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55-729: The line was also used for civilian transportation; by 1920 it moved over 4 million people and over 153,000 tonnes (151,000 long tons ; 169,000 short tons ) of goods. Parts of it were used even after World War II , but due also to the Acehnese rebellion the line as a whole became derelict. A study done in 2005 by the SNCF suggested that the line could be repaired, but the narrow-gauge railway ( 750 mm  / 2 ft  5 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) would have to be widened to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge . The Acehnese capital, Koeta-Radja ,

110-538: A Germanic word in general use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages (cf. Old English and Old Frisian tunne , Old High German and Medieval Latin tunna , German and French tonne ) to designate a large cask, or tun . A full tun, standing about a metre high, could easily weigh a tonne. See also the common German word de:Mülltonne (literal translation: garbage drum ). The spelling tonne pre-dates

165-604: A bushel is a fixed volume of 2,150.42 cubic inches (35.2391 liters). The mass of grain will therefore vary according to density. Some nominal weight examples are: The most common practical cooking measures for both liquid and dry ingredients in the U.S. are teaspoon , tablespoon , and cup , along with halves, thirds, quarters, and eighths of each. Units used are pounds , ounces , and fluid ounces . Common sizes are also used, such as can (presumed size varies depending on product), jar , square (e.g. of chocolate), stick (e.g. of butter), or portion of fruit or vegetable (e.g.

220-470: A Federal Register Notice (FRN) indicating the deprecation of the U.S. survey foot and U.S. survey mile units from December 31, 2022. In the following tables in this and subsequent sections, the most common measures are shown in italics , and approximate values are shown in parentheses; values not in parentheses are exact. Note that as announced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology ,

275-504: A US gallon. Consequently, a fluid ounce of water weighs about 1.041 ounces avoirdupois. For nutritional labeling and medicine in the US, the teaspoon and tablespoon are defined as a metric teaspoon and tablespoon—precisely 5 mL and 15 mL respectively. The saying, "a pint's a pound the world around", refers to 16 US fluid ounces of water weighing approximately (about 4% more than) one pound avoirdupois. An imperial pint of water weighs

330-556: A difference of about 1 ⁄ 8  in (3 mm) per mile – but it affects the definition of the State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles. The NAD27 was replaced in the 1980s by the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), which is defined in meters. The SPCSs were also updated, but the U.S. National Geodetic Survey left the decision of which (if any) definition of

385-447: A further six by Du Croo & Brauns in 1931. Mallet locomotives of 0-4-4-2 T configuration operated over the steep gradients ; six were supplied by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen in 1904, and a further four by Nippon Sharyo in 1962. The latter firm also supplied six 2-6-0 tender locomotives in the same year. On 1 January 1882 a civil administration was introduced in Aceh. The operation of

440-522: A half lemon, two medium onions). Degrees Fahrenheit are used in the U.S. to measure temperatures in most non-scientific contexts. The Rankine scale of absolute temperature also saw some use in thermodynamics . Scientists worldwide use the kelvin and degree Celsius . Several U.S. technical standards are expressed in Fahrenheit temperatures, and some American medical practitioners use degrees Fahrenheit for body temperature. The relationship between

495-415: A pound and a quarter ( 20 oz ). There are varying standards for barrel for some specific commodities, including 31 gallons for beer, 40 gallons for whiskey or kerosene, and 42 gallons for petroleum. The general standard for liquids is 31.5 gal or half a hogshead. The common 55-gallon size of drum for storing and transporting various products and wastes is sometimes confused with a barrel, though it

550-529: A system of measurement units commonly used in the United States and most U.S. territories , since being standardized and adopted in 1832. The United States customary system developed from English units that were in use in the British Empire before the U.S. became an independent country. The United Kingdom's system of measures evolved by 1824 to create the imperial system (with imperial units ), which

605-501: A system which had evolved over the millennia before American independence , and which had its roots in both Roman and Anglo-Saxon units. The customary system was championed by the U.S.-based International Institute for Preserving and Perfecting Weights and Measures in the late 19th century. Some advocates of the customary system saw the French Revolutionary, or metric, system as atheistic. The president of an Ohio auxiliary of

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660-407: Is 1 ⁄ 16 of a US pint, 1 ⁄ 32 of a US quart, and 1 ⁄ 128 of a US gallon. The teaspoon, tablespoon, and cup are defined in terms of a fluid ounce as 1 ⁄ 6 , 1 ⁄ 2 , and 8 fluid ounces respectively. The fluid ounce derives its name originally from being the volume of one ounce avoirdupois of water, but in the US it is defined as 1 ⁄ 128 of

715-401: Is legally defined as a measure of mass , but the name pound is also applied to measures of force . For instance, in many contexts, the pound avoirdupois is used as a unit of mass, but in some contexts, the term "pound" is used to refer to " pound-force ". The slug is another unit of mass derived from pound-force. Troy weight, avoirdupois weight, and apothecaries' weight are all built from

770-502: Is no traditional customary unit, international units are used, sometimes mixed with customary units: for example, electrical resistance of wire expressed in ohms (SI) per thousand feet. The United States system of units of 1832 is based on the system in use in Britain prior to the introduction to the British imperial system on January 1, 1826. Both systems are derived from English units ,

825-454: Is not a standard measure. In the U.S., single servings of beverages are usually measured in fluid ounces. Milk is usually sold in half-pints (8 fluid ounces), pints, quarts, half gallons, and gallons. Water volume for sinks, bathtubs, ponds, swimming pools, etc., is usually stated in gallons or cubic feet. Quantities of gases are usually given in cubic feet (at one atmosphere). Minims, drams, gill, and pottle are rarely used currently. The gill

880-675: Is often referred to as a "half-cup". The pottle is often referred to as a "half-gallon". Dry volume is measured on a separate system, although many of the names remain the same. Small fruits and vegetables are often sold in dry pints and dry quarts. The US dry gallon is less commonly used, and was not included in the handbook that many states recognize as the authority on measurement law. However pecks , or bushels are sometimes used—particularly for grapes , apples and similar fruits in agricultural regions. There have historically been five different English systems of mass: tower , apothecaries' , troy , avoirdupois , and metric . Of these,

935-400: Is one group of units for measuring volumes of liquids (based on the wine gallon and subdivisions of the fluid ounce ), and one for measuring volumes of dry material , each with their own names and sub-units. Although the units and their names are similar to the units in the imperial system , and many units are shared between the two systems as a whole; with respect to volume, however, this

990-463: Is quite the contrary. The independence of the U.S. from the British Empire decades prior to the reformation of units in 1824—most notably the gallon , its subdivisions, and (in mass) higher combinations above the pound —is the cause of the differences in values. As a non-participant in that reform, the U.S. retained the separate systems for measuring the volumes of liquids and dry material, whereas

1045-400: Is the joule . One tonne of TNT is approximately equivalent to 4.2 gigajoules. In the petroleum industry the tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy : the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil , approximately 42 GJ. There are several slightly different definitions. This is ten times as much as a tonne of TNT because atmospheric oxygen is used. Like

1100-549: The Secretary of Commerce "to charter an Interagency Council on Metric Policy ('ICMP'), which will assist the Secretary in coordinating Federal Government-wide implementation of this order." U.S. customary units are widely used on consumer products and in industrial manufacturing. Metric units are standard in science, medicine, as well as many sectors of industry and government, including the military . There are anecdotal objections to

1155-429: The gram and the kilogram, the tonne gave rise to a (now obsolete) force unit of the same name, the tonne-force, equivalent to about 9.8 kilonewtons . The unit is also often called simply "tonne" or "metric ton" without identifying it as a unit of force. In contrast to the tonne as a mass unit, the tonne-force is not accepted for use with SI. United States customary units United States customary units form

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1210-494: The international yard and pound agreement of 1959. The United States uses customary units in commercial activities, as well as for personal and social use. In science, medicine, many sectors of industry, and some government and military areas, metric units are used. The International System of Units (SI), the modern form of the metric system , is preferred for many uses by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). For newer types of measurement where there

1265-414: The short ton ( United States customary units ) and the long ton ( British imperial units ). It is equivalent to approximately 2,204.6 pounds , 1.102 short tons, and 0.984 long tons. The official SI unit is the megagram ( Mg ), a less common way to express the same amount. The BIPM symbol for the tonne is t, adopted at the same time as the unit in 1879. Its use is also official for the metric ton in

1320-555: The tonne and the spelling of ton in English is the same, though they differ in mass. One tonne is equivalent to: A tonne is the mass of one cubic metre of pure water at 4 °C (39 °F). As a non-SI unit, the use of SI metric prefixes with the tonne does not fall within the SI standard. For multiples of the tonne, it is more usual to speak of thousands or millions of tonnes. Kilotonne, megatonne, and gigatonne are more usually used for

1375-843: The Dutch consulate in Singapore, 2 from Fox Walker and one from Hohenzollern. They were delivered, along with the rest of the materials for the railway, in May 1875. A class of twelve 2-4-0T locomotives were constructed for the line by Hanomag from 1887 to 1899. A further two were built in 1904 by the Kutaraja and the Sigli engineering shops of the tramway. A class of forty-two 0-6-0T locomotives were built by Hanomag and Werkspoor between 1898 and 1904. Two 4-6-0 tender locomotives were supplied by Werkspoor in 1922. Six 2-8-0 tender locomotives were supplied by Hanomag in 1930 and

1430-604: The Institute wrote that the traditional units were "a just weight and a just measure, which alone are acceptable to the Lord". His organization later went so far as to publish music for a song proclaiming "down with every 'metric' scheme". The U.S. government passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975, which made the metric system "the preferred system of weights and measures for U.S. trade and commerce". The legislation states that

1485-527: The Military authorities decided to change the gauge from 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) to 750 mm ( 2 ft  5 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ), which was the gauge selected to be used for the "public" Atjeh Tramway from Koeta Radja to Pangkalan Susu. The 3 locomotives, 2 from Fox Walker and one from Hohenzollern , were no longer suitable and were transferred to Staatsspoorwegen in 1884. Three 0-6-0T locomotives were ordered in 1874 via

1540-403: The U.S. survey foot, the statute mile can be defined using either definition of the foot, as is the case for all other units listed in this table. However, use of definitions based on the U.S. survey foot should be avoided after December 31, 2022 except for historic and legacy applications." The cubic inch , cubic foot and cubic yard are commonly used for measuring volume. In addition, there

1595-477: The US survey foot, and other units defined in terms of it, have been deprecated since 2023, "except for historic and legacy applications". The most widely used area unit with a name unrelated to any length unit is the acre . The National Institute of Standards and Technology formerly contended that customary area units are defined in terms of the square survey foot, not the square international foot, but from 2023 it states that "although historically defined using

1650-478: The United Kingdom and other countries, is based on avoirdupois, with variations from U.S. customary units larger than a pound. The pound avoirdupois, which forms the basis of the U.S. customary system of mass, is defined as exactly 453.59237 grams by agreement between the U.S., the United Kingdom, and other English-speaking countries in 1959. Other units of mass are defined in terms of it. The avoirdupois pound

1705-570: The United States, having been adopted by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period . Use of lower case is significant, and use of other letter combinations can lead to ambiguity. For example, T, MT, mT, are the SI symbols for the tesla , megatesla, and millitesla, respectively, while Mt and mt are SI-compatible symbols for

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1760-496: The United States. It traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore containing 1% (i.e. 10 kg) of metal. The following excerpt from a mining geology textbook describes its usage in the particular case of tungsten: Tungsten concentrates are usually traded in metric tonne units (originally designating one tonne of ore containing 1% of WO 3 , today used to measure WO 3 quantities in 10 kg units. One metric tonne unit (mtu) of tungsten (VI) contains 7.93 kilograms of tungsten. In

1815-457: The avoirdupois weight is the most common system used in the U.S., although Troy weight is still used to weigh precious metals. Apothecaries' weight—once used by pharmacies—has been largely replaced by metric measurements. Tower weight fell out of use in England (due to legal prohibition in 1527) centuries ago, and was never used in the U.S. The imperial system, which is still used for some measures in

1870-641: The case of uranium , MTU is sometimes used in the sense of metric ton of uranium (1,000 kg [2,200 lb]). The tonne of trinitrotoluene (TNT) is used as a proxy for energy, usually of explosions (TNT is a common high explosive ). Prefixes are used: kiloton(ne), megaton(ne), gigaton(ne), especially for expressing nuclear weapon yield , based on a specific combustion energy of TNT of about 4.2  MJ / kg (or one thermochemical calorie per milligram ). Hence, 1 t TNT = approx. 4.2  GJ , 1 kt TNT = approx. 4.2  TJ , 1 Mt TNT = approx. 4.2  PJ . The SI unit of energy

1925-515: The common and recommended pronunciation is / t ɒ n / . In the United States, metric ton is the name for this unit used and recommended by NIST; an unqualified mention of a ton typically refers to a short ton of 2,000 lb (907.2 kg) and to a lesser extent to a long ton of 2,240 lb (1,016 kg), with the term tonne rarely used in speech or writing. Both terms are acceptable in Canadian English . Ton and tonne are both derived from

1980-514: The definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893, that is 1  ft = 1200 ⁄ 3937 m : this definition was retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the US survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot. For most applications, the difference between the two definitions is insignificant – one international foot is exactly 0.999 998 of a US survey foot, for

2035-1038: The different temperature scales is linear but the scales have different zero points, so conversion is not simply multiplication by a factor. Pure water freezes at 32 °F = 0 °C and boils at 212 °F = 100 °C at 1 atm . The conversion formula is: { T } ∘ F = 9 5 { T } ∘ C + 32 {\displaystyle \{T\}_{\mathrm {^{\circ }F} }={\tfrac {9}{5}}\{T\}_{\mathrm {^{\circ }C} }+32} or inversely as { T } ∘ C = 5 9 ( { T } ∘ F − 32 ) . {\displaystyle \{T\}_{\mathrm {^{\circ }C} }={\tfrac {5}{9}}{\bigl (}\{T\}_{\mathrm {^{\circ }F} }-32{\bigr )}.} Length Volume Mass Force Energy Power Pressure Torque Insulation Various combination units are in common use; these are straightforwardly defined based on

2090-401: The energy of nuclear explosions and other events in equivalent mass of TNT , often loosely as approximate figures. When used in this context, there is little need to distinguish between metric and other tons, and the unit is spelled either as ton or tonne with the relevant prefix attached. A metric ton unit (mtu) can mean 10 kg (22 lb) within metal trading, particularly within

2145-484: The federal government has a responsibility to assist industry as it voluntarily converts to the metric system, i.e., metrification . This is most evident in U.S. labeling requirements on food products, where SI units are almost always presented alongside customary units. According to the CIA World Factbook , the United States is one of three nations (along with Liberia and Myanmar (Burma) ) that have not adopted

2200-570: The foot to use to the individual states (and other jurisdictions). All SPCS 1983 systems are defined in meters, but forty jurisdictions also use the survey foot, six use the international foot, and ten do not specify which, if any, foot type should be used. In 2019, the NIST, working with the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Department of Commerce (DOC), issued

2255-414: The grain and ounce (apothecaries' has scruple and dram , troy has pennyweight , and avoirdupois has just dram, sometimes spelled drachm ). The dram in avoirdupois weighs just under half of the dram in apothecaries'. The fluid dram unit of volume is based on the weight of 1 dram of water in the apothecaries' system. To alleviate confusion, it is typical when publishing non-avoirdupois weights to mention

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2310-438: The imperial system had unified the units for both under a new imperial gallon. The U.S. uses the pre-1824 gallon (231 cubic inches, 3,790 cm ) and Winchester bushel (2,150.42 cubic inches, 35,239.1 cm ), as opposed to British 1824 definition of 1 imperial gallon (4.5 L; 1.2 US gal) = 10 lb (4.5 kg) of water and the bushel as 8 imperial gallons (36 L; 9.6 US gal). One US fluid ounce

2365-474: The imperial system is identical to that in the U.S. customary system. In the U.S., only the ounce, pound and short ton – known in the country simply as the ton – are commonly used, though the hundredweight is still used in agriculture and shipping. The grain is used to describe the mass of propellant and projectiles in small arms ammunition . It was also used to measure medicine and other very small masses. In agricultural practice,

2420-588: The introduction of the SI in 1960; it has been used with this meaning in France since 1842, when there were no metric prefixes for multiples of 10 and above, and is now used as the standard spelling for the metric mass measurement in most English -speaking countries. In the United States, the unit was originally referred to using the French words millier or tonneau , but these terms are now obsolete. The British imperial and United States customary units are comparable to

2475-488: The line was transferred to the Burgerlijke Openbare Werken (BOW), part of the government's civil service. Tonne The tonne ( / t ʌ n / or / t ɒ n / ; symbol:  t ) is a unit of mass equal to 1,000  kilograms . It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI . It is also referred to as a metric ton in the United States to distinguish it from the non-metric units of

2530-464: The megatonne (one teragram) and millitonne (one kilogram). If describing TNT equivalent units of energy, one megatonne of TNT is equivalent to approximately 4.184 petajoules . In English, tonne is an established spelling alternative to metric ton . In the United States and United Kingdom, tonne is usually pronounced the same as ton ( / t ʌ n / ), but the final "e" can also be pronounced, i.e. " tunnie " ( / ˈ t ʌ n i / ). In Australia,

2585-600: The metric system as their official system of weights and measures. Executive Order 12770 , signed by President George H. W. Bush on July 25, 1991, citing the Metric Conversion Act, directed departments and agencies within the executive branch of the United States Government to "take all appropriate measures within their authority" to use the metric system "as the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce" and authorized

2640-414: The name of the system along with the unit. Precious metals, for example, are often weighed in "troy ounces", because just "ounce" would be more likely to be assumed to mean an avoirdupois ounce. For the pound and smaller units, the U.S. customary system and the British imperial system are identical. However, they differ when dealing with units larger than the pound. The definition of the pound avoirdupois in

2695-511: The same basic unit, the grain, which is the same in all three systems. However, while each system has some overlap in the names of their units of measure (all have ounces and pounds), the relationship between the grain and these other units within each system varies. For example, in apothecary and troy weight, the pound and ounce are the same, but are different from the pound and ounce in avoirdupois in terms of their relationships to grains and to each other. The systems also have different units between

2750-648: The units of length have been defined on the basis of 1  yd = 0.9144 m . The U.S., the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries agreed on this definition per the International Yard and Pound Agreement of 1958. At the time of the agreement, the basic geodetic datum in North America was the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27), which had been constructed by triangulation based on

2805-436: The use of metric units in carpentry and the building trades, on the basis that it is easier to remember an integer number of inches plus a fraction than a measurement in millimeters, or that foot-inch measurements are more suitable when distances are frequently divided into halves, thirds, and quarters, often in parallel. The metric system also lacks a parallel measurement to the foot . The term "United States customary units"

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2860-570: Was known as the Atjeh Military Tramway. The gauge chosen for the track was 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ). Iron scaffolding was imported from Singapore and wood for the sleepers from Malacca. The locomotives and rolling stock were ordered from Britain through the Dutch Consul-General in Singapore. These arrived on 5 May 1875; however shortage of labor meant that the line was not completed until September 1876. In 1884

2915-431: Was officially adopted in 1826, changing the definitions of some of its units. Consequently, while many U.S. units are essentially similar to their imperial counterparts, there are noticeable differences between the systems . The majority of U.S. customary units were redefined in terms of the meter and kilogram with the Mendenhall Order of 1893 and, in practice, for many years before. These definitions were refined by

2970-488: Was separated from the coast by swamps and mudflats. Dutch troops during the First and Second Aceh Expeditions lost artillery pieces crossing this strip of land on the way to besiege the capital. Governor General Loudon announced a plan on 26 June 1874 to build a narrow-gauge railroad between Koeta Radja and Oleh Leh on the coast. A jetty was to be constructed at Oleh Leh. This line had a total length of 5 km (3.1 mi) and

3025-439: Was used by the former United States National Bureau of Standards , although "English units" is sometimes used in colloquial speech. For measuring length, the U.S. customary system uses the inch , foot , yard , and mile , which are the only four customary length measurements in everyday use. From 1893, the foot was legally defined as exactly 1200 ⁄ 3937 m (approximately 0.304 8006  m ). Since July 1, 1959,

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