35- to 40-year-olds conceive within a year. According to an opinion by the Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, specific coital timing or position, and resting supine after intercourse have no significant impact on fertility. Sperm can be found in the cervical canal seconds after ejaculation, regardless of coital position. Successful pregnancies facilitated by fertility treatment have been documented in women as old as 67 . Some research suggests that older males have decreased semen volume, sperm motility , and impaired sperm morphology. In studies that controlled for female partner's age, comparisons between men under 30 and men over 50 found relative decreases in pregnancy rates between 23% and 38%. Sperm count declines with age, with men aged 50–80 years producing sperm at an average rate of 75% compared with men aged 20–50 years and larger differences exist in
248-451: Is infertility , while the antithesis of fecundity is sterility . In demographic contexts, fertility refers to the actual production of offspring, rather than the physical capability to produce which is termed fecundity . While fertility can be measured, fecundity cannot be. Demographers measure the fertility rate in a variety of ways, which can be broadly broken into "period" measures and " cohort " measures. "Period" measures refer to
279-427: Is termed fecundity . The fertility rate is the average number of children born during an individual's lifetime. In medicine, fertility refers to the ability to have children, and infertility refers to difficulty in reproducing naturally. In general, infertility or subfertility in humans is defined as not being able to conceive a child after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex . The antithesis of fertility
310-604: Is unproven. Australian researchers have found evidence to suggest obesity may cause subtle damage to sperm and prevent a healthy pregnancy. They reported fertilization was 40% less successful when the father was overweight. The American Fertility Society recommends an age limit for sperm donors of 50 years or less, and many fertility clinics in the United Kingdom will not accept donations from men over 40 or 45 years of age. The French pronatalist movement from 1919 to 1945 failed to convince French couples they had
341-508: The Easterlin hypothesis to account for the Baby Boom. Bongaarts proposed a model where the total fertility rate of a population can be calculated from four proximate determinants and the total fecundity (TF). The index of marriage (Cm), the index of contraception (Cc), the index of induced abortion (Ca) and the index of postpartum infecundability (Ci). These indices range from 0 to 1. The higher
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#1733093140996372-401: The fertility of the valley. Sinchi came to be used as the title for a warlord , while Cápac , one of his father's names, became the title for a sovereign. Fertility Fertility in colloquial terms refers the ability to have offspring . In demographic contexts, fertility refers to the actual production of offspring, rather than the physical capability to reproduce, which
403-467: The rhythm method of contraception. The average age of menarche in the United States is about 12.5 years. In postmenarchal girls, about 80% of the cycles are anovulatory (ovulation does not actually take place) in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third and 10% in the sixth year. Menopause occurs during a woman's midlife between ages 48 and 55. During menopause, hormonal production by
434-414: The vagina . A woman's menstrual cycle begins, as arbitrarily assigned, with menses. Next is the follicular phase where estrogen levels build as an ovum matures (due to the follicular stimulating hormone, or FSH) within the ovary. When estrogen levels peak, it spurs a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) which completes maturation and enables the ovum to break through the ovary wall. This is ovulation. During
465-507: The 1970s. In mid-2018, there was a bill introduced to legalize single women and lesbian couples to get fertility treatment. At the beginning of 2020, the Senate approved the bill 160 votes to 116. They are a step closer to legalizing fertility treatments for all women regardless of sexual orientation or marital status. Soon there will be no reason for lesbian couples or single women to travel to be able to start their own family. South Korea has
496-414: The Baby Boom years (1946–1964), women married earlier and had their babies sooner; the number of children born to mothers after age 35 did not increase. After 1960, new methods of contraception became available, ideal family size fell, from 3 to 2 children. Couples postponed marriage and first births, and they sharply reduced the number of third and fourth births. This article incorporates material from
527-609: The decline begins around the age of 32, and becomes precipitous at age 37. For men, potency and sperm quality begins to decline around the age of 40. Even if an older couple does manage to conceive a child, the pregnancy will be increasingly difficult for the mother, and carries a higher risk of birth defects and genetic disorders for the child. Pregnancy rates for sexual intercourse are highest when it occurs every 1 or 2 days, or every 2 or 3 days. Studies have found no significant difference between different sex positions and pregnancy rate, as long as it results in ejaculation into
558-471: The declining fertility rate. From 1800 to 1940, fertility fell in the US. There was a marked decline in fertility in the early 1900s, associated with improved contraceptives, greater access to contraceptives and sexuality information and the "first" sexual revolution in the 1920s. After 1940 fertility suddenly started going up again, reaching a new peak in 1957. After 1960, fertility started declining rapidly. In
589-495: The definition of fertility is "the capacity to establish a clinical pregnancy." Women have hormonal cycles which determine when they can achieve pregnancy . The cycle is approximately twenty-eight days long, with a fertile period of five days per cycle, but can deviate greatly from this norm. Men are fertile continuously, but their sperm quality is affected by their health, frequency of ejaculation, and environmental factors. Fertility declines with age in both sexes. For women,
620-480: The distinctive sign of Inca sovereignty. Among the Incas, the imperial crown was composed of several elementsː the mascapaicha, the most important, was a fringe of red wool, ordered on the forehead because each of its strands "passed through a small tube of gold". Above this fringe were two or three black and white feathers of the sacred bird Korekenke (or Andean mountain caracara ). This fringe and feathers were secured on
651-411: The forehead by a turban or headband known as the llautu or llauto consisting of a multicoloured braid "of extremely fine vicuña wool ", wrapped several times around the head. The mascapaicha was the mark of absolute imperial power, to the point that "to take" or "to gird the mascapaicha" or "to claim the scarlet fringe" was the periphrase in use to signify the coming of the new emperor or Sapa Inca, during
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#1733093140996682-480: The index, the higher it will make the TFR, for example a population where there are no induced abortions would have a Ca of 1, but a country where everybody used infallible contraception would have a Cc of 0. TFR = TF × Cm × Ci × Ca × Cc These four indices can also be used to calculate the total marital fertility (TMFR) and the total natural fertility (TN). TFR = TMFR × Cm TMFR = TN × Cc × Ca TN = TF × Ci In medicine,
713-480: The lowest fertility rate in the world at 0.78. A variety of explanations have been proposed, ranging from investment in education to birth control , abortion , a decline in the marriage rate, divorce , female participation in the labor force, and the 1997 Asian financial crisis . After being legal from the 1960s to the 1980s, abortion was again made illegal in South Korea in the early 2000s in an attempt to reverse
744-465: The luteal phase following ovulation LH and FSH cause the post-ovulation ovary to develop into the corpus luteum which produces progesterone. The production of progesterone inhibits the LH and FSH hormones which (in a cycle without pregnancy) causes the corpus luteum to atrophy, and menses to begin the cycle again. Peak fertility occurs during just a few days of the cycle: usually two days before and two days after
775-714: The number of seminiferous tubules in the testes containing mature sperm: Decline in male fertility is influenced by many factors, including lifestyle, environment and psychological factors. Some research suggests increased risks for health problems for children of older fathers, but no clear association has been proven. A large scale study in Israel suggested that the children of men 40 or older were 5.75 times more likely than children of men under 30 to have an autism spectrum disorder , controlling for year of birth, socioeconomic status, and maternal age. Increased paternal age has been suggested to correlate with schizophrenia but it
806-492: The ovaries is reduced, eventually causing a permanent cessation of the creation of the uterine lining (period). This is considered the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life. The predicted effect of age on female fertility in women trying to get pregnant, without using fertility drugs or in vitro fertilization: Studies of couples trying to conceive have yielded better results: one 2004 study of 770 European women found that 82% of 35- to 39-year-old women conceived within
837-445: The ovulation date. This fertile window varies from woman to woman, just as the ovulation date often varies from cycle to cycle for the same woman. The ovule is usually capable of being fertilized for up to 48 hours after it is released from the ovary . Sperm survive inside the uterus between 48 and 72 hours on average, with the maximum being 120 hours (5 days). These periods and intervals are important factors for couples using
868-402: The villager tortured anymore, revealed that she had fallen in love with the llamamichi (shepherd of llamas) as soon as he saw him wearing a wacanqui (amulet of love), and the shepherd confessed, in turn, that he had received such an object from a demon in a cave. The chronicler Pedro Cieza de León states that Sinchi Roca built terraces and imported enormous quantities of soil in order to improve
899-539: Was Mama Cura, of the lineage Sanu, daughter of Sitic-huaman. They had a son named Sapaca . Manco Capac, Mama Huaco, Sinchi Rocca, and Manco Sapaca erected the House of the Sun. The Kingdom of Cuzco later became Tahuantinsuyu (Inca empire) under the rule of Pachacuti . In one of the Inca foundation myths , Sinchi Roca led his family to the valley of Cuzco. He is said to have created
930-874: Was even occupied with rebellions. He is said to have established the public market in Cuzco and built the Acllahuasi. In the days of the Inca Empire , this institution gathered young women from across the empire ; some were given by the Inca as concubines to nobles and warriors and others were dedicated to the cult of the Sun god . Sometimes they were simply servants. Sinchi Roca Sinchi Roca , Sinchi Rocca , Cinchi Roca (in Hispanicized spellings), Sinchi Ruq'a or Sinchi Ruq'a Inka ( Quechua for "valorous generous Inca ") ( c. 1230 – c. 1260 )
961-595: Was the second Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco (beginning around 1230 CE, though as early as 1105 CE according to some) and a member of the Hurin dynasty (first dynasty). Said to have been the son of two of the original Inca siblings, Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo , whom they conceived in Huaynacancha. He was Manco Capac's successor and continued the rule after his father's death. The father of Lloque Yupanqui . His wife