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89-398: 44°24′28″N 8°56′04″E  /  44.4077°N 8.9345°E  / 44.4077; 8.9345 This Italian school-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to the art of Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Art of Italy Since ancient times, Greeks , Etruscans and Celts have inhabited

178-726: A dominant stylistic device. Tenebrism was especially practiced in Spain and the Spanish-ruled Kingdom of Naples , by Jusepe de Ribera and his followers. Adam Elsheimer (1578–1610), a German artist living in Rome, produced several night scenes lit mainly by fire, and sometimes moonlight. Unlike Caravaggio's, his dark areas contain very subtle detail and interest. The influences of Caravaggio and Elsheimer were strong on Peter Paul Rubens , who exploited their respective approaches to tenebrosity for dramatic effect in paintings such as The Raising of

267-469: A manifesto on the subject in the spring of 1912. He is considered to have most fully realized his theories in two sculptures, Development of a Bottle in Space (1912), in which he represented both the inner and outer contours of a bottle, and Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913), in which a human figure is not portrayed as one solid form but is instead composed of the multiple planes in space through which

356-486: A manner closer to that of Caravaggio. The towering virtuoso of baroque exuberance and grandeur in sculpture and architecture was Gian Lorenzo Bernini . Toward 1640 many of the painters leaned toward the classical style that had been brought to the fore in Rome by the French expatriate Nicolas Poussin . The sculptors Alessandro Algardi and François Duquesnoy also tended toward the classical. Notable late baroque artists include

445-783: A maximum aperture of f/0.7 . The natural, unaugmented lighting of the sets in the film exemplified low-key, natural lighting in filmwork at its most extreme, outside of the Eastern European/Soviet filmmaking tradition (itself exemplified by the harsh low-key lighting style employed by Soviet filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein ). Sven Nykvist , the longtime collaborator of Ingmar Bergman , also informed much of his photography with chiaroscuro realism, as did Gregg Toland , who influenced such cinematographers as László Kovács , Vilmos Zsigmond , and Vittorio Storaro with his use of deep and selective focus augmented with strong horizon-level key lighting penetrating through windows and doorways. Much of

534-454: A painter, architect, and poet. In addition, he has been called the greatest sculptor in history. Michelangelo was a master of portraying the human figure. For example, his famous statue of the Israelite leader Moses (1516) gives an overwhelming impression of physical and spiritual power. These qualities also appear in the frescoes of Biblical and classical subjects that Michelangelo painted on

623-557: A return to the great Italian representational art of the past. The founding members of the Novecento ( Italian : 20th-century) movement were the critic Margherita Sarfatti and seven artists: Anselmo Bucci , Leonardo Dudreville , Achille Funi , Gian Emilio Malerba, Piero Marussig, Ubaldo Oppi, and Mario Sironi. Under Sarfatti's leadership, the group sought to renew Italian art by rejecting European avant-garde movements and embracing Italy's artistic traditions. Other artists associated with

712-537: A system of aqueducts that piped freshwater into the city, and they built sewers that removed the city's waste. The wealthiest Romans lived in large houses with gardens. Most of the population, however, lived in apartment buildings made of stone, concrete, or limestone. The Romans developed new techniques and used materials such as volcanic soil from Pozzuoli, a village near Naples, to make their cement harder and stronger. This concrete allowed them to build large apartment buildings called insulae . Wall paintings decorated

801-618: A training in Byzantine techniques. These are versions of Byzantine icons, most of the Madonna and Child , but also of other subjects; essentially they introduced the relatively small portable painting with a frame to Western Europe. Very often they are on a gold ground . It was the dominant style in Italian painting until the end of the 13th century , when Cimabue and Giotto began to take Italian, or at least Florentine, painting into new territory. But

890-407: Is a notable example. The Italian Benvenuto Cellini and Flemish-born Giambologna were the style's chief representatives in sculpture. Some historians regard this period as degeneration of High Renaissance classicism or even as an interlude between High Renaissance and baroque, in which case the dates are usually from c. 1520 to 1600, and it is considered a positive style complete in itself. In

979-584: Is claimed to be the first one to achieve chiaroscuro woodcuts with three blocks. Despite Vasari 's claim for Italian precedence in Ugo da Carpi , it is clear that his, the first Italian examples, date to around 1516 But other sources suggest, the first chiaroscuro woodcut to be the Triumph of Julius Caesar , which was created by Andrea Mantegna , an Italian painter, between 1470 and 1500. Another view states that: "Lucas Cranach backdated two of his works in an attempt to grab

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1068-503: Is suggested by the value gradation of colour and the analytical division of light and shadow shapes—often called " shading ". The invention of these effects in the West, " skiagraphia " or "shadow-painting" to the Ancient Greeks, traditionally was ascribed to the famous Athenian painter of the fifth century BC, Apollodoros . Although few Ancient Greek paintings survive, their understanding of

1157-427: Is the fresco The School of Athens . The painting was influenced by classical Greek and Roman models. It portrays the great philosophers and scientists of ancient Greece in a setting of classical arches. Raphael was thus making a connection between the culture of classical antiquity and the Italian culture of his time. The creator of High Renaissance architecture was Donato Bramante , who came to Rome in 1499, when he

1246-424: Is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for the use of contrasts of light to achieve a sense of volume in modelling three-dimensional objects and figures. Similar effects in cinema, and black and white and low-key photography , are also called chiaroscuro. Further specialized uses of

1335-650: The Baroque (1600–1750), and into the 18th century with Neoclassicism (1750–1850). In this period, cultural tourism became a major prop to Italian economy. Both Baroque and Neoclassicism originated in Rome and spread to all Western art . Italy maintained a presence in the international art scene from the mid-19th century onwards, with movements such as the Macchiaioli , Futurism , Metaphysical , Novecento Italiano , Spatialism , Arte Povera , and Transavantgarde . Italian art has influenced several major movements throughout

1424-661: The Dutch Republic in the mid-seventeenth century on a smaller scale in the works of fijnschilders such as Gerrit Dou and Gottfried Schalken . Rembrandt's own interest in effects of darkness shifted in his mature works. He relied less on the sharp contrasts of light and dark that marked the Italian influences of the earlier generation, a factor found in his mid-seventeenth-century etchings. In that medium he shared many similarities with his contemporary in Italy, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione , whose work in printmaking led him to invent

1513-518: The Low Countries in the first few decades of the seventeenth century, where it became associated with the Utrecht Caravaggisti such as Gerrit van Honthorst and Dirck van Baburen , and with Flemish Baroque painters such as Jacob Jordaens . Rembrandt van Rijn 's (1606–1669) early works from the 1620s also adopted the single-candle light source. The nocturnal candle-lit scene re-emerged in

1602-558: The monotype . Outside the Low Countries, artists such as Georges de La Tour and Trophime Bigot in France and Joseph Wright of Derby in England, carried on with such strong, but graduated, candlelight chiaroscuro. Watteau used a gentle chiaroscuro in the leafy backgrounds of his fêtes galantes , and this was continued in paintings by many French artists, notably Fragonard . At the end of

1691-404: The 20th century the exponents of futurism developed a dynamic vision of the modern world while Giorgio de Chirico expressed a strange metaphysical quietude and Amedeo Modigliani joined the school of Paris. Gifted later modern artists include the sculptors Giacomo Manzù , Marino Marini , the still-life painter Giorgio Morandi , and the iconoclastic painter Lucio Fontana . In the second half of

1780-416: The 20th century, Italian designers, particularly those of Milan, have profoundly influenced international styles with their imaginative and ingenious functional works. Futurism was an Italian art movement that flourished from 1909 to about 1916. It was the first of many art movements that tried to break with the past in all areas of life. Futurism glorified the power, speed, and excitement that characterized

1869-558: The Baroque. Hugo van der Goes and his followers painted many scenes lit only by candle or the divine light from the infant Christ. As with some later painters, in their hands the effect was of stillness and calm rather than the drama with which it would be used during the Baroque. Strong chiaroscuro became a popular effect during the sixteenth century in Mannerism and Baroque art. Divine light continued to illuminate, often rather inadequately,

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1958-495: The Cross (1610–1611). Artemisia Gentileschi (1593–1656), a Baroque artist who was a follower of Caravaggio, was also an outstanding exponent of tenebrism and chiaroscuro. A particular genre that developed was the nocturnal scene lit by candlelight, which looked back to earlier northern artists such as Geertgen tot Sint Jans and more immediately, to the innovations of Caravaggio and Elsheimer. This theme played out with many artists from

2047-600: The Genoese Giovanni Battista Gaulli and the Neapolitans Luca Giordano and Francesco Solimena . The leading lights of the 18th century came from Venice. Among them were the brilliant exponent of the rococo style, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo ; the architectural painters Francesco Guardi , Canaletto , Giovanni Battista Piazzetta , and Bernardo Bellotto ; and the engraver of Roman antiquities, Giovanni Battista Piranesi . Italian Neoclassicism

2136-576: The Greeks so that when the Romans adopted Greek styles, it was not a totally alien culture. During the republic, there was probably a steady absorption of architectural influences, mainly from the Hellenistic world, but after the fall of Syracuse in 211 BC, Greek works of art flooded into Rome. During the 2nd century BC, the flow of these works, and more important, Greek craftsmen, continued, thus decisively influencing

2225-550: The Middle Ages, painters and sculptors tried to give their works a spiritual quality. They wanted viewers to concentrate on the deep religious meaning of their paintings and sculptures. But Renaissance painters and sculptors, like Renaissance writers, wanted to portray people and nature realistically. Medieval architects designed huge cathedrals to emphasize the grandeur of God and to humble the human spirit. Renaissance architects designed buildings whose proportions were based on those of

2314-403: The Novecento included the sculptors Marino Marini and Arturo Martini and the painters Ottone Rosai , Massimo Campigli , Carlo Carrà , and Felice Casorati . Chiaroscuro In art , chiaroscuro ( English: / k i ˌ ɑːr ə ˈ s k ( j ) ʊər oʊ / kee- AR -ə- SKOOR -oh, -⁠ SKURE - , Italian: [ˌkjaroˈskuːro] ; lit.   ' light-dark ' )

2403-581: The Paris newspaper Le Figaro published a manifesto by the Italian poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti . (See the Manifesto of Futurism .) Marinetti coined the word Futurism to reflect his goal of discarding the art of the past and celebrating change, originality, and innovation in culture and society. Marinetti's manifesto glorified the new technology of the automobile and the beauty of its speed, power, and movement. Exalting violence and conflict, he called for

2492-460: The Roman Empire continued for another 1000 years under the leadership of Constantinople . Byzantine artisans were used in important projects throughout Italy, and what are called Italo-Byzantine styles of painting can be found up to the 14th century. Italo-Byzantine style initially covers religious paintings copying or imitating the standard Byzantine icon types, but painted by artists without

2581-445: The architecture remained recognizably Roman. Styles of vernacular architecture were influenced to varying degrees by Roman architecture, and in many regions, Roman and native elements are found combined in the same building. By the 1st century AD, Rome had become the biggest and most advanced city in the world. The ancient Romans came up with new technologies to improve the city's sanitation systems, roads, and buildings. They developed

2670-519: The baroque period in Italian art. Domenichino , Francesco Albani , and later Andrea Sacchi were among those who carried out the classical implications in the art of the Carracci. On the other hand, Guido Reni , Guercino , Orazio Gentileschi , Giovanni Lanfranco , and later Pietro da Cortona and Andrea Pozzo , while thoroughly trained in a classical-allegorical mode, were at first inclined to paint dynamic compositions full of gesticulating figures in

2759-518: The black and white scenes in Andrei Tarkovsky 's Stalker (1979). For example, in Metropolis , chiaroscuro lighting creates contrast between light and dark mise-en-scene and figures. The effect highlights the differences between the capitalist elite and the workers. In photography , chiaroscuro can be achieved by using " Rembrandt lighting ". In more highly developed photographic processes,

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2848-569: The ceiling of the Vatican's Sistine Chapel . The frescoes, painted from 1508 to 1512, rank among the greatest works of Renaissance art. Raphael's paintings are softer in outline and more poetic than those of Michelangelo. Raphael was skilled in creating perspective and in the delicate use of color. He painted a number of pictures of the Madonna (Virgin Mary) and many outstanding portraits. One of his greatest works

2937-436: The celebrated film noir tradition relies on techniques related to chiaroscuro that Toland perfected in the early 1930s (though high-key lighting , stage lighting, frontal lighting, and other film noir effects are interspersed in ways that diminish the chiaroscuro claim). Chiaroscuro in modelling; paintings Chiaroscuro in modelling; prints and drawings Chiaroscuro as a major element in composition: painting Chiaroscuro as

3026-407: The centuries and has produced several great artists, including painters, architects and sculptors. Today, Italy has an important place in the international art scene, with several major art galleries, museums and exhibitions; major artistic centres in the country include Rome, Florence, Venice, Milan, Turin, Genoa, Naples, Palermo, Syracuse and other cities. Italy is home to 60 World Heritage Sites ,

3115-414: The century Fuseli and others used a heavier chiaroscuro for romantic effect, as did Delacroix and others in the nineteenth century. The French use of the term, clair-obscur , was introduced by the seventeenth-century art-critic Roger de Piles in the course of a famous argument ( Débat sur le coloris ), on the relative merits of drawing and colour in painting (his Dialogues sur le coloris , 1673,

3204-427: The compositions of Tintoretto , Veronese , and their many followers. The use of dark subjects dramatically lit by a shaft of light from a single constricted and often unseen source, was a compositional device developed by Ugo da Carpi (c. 1455 – c. 1523), Giovanni Baglione (1566–1643), and Caravaggio (1571–1610), the last of whom was crucial in developing the style of tenebrism , where dramatic chiaroscuro becomes

3293-409: The development of Roman architecture . By the end of the republic, when Vitruvius wrote his treatise on architecture, Greek architectural theory and example were dominant. With the expansion of the empire, Roman architecture spread over a wide area, used for both public buildings and some larger private ones. In many areas, elements of style were influenced by local tastes, particularly decoration, but

3382-522: The dignity of the human body in realistic and often dramatic detail. His masterpieces include three statues of the Biblical hero David. In a version finished in the 1430s, Donatello portrayed David as a graceful, nude youth, moments after he slew the giant Goliath. The work, which is about 5 feet (1.5 meters) tall, was the first large free-standing nude created in Western art since classical antiquity. Brunelleschi

3471-653: The early 15th century. They included the painter Masaccio , the sculptor Donatello , and the architect Filippo Brunelleschi . Masaccio's finest work was a series of frescoes he painted about 1427 in the Brancacci Chapel of the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence. The frescoes realistically show Biblical scenes of emotional intensity. In these paintings, Masaccio utilized Brunelleschi's system for achieving linear perspective. In his sculptures, Donatello tried to portray

3560-472: The early 17th century Rome became the center of a renewal of Italian dominance in the arts. In Parma, Antonio da Correggio decorated church vaults with lively figures floating softly on clouds – a scheme that was to have a profound influence on baroque ceiling paintings. The stormy chiaroscuro paintings of Caravaggio and the robust, illusionistic paintings of the Bolognese Carracci family gave rise to

3649-792: The effect of light modelling still may be seen in the late-fourth-century BC mosaics of Pella , Macedonia, in particular the Stag Hunt Mosaic , in the House of the Abduction of Helen, inscribed gnosis epoesen , or 'knowledge did it'. The technique also survived in rather crude standardized form in Byzantine art and was refined again in the Middle Ages to become standard by the early fifteenth-century in painting and manuscript illumination in Italy and Flanders, and then spread to all Western art. According to

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3738-473: The figure moves. Realistic principles extended to architecture as well. Antonio Sant'Elia formulated a Futurist manifesto on architecture in 1914. His visionary drawings of highly mechanized cities and boldly modern skyscrapers prefigure some of the most imaginative 20th-century architectural planning. Boccioni, who had been the most talented artist in the group, and Sant'Elia both died during military service in 1916. Boccioni's death, combined with expansion of

3827-401: The glory" and that the technique was invented "in all probability" by Burgkmair "who was commissioned by the emperor Maximilian to find a cheap and effective way of getting the imperial image widely disseminated as he needed to drum up money and support for a crusade". Other printmakers who have used this technique include Hans Wechtlin , Hans Baldung Grien , and Parmigianino . In Germany,

3916-625: The grand Imperial monuments of Rome itself to the survival of exceptionally preserved ordinary buildings in Pompeii and neighbouring sites. Following the fall of the Roman Empire , in the Middle Ages Italy remained an important centre, not only of the Carolingian art , Ottonian art of the Holy Roman Emperors , Norman art , but for the Byzantine art of Ravenna and other sites. Italy

4005-511: The group's personnel and the sobering realities of the devastation caused by World War I , effectively brought an end to the Futurist movement as an important historical force in the visual arts. Metaphysical Painting is an Italian art movement, born in 1917 with the work of Carlo Carrà and Giorgio de Chirico in Ferrara. The word metaphysical, adopted by De Chirico himself, is core to the poetics of

4094-517: The houses of the wealthy. Paintings often showed garden landscapes, events from Greek and Roman mythology, historical scenes, or scenes of everyday life. Romans decorated floors with mosaics — pictures or designs created with small colored tiles. The richly colored paintings and mosaics helped to make rooms in Roman houses seem larger and brighter and showed off the wealth of the owner. In the Christian era of

4183-645: The human body and whose ornamentation imitated ancient designs. During the early 14th century, the Florentine painter Giotto became the first artist to portray nature realistically since the fall of the Roman Empire. He produced magnificent frescoes (paintings on damp plaster) for churches in Assisi, Florence, Padua, and Rome. Giotto attempted to create lifelike figures showing real emotions. He portrayed many of his figures in realistic settings. A remarkable group of Florentine architects, painters, and sculptors worked during

4272-534: The largest number of any country in the world. Etruscan bronze figures and a terracotta funerary reliefs include examples of a vigorous Central Italian tradition which had waned by the time Rome began building her empire on the peninsula. The Etruscan paintings that have survived to modern times are mostly wall frescoes from graves, and mainly from Tarquinia . These are the most important example of pre-Roman figurative art in Italy known to scholars. The frescoes consist of painting on top of fresh plaster, so that when

4361-412: The late Empire, from 350 to 500 AD, wall painting, mosaic ceiling and floor work, and funerary sculpture thrived, while full-sized sculpture in the round and panel painting died out, most likely for religious reasons. When Constantine moved the capital of the empire to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople ), Roman art incorporated Eastern influences to produce the Byzantine style of the late empire. When Rome

4450-878: The leading painters of the period. Trecento is the Italian term for the culture of the 14th century. The period is considered to be the beginning of the Italian Renaissance or at least the Proto-Renaissance in art history. Painters of the Trecento included Giotto di Bondone , as well as painters of the Sienese School , which became the most important in Italy during the century, including Duccio di Buoninsegna , Simone Martini , Lippo Memmi , Ambrogio Lorenzetti and his brother Pietro . Important sculptors included two pupils of Giovanni Pisano : Arnolfo di Cambio and Tino di Camaino , and Bonino da Campione . During

4539-533: The machine age. From the French Cubist painters and multiple-exposure photography, the Futurists learned to break up realistic forms into multiple images and overlapping fragments of color. By such means, they attempted to portray the energy and speed of modern life. In literature, Futurism demanded the abolition of traditional sentence structures and verse forms. Futurism was first announced on 20 February 1909, when

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4628-624: The main composition show the transition between light and dark, as in the Baglioni and Geertgen tot Sint Jans paintings illustrated above and below. Chiaroscuro modelling is now taken for granted, but it has had some opponents; namely: the English portrait miniaturist Nicholas Hilliard cautioned in his treatise on painting against all but the minimal use we see in his works, reflecting the views of his patron Queen Elizabeth I of England : "seeing that best to show oneself needeth no shadow of place but rather

4717-683: The mid 4th century BC chiaroscuro began to be used to portray depth and volume. Sometimes scenes of everyday life are portrayed, but more often traditional mythological scenes. The concept of proportion does not appear in any surviving frescoes and we frequently find portrayals of animals or men with some body-parts out of proportion. One of the best-known Etruscan frescoes is that of Tomb of the Lioness at Tarquinia. The Etruscans were responsible for constructing Rome's earliest monumental buildings. Roman temples and houses were closely based on Etruscan models. Elements of Etruscan influence in Roman temples included

4806-414: The more common sense, in the contrast between the well-lit model and the very dark background of foliage. To further complicate matters, however, the compositional chiaroscuro of the contrast between model and background probably would not be described using this term, as the two elements are almost completely separated. The term is mostly used to describe compositions where at least some principal elements of

4895-409: The more famous Impressionists: Giovanni Fattori , Silvestro Lega , Telemaco Signorini , Giuseppe Abbati . The Macchiaioli artists were forerunners to Impressionism in France. They believed that areas of light and shadow, or macchie (literally patches or spots) were the chief components of a work of art. The word macchia was commonly used by Italian artists and critics in the 19th century to describe

4984-403: The most direct use of chiaroscuro in filmmaking is Stanley Kubrick 's 1975 film Barry Lyndon . When informed that no lens then had a sufficiently wide aperture to shoot a costume drama set in grand palaces using only candlelight, Kubrick bought and retrofitted a special lens for the purpose: a modified Mitchell BNC camera and a Zeiss lens manufactured for the rigors of space photography , with

5073-527: The movement. They depicted a dreamlike imagery, with figures and objects seemingly frozen in time. Metaphysical Painting artists accept the representation of the visible world in a traditional perspective space, but the unusual arrangement of human beings as dummy-like models, objects in strange, illogical contexts, the unreal lights and colors, the unnatural static of still figures. Novecento movement , group of Italian artists, formed in 1922 in Milan, that advocated

5162-688: The open light... Her Majesty... chose her place to sit for that purpose in the open alley of a goodly garden, where no tree was near, nor any shadow at all..." In drawings and prints, modelling chiaroscuro often is achieved by the use of hatching , or shading by parallel lines. Washes, stipple or dotting effects, and " surface tone " in printmaking are other techniques. Chiaroscuro woodcuts are old master prints in woodcut using two or more blocks printed in different colours; they do not necessarily feature strong contrasts of light and dark. They were first produced to achieve similar effects to chiaroscuro drawings. After some early experiments in book-printing,

5251-493: The period, and embarked on large building programmes, mostly using a cheaper and less highly decorated version of Gothic. Large schemes of fresco murals were cheap, and could be used to instruct congregations. The Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi , in effect two large churches, one above the other on a hilly site, is one of the best examples, begun in 1228 and painted with frescos by Cimabue , Giotto , Simone Martini , Pietro Lorenzetti and possibly Pietro Cavallini , most of

5340-413: The phrase "darsi alla macchia", meaning, idiomatically, to hide in the bushes or scrubland. The artists did, in fact, paint much of their work in these wild areas. This sense of the name also identified the artists with outlaws, reflecting the traditionalists' view that new school of artists was working outside the rules of art, according to the strict laws defining artistic expression at the time. Early in

5429-402: The plaster is dried the painting becomes part of the plaster and an integral part of the wall, which helps it survive so well (indeed, almost all of surviving Etruscan and Roman painting is in fresco). Colours were made from stones and minerals in different colours that ground up and mixed in a medium, and fine brushes were made of animal hair (even the best brushes are produced with ox hair). From

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5518-423: The podium and the emphasis on the front at the expense of the remaining three sides. Large Etruscan houses were grouped around a central hall in much the same way as Roman town Large houses were later built around an atrium . The influence of Etruscan architecture gradually declined during the republic in the face of influences (particularly Greek ) from elsewhere. The Etruscan architecture was itself influenced by

5607-543: The portrait Mona Lisa . Leonardo had one of the most searching minds in all history. He wanted to know how everything that he saw in nature worked. In over 4,000 pages of notebooks, he drew detailed diagrams and wrote his observations. Leonardo made careful drawings of human skeletons and muscles, trying to learn how the body worked. Due to his inquiring mind, Leonardo has become a symbol of the Renaissance spirit of learning and intellectual curiosity. Michelangelo excelled as

5696-490: The regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and in particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome , of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns , pilasters and lintels , as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes , niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. This style quickly spread to other Italian cities and later to

5785-755: The reputation of Caravaggio, in non-specialist use the term is mainly used for strong chiaroscuro effects such as his, or Rembrandt's. As the Tate puts it: "Chiaroscuro is generally only remarked upon when it is a particularly prominent feature of the work, usually when the artist is using extreme contrasts of light and shade". Chiaroscuro is used in cinematography for extreme low key and high-contrast lighting to create distinct areas of light and darkness in films, especially in black and white films. Classic examples are The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), Nosferatu (1922), Metropolis (1927) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939), The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941), and

5874-476: The rest of continental Europe. It first centred in Rome where artists such as Antonio Canova and Jacques-Louis David were active in the second half of the 18th century, before moving to Paris. Painters of Vedute , like Canaletto and Giovanni Paolo Panini , also enjoyed a huge success during the Grand Tour. The sculptor Antonio Canova was a leading exponent of the neoclassic style. Internationally famous, he

5963-550: The results were not for public display. The development of compositional chiaroscuro received a considerable impetus in northern Europe from the vision of the Nativity of Jesus of Saint Bridget of Sweden , a very popular mystic. She described the infant Jesus as emitting light; depictions increasingly reduced other light sources in the scene to emphasize this effect, and the Nativity remained very commonly treated with chiaroscuro through to

6052-538: The south, centre and north of the Italian peninsula respectively. The very numerous rock drawings in Valcamonica are as old as 8,000 BC, and there are rich remains of Etruscan art from thousands of tombs, as well as rich remains from the Greek colonies at Paestum , Agrigento and elsewhere. Ancient Rome finally emerged as the dominant Italian and European power. The Roman remains in Italy are of extraordinary richness, from

6141-434: The sparkling quality of a drawing or painting, whether due to a sketchy and spontaneous execution or to the harmonious breadth of its overall effect. A hostile review published on 3 November 1862, in the journal Gazzetta del Popolo marks the first appearance in print of the term Macchiaioli. The term carried several connotations: it mockingly implied that the artists' finished works were no more than sketches, and recalled

6230-435: The style continued until the 15th century and beyond in some areas and contexts. Duecento is the Italian term for the culture of the 13th century. The period saw Gothic architecture , which had begun in northern Europe spreading southward to Italy, at least in the north. The Dominican and Franciscan orders of friars , founded by Saint Dominic and Saint Francis of Assisi respectively became popular and well-funded in

6319-684: The sweeping repudiation of traditional values and the destruction of cultural institutions such as museums and libraries. The manifesto's rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its aggressive tone was purposely intended to inspire public anger and arouse controversy. Marinetti's manifesto inspired a group of young painters in Milan to apply Futurist ideas to the visual arts. Umberto Boccioni , Carlo Carrà , Luigi Russolo , Giacomo Balla , and Gino Severini published several manifestos on painting in 1910. Like Marinetti, they glorified originality and expressed their disdain for inherited artistic traditions. Boccioni also became interested in sculpture , publishing

6408-537: The technique achieved its greatest popularity around 1520, but it was used in Italy throughout the sixteenth century. Later artists such as Goltzius sometimes made use of it. In most German two-block prints, the keyblock (or "line block") was printed in black and the tone block or blocks had flat areas of colour. In Italy, chiaroscuro woodcuts were produced without keyblocks to achieve a very different effect. Manuscript illumination was, as in many areas, especially experimental in attempting ambitious lighting effects since

6497-816: The technique include Leonardo da Vinci , Caravaggio , Rembrandt , Vermeer , Goya , and Georges de La Tour . The term chiaroscuro originated during the Renaissance as drawing on coloured paper, where the artist worked from the paper's base tone toward light using white gouache , and toward dark using ink, bodycolour or watercolour . These in turn drew on traditions in illuminated manuscripts going back to late Roman Imperial manuscripts on purple-dyed vellum . Such works are called " chiaroscuro drawings ", but may only be described in modern museum terminology by such formulae as "pen on prepared paper, heightened with white bodycolour". Chiaroscuro woodcuts began as imitations of this technique. When discussing Italian art,

6586-424: The technique may be termed "ambient/natural lighting", although when done so for the effect, the look is artificial and not generally documentary in nature. In particular, Bill Henson along with others, such as W. Eugene Smith , Josef Koudelka , Lothar Wolleh , Annie Leibovitz , Floria Sigismondi , and Ralph Gibson may be considered some of the modern masters of chiaroscuro in documentary photography. Perhaps

6675-491: The term include chiaroscuro woodcut for colour woodcuts printed with different blocks, each using a different coloured ink; and chiaroscuro for drawings on coloured paper in a dark medium with white highlighting. Chiaroscuro originated in the Renaissance period but is most notably associated with Baroque art. Chiaroscuro is one of the canonical painting modes of the Renaissance (alongside cangiante , sfumato and unione ) (see also Renaissance art ). Artists known for using

6764-465: The term sometimes is used to mean painted images in monochrome or two colours, more generally known in English by the French equivalent, grisaille . The term broadened in meaning early on to cover all strong contrasts in illumination between light and dark areas in art, which is now the primary meaning. The more technical use of the term chiaroscuro is the effect of light modelling in painting , drawing , or printmaking , where three-dimensional volume

6853-434: The theory of the art historian Marcia B. Hall , which has gained considerable acceptance, chiaroscuro is one of four modes of painting colours available to Italian High Renaissance painters, along with cangiante , sfumato and unione . The Raphael painting illustrated, with light coming from the left, demonstrates both delicate modelling chiaroscuro to give volume to the body of the model, and strong chiaroscuro in

6942-555: The true chiaroscuro woodcut conceived for two blocks was probably first invented by Lucas Cranach the Elder in Germany in 1508 or 1509, though he backdated some of his first prints and added tone blocks to some prints first produced for monochrome printing, swiftly followed by Hans Burgkmair the Elder . The formschneider or block-cutter who worked in the press of Johannes Schott in Strasbourg

7031-526: Was 55. His first Roman masterpiece, the Tempietto (1502) at San Pietro in Montorio, is a centralized dome structure that recalls Classical temple architecture. Pope Julius II chose Bramante to be papal architect, and together they devised a plan to replace the 4th-century Old St. Peter's with a new church of gigantic dimensions. The project was not completed, however, until long after Bramante's death. Mannerism

7120-422: Was a highly formal and refined decoration with standardized calligraphy and admirable use of color and gold. Until the 13th century, art in Italy was almost entirely regional, affected by external European and Eastern currents. After c. 1250 the art of the various regions developed characteristics in common, so that a certain unity, as well as great originality, is observable. With the fall of its western capital,

7209-504: Was a key contribution to the Débat ). In English, the Italian term has been used—originally as claro-obscuro and chiaro-scuro —since at least the late seventeenth century. The term is less frequently used of art after the late nineteenth century, although the Expressionist and other modern movements make great use of the effect. Especially since the strong twentieth-century rise in

7298-412: Was an elegant, courtly style. It flourished in Florence, Italy, where its leading representatives were Giorgio Vasari and Bronzino . The style was introduced to the French court by Rosso Fiorentino and by Francesco Primaticcio . The Venetian painter Tintoretto was influenced by the style. The mannerist approach to painting also influenced other art forms. In architecture, the work of Giulio Romano

7387-593: Was mainly based on the principles of Ancient Roman and Ancient Greek art and architecture, but also by the Italian Renaissance architecture and its basics, such as in the Villa Capra "La Rotonda" . Classicism and Neoclassicism in Italian art and architecture developed during the Italian Renaissance , notably in the writings and designs of Leon Battista Alberti and the work of Filippo Brunelleschi . It places emphasis on symmetry , proportion , geometry and

7476-558: Was regarded as the most brilliant sculptor in Europe. Francesco Hayez is the greatest exponent of Romanticism in Italy: many of his works, usually of Medieval setting, contain an encrypted patriotic Risorgimento message. Neoclassicism was the last Italian-born style, after the Renaissance and Baroque , to spread to all Western Art. Italy produced its own form of Impressionism , the Macchiaioli artists, who were actually there first, before

7565-552: Was sacked in the 5th century, artisans moved to and found work in the Eastern capital. The Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople employed nearly 10,000 workmen and artisans, in a final burst of Roman art under Emperor Justinian I , who also ordered the creation of the famous mosaics of Ravenna . Throughout the Middle Ages , Italian art consisted primarily of architectural decorations (frescoes and mosaics). Byzantine art in Italy

7654-576: Was the earliest manifestation of the general period known as Neoclassicism and lasted more than the other national variants of neoclassicism. It developed in opposition to the Baroque style around c. 1750 and lasted until c. 1850. Neoclassicism began around the period of the rediscovery of Pompeii and spread all over Europe as a generation of art students returned to their countries from the Grand Tour in Italy with rediscovered Greco-Roman ideals. Just like in other parts of Europe, Italian Neoclassical art

7743-421: Was the first Renaissance architect to revive the ancient Roman style of architecture. He used arches, columns, and other elements of classical architecture in his designs. One of his best-known buildings is the beautifully and harmoniously proportioned Pazzi Chapel in Florence. The chapel, begun in 1442 and completed about 1465, was one of the first buildings designed in the new Renaissance style. Brunelleschi also

7832-418: Was the first Renaissance artist to master linear perspective , a mathematical system with which painters could show space and depth on a flat surface. Arts of the late 15th century and early 16th century were dominated by three men. They were Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo , and Raphael . Leonardo da Vinci painted two of the most famous works of Renaissance art, the wallpainting The Last Supper and

7921-474: Was the main centre of artistic developments throughout the Renaissance (1300–1600), beginning with the Proto-Renaissance of Giotto and reaching a particular peak in the High Renaissance of Antonello da Messina , Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo and Raphael , whose works inspired the later phase of the Renaissance, known as Mannerism . Italy retained its artistic dominance into the 17th century with

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