Order ( Latin : ordo ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between family and class . In biological classification , the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes . An immediately higher rank, superorder , is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families.
22-452: See text Acanthopterygii (meaning "spiny finned one") is a superorder of bony fishes in the class Actinopterygii . Members of this superorder are sometimes called ray-finned fishes for the characteristic sharp, bony rays in their fins; however this name is often given to the class Actinopterygii as a whole. The superorder Acanthopterygii contains the following orders: Figure 1 shows two very different hypotheses or interpretations, in
44-456: A cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In the field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is,
66-505: A capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use the suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by
88-566: A distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in
110-419: Is determined by a taxonomist , as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with
132-520: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position
154-769: The Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given
176-490: The anabantoids are united by the presence of the labyrinth organ, which is a highly folded supra branchial accessory breathing organ . It is formed by vascularized expansion of the epibranchial bone of the first gill arch and used for respiration in air. Many species are popular as aquarium fish - the most notable are the Siamese fighting fish and several species of gouramies . In addition to being aquarium fish, some of
198-674: The clade being Synbranchiformes , Carangiformes , Istiophoriformes and Pleuronectiformes . This clade is sometimes referred to as the Carangaria but is left unnamed and unranked in Fishes of the World . This group of fish are found in Asia and Africa , with some species introduced in United States of America . These fish are characterized by the presence of teeth on the parasphenoid . The snakeheads and
220-428: The essential qualities that define the group, even though discussions and debates concerning taxonomic position and relationships among the different families and orders abounds. A number of families of acanthopterygians share two chief and principal innovations[1] 1. In this group, protractibility and upper jaw movement are predominant. This is attained through the process known as ascending process or
242-399: The extraordinary and remarkable distinctiveness of the fishes that are higher spiny rayed, roughly fourteen thousand eight hundred species in two hundred sixty seven families – it is a commendation to their outstanding suite of adaptations that they are in general acknowledged as a coherent group (Figure 2). Generalities beyond question can be made concerning the group in its entirety as well as
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#1732873180560264-1794: The fishes that are higher spiny-rayed and manifest growing change in the course of acanthopterygian phylogeny. A significant thing to remember is that these are the revolutionary and different from the fishes today, exercising control over the deep, rich natural environment of the marine and a number of lake habitats. The cladogram is based on Near et al., 2012 and Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2016. Beryciformes (alfonsinos; whalefishes) [REDACTED] Trachichthyiformes (pinecone fishes & slimeheads) [REDACTED] Holocentriformes (Soldier fishes & squirrel fishes) Ophidiiformes (cusk-eels) [REDACTED] Batrachoidiformes (toadfishes) [REDACTED] Scombroidei (tunas, mackerel) [REDACTED] Syngnathiformes (seahorses) [REDACTED] Kurtiformes (cardinalfishes; nurseryfishes) Gobiiformes (gobies) [REDACTED] Synbranchiformes Anabantiformes Carangiformes (jacks) Istiophoriformes (billfish) Pleuronectiformes ( flatfish ) [REDACTED] Cichliformes Mugiliformes Beloniformes Cyprinodontiformes Atheriniformes Gobiesociformes Blenniiformes [REDACTED] Labridae (wrasses) [REDACTED] Perciformes (perches, seabasses, sticklebacks, etc) [REDACTED] Centrarchiformes (blackbasses, temperate perches) [REDACTED] Pempheriformes (sweepers, banjofish) [REDACTED] Acanthuroidei (surgeonfishes), Leiognathidae (ponyfishes), Chaetodontidae (butterflyfishes) [REDACTED] Siganidae (rabbitfishes), Scatophagidae (scats) [REDACTED] Lophiiformes (anglerfishes) [REDACTED] Tetraodontiformes (pufferfishes) [REDACTED] Superorder What does and does not belong to each order
286-448: The form of cladograms, of relationships among acanthopterygians, spiny-rayed fishes: Figure A from Nelson (2006) and B from Johnson and Patterson (1993B). Both agree on the major composition of the superorder Acanthopterygii, but significant differences include the placement of the mugiliform mullets and atheriniform silversides at the base of the lineage in A, whereas in B, those groups are considered higher, percomorph taxa.[1] +Because of
308-524: The gape; a physoclistous gas bladder; anal and pelvic fins with spines; two apparent and evident dorsal fins wherein the first one is spiny while the second one is soft-rayed; pelvic fins located towards the front consisting of one leading spine as well as five or a smaller numbers of soft rays and pectoral fins situated next to the body; and an apparently evenly shaped tail fin assisted by combined or merged basal elements. Several other trends in locomotion, feeding and predator protection identify and distinguish
330-573: The order to include the suborder Nandoidei, which includes three families - the Nandidae , Badidae and Pristolepididae - that appear to be closely related to the Anabantiformes. The order, and these three related families (classified as incertae sedis by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World ), are part of a monophyletic clade which is a sister clade to the Ovalentaria , the other orders in
352-698: The orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in
374-449: The pharyngeal apparatus, a redistribution of the muscles and bones’ attachments aids the pharyngeal apparatus. The retractor dorsalis muscle[3] now placed on the 3rd pharyngobranchial curve, pharyngeal jaws that are on the upper are likewise kept up essentially by the 2nd and 3rd epibranchial bones. Acanthopterygians likewise usually have: ctenoid scales; an evidently symmetrical tail fin kept up by fused basal elements; maxilla excluded from
396-547: The precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905, the word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named
418-437: The progress and development of a dorsal extension of the premaxilla's anterior tip. This ascending process moves smoothly beside the rostral cartilage hitting the upper jaw further and down. A camlike link between the maxilla and premaxilla aids protrusion, wherein the maxilla rotates and helps push the premaxilla forward[2] 2. The highest level of development is attained by pharyngeal dentition and action. In
440-494: The rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles ) was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868),
462-507: The suffix -virales . Anabantiformes see text The Anabantiformes / æ n ə ˈ b æ n t ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / , is an order of bony fish ( Teleostei ) proposed in 2009. They are collectively known as labyrinth fish , are an order of air-breathing freshwater ray-finned fish with two suborders , five families ( Channidae , Aenigmachannidae , Anabantidae , Helostomatidae , and Osphronemidae ) and at least 207 species. In addition, some authorities expand
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#1732873180560484-418: Was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with the ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as
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