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125-536: Academic Park is located halfway between the Republic Square (to the east) and the Belgrade Fortress (to the west). It is completely encircled by Studentski Trg, which is effectively turned into the four streets around the park. When formed, the park was called "Little Park" ( Mali park ) and later was renamed to "Pančić's Park" ( Pančićev park ). Today, it is officially named Academic Park, but colloquially it

250-549: A canon of widely accepted ideal forms, whether in the Western canon that he was examining in The Nude (1956). Classicism is a force which is often present in post-medieval European and European influenced traditions; however, some periods felt themselves more connected to the classical ideals than others, particularly the Age of Enlightenment , when Neoclassicism was an important movement in

375-571: A host of elements into European culture, including the application of mathematics and empiricism into art, humanism , literary and depictive realism , and formalism . Importantly it also introduced Polytheism , or " paganism " , and the juxtaposition of ancient and modern. The classicism of the Renaissance led to, and gave way to, a different sense of what was "classical" in the 16th and 17th centuries. In this period, classicism took on more overtly structural overtones of orderliness, predictability,

500-564: A merchant and benefactor). The "Kolarac" was a regular meeting place of young officers and here, headed by Dragutin Dimitrijević Apis , they plotted the 1903 May Coup , which ended with the deaths of king Alexander Obrenović and queen Draga and termination of the Obrenović dynasty . As the building was also location of the Association of Writers of Serbia , the first book fair in the city

625-429: A possibility of yet another architectural design competition . In January 2018 it was again announced by the city that the mall will be demolished to make room for an opera and ballet house. It was disclosed that the demolition will start in the summer of 2018, but there is a possibility of postponing it, as the city will only then organize an architectural design competition so there is no economic point in demolishing

750-502: A rectangular base. It had rooms for housing the sentry units and three entry points: large, central one, for the carts and two smaller ones on the sides for the pedestrians. Above the main entrance there was tughra , a medallion with the signature of the Ottoman sultan. Doors were made of thick oak beams, nailed down with the strong iron plating. In time, the plating became full of obvious bullet holes. The Stambol Gate became notorious as

875-702: A separate building for the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra which could also use it. The project, which also included the underground passage which would connect the new building with the building of the National Theatre across the Francuska Street, was supported by the "Opera at the Square" movement, headed by the opera singer Živan Saramandić  [ sr ] . As of 2018 nothing has been either demolished or built. In 2015 city announced that

1000-450: A well-rounded education in the liberal arts . The Renaissance also explicitly returned to architectural models and techniques associated with Greek and Roman antiquity, including the golden rectangle as a key proportion for buildings, the classical orders of columns , as well as a host of ornament and detail associated with Greek and Roman architecture. They also began reviving plastic arts such as bronze casting for sculpture, and used

1125-604: A while after the remains of the Roman tombs were discovered. It was later announced that the remains are actually of the Württemberg Gate, not the Stambol Gate. It was decided to scrap the idea of a glass cover which would leave the remains visible, and to continue with the original plan which included reburying of the remains and differently colored slabs which will mark its former position. The deputy mayor Goran Vesić said that

1250-489: Is a preference for rationality, or at least rationally guided catharsis, over emotionalism . Classicism in the theatre was developed by 17th century French playwrights from what they judged to be the rules of Greek classical theatre , including the " Classical unities " of time, place and action, found in the Poetics of Aristotle . Examples of classicist playwrights are Pierre Corneille , Jean Racine and Molière . In

1375-516: Is also called "University Park" ( Univerzitetski park ) and "Students' Park" ( Studentski park ). Northern section of the park was excavated in 1968 in the project of building a furnace oil tank for the boiler room of the Belgrade's City Committee of the League of Communists located nearby. Under the lawn, the remnants of the ancient Roman thermae were discovered, including the frigidarium (room with

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1500-572: Is connected to the neighborhood of Zeleni Venac and further to Novi Beograd . It also borders the neighborhoods of Stari Grad and Dorćol , to the north. Today, it makes one of the local communities within Belgrade with a population of 2,360 in 2002. The name of the square has been the subject of much debate in the city. Vuk Drašković of the Serbian Renewal Movement suggested the square be renamed to Freedom Square (Трг Слободе / Trg Slobode ) after pro-democracy demonstrations were held in

1625-506: Is in questions concerning constitutions or forms of government." However, Plato and Aristotle are not the seedbed but simply the seeds that grew from a seedbed of political predecessors who had debated this topic for centuries before their time. For example, Herodotus sketched out a debate between Theseus , a king of the time, and Creon 's messenger. The debate simply shows proponents of democracy, monarchy, and oligarchy and how they all feel about these forms of government. Herodotus' sketch

1750-464: Is just one of the beginning seedbeds for which Plato and Aristotle grew their own political theories. Another Greek philosopher who was pivotal in the development of Classical political philosophy was Socrates . Although he was not a theory-builder, he often stimulated fellow citizens with paradoxes that challenged them to reflect on their own beliefs. Socrates thought "the values that ought to determine how individuals live their lives should also shape

1875-476: Is known that it was much larger and more monumental than the latter Stambol Gate, but there are no surviving illustrations so the exact appearance of the gate is unknown. Württemberg also ordered construction of the massive building, stretching over several blocks, which occupied the area between the German and Serbian sections of Belgrade. Originally intended to be a military barrack, after Württemberg's direction it

2000-451: Is located less than 100 meters away from Terazije , designated center of Belgrade, to which it is connected by the streets of Kolarčeva (traffic) and Knez Mihailova (pedestrian zone). Many people erroneously consider Square of the Republic to be the center of the city. Through Vasina street it is connected to the fortress and park of Kalemegdan to the west and through Sremska street it

2125-517: The Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint and compression we are simply objecting to the classicism of classic art. A violent emphasis or a sudden acceleration of rhythmic movement would have destroyed those qualities of balance and completeness through which it retained until the present century its position of authority in the restricted repertoire of visual images." Classicism, as Clark noted, implies

2250-586: The Austrians conducted massive project of extensive refurbishment of Belgrade from an oriental town into the modern, baroque -style, European one. Major section was the German Town, modern Dorćol, where large-scale settlement of ethnic Germans ensued. In the next two decades the goal was mostly achieved, and the historians today refer to this part of city's history as Baroque Belgrade. Project included construction of several imposing objects, some of which were located in

2375-475: The Belgrade Fortress , built in the period of their rule. In June 1740, on a boat in the middle of the Sava river, which now became border between Austria and Ottoman Empire again, an agreement was signed and the fortress, including the gates was demolished. The remains of the gate were found during the 1958 digging of the foundations for the "Press House". The remains of the walls and foundations were re-discovered during

2500-509: The Italian Renaissance , notably in the writings and designs of Leon Battista Alberti and the work of Filippo Brunelleschi . It places emphasis on symmetry , proportion , geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and, in particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome , of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns , pilasters and lintels , as well as

2625-672: The Operation Tidal Wave campaign. On their return, as Belgrade was important strategic point, the bombers threw their unused bombs on the city. German occupational forces dug several pools across the city to storage water for extinguishing the fires. One of such pools was built in the center of the park. In time, citizens began to use the pools for swimming and the Germans didn't try to stop them so they became sort of public swimming pools. The pools were ultimately re-filled by 1950. The park covers an area of 1.45 hectares (3.6 acres). In 2007 it

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2750-602: The Sava and Danube slopes, till Kosančićev Venac , extending in a series of necropolises from Republic Square, along the Bulevar kralja Aleksandra all the way to the Mali Mokri Lug . Necropolis at Republic Square contained a well-shaped graves from the 1st century AD. In general, the largest section of the civilian settlement was situated between the modern Simina ( Dorćol ) and Brankova streets ( Zeleni Venac , Kosančićev Venac ), and

2875-624: The Square of the Republic ( Serbian Cyrillic : Трг републике , romanized :  Trg republike ) is one of the central town squares and an urban neighborhood of Belgrade , located in the Stari Grad municipality. It is the site of some of Belgrade's most recognizable public buildings, including the National Museum , the National Theatre and the statue of Prince Michael . The square

3000-543: The Staklenac mall (Serbian for glassy ) will be demolished. The mall, with 4,000 m (43,000 sq ft) of floor area, was built in 1989 on a temporary permit from 1988, which expired after ten years. Hence, the object can't be officially legalized. It was built concurrently with the reconstruction of the National Theatre, in the scopes of the city beautification for the IX Non-Aligned Movement summit which

3125-484: The traffic calming zone will be formed. The works started in August 2018 and the deadline is 14 months. The works will be organized in two phases. Phase I is dealing with the square plateau itself and should be finished on 1 March 2019. In the phase II, the streets will be closed for adaptation and renovation, rerouting the traffic in the sole center of the city. It is planned that the granite slabs in different color will mark

3250-494: The Čukur Fountain incident in 1862. After the armed clash and rioting which followed, the gate lost its importance as the Ottoman garrison withdrew into the Belgrade Fortress itself, abandoning the gate. The gate was demolished in 1866, on the orders of Prince Michael, as the plans for the National Theatre were already in the works. The prince ordered it to be completely demolished to the ground on 20 March 1866. On 1 April,

3375-587: The "Press House" was constructed in 1961 on the remaining part of the former Andrejević family lot, so as the "City Restaurant" and the International Press Center. For the construction of the Press House, a series of old, ground-floor houses was demolished. In the early 1990s, club "Buha" was opened in the building of the Boško Buha Theatre. It was very popular in the 1990–1992 period as one of

3500-442: The "mistaken" registration of Kajmaković's company despite all the cadastre registrations in question happened during the present administration. She then contradicted herself and the cadaster, claiming that actually nothing is true, including Kajmaković's ownership, but that his company, as a co-owner of the building, gave permission to the city to reconstruct the theatre. The square was reopened on 1 September 2019. Public reaction

3625-626: The 15th and 16th centuries, it spread through Europe in the mid to late 17th century. Later classicism in painting and sculpture from the mid-18th and 19th centuries is generally referred to as Neoclassicism . Classicism in political philosophy dates back to the ancient Greeks . Western political philosophy is often attributed to the great Greek philosopher Plato . Although political theory of this time starts with Plato, it quickly becomes complex when Plato's pupil, Aristotle, formulates his own ideas. "The political theories of both philosophers are closely tied to their ethical theories, and their interest

3750-463: The 15th century Leon Battista Alberti was important in theorizing many of the ideas for painting that came to a fully realized product with Raphael 's School of Athens during the High Renaissance . The themes continued largely unbroken into the 17th century, when artists such as Nicolas Poussin and Charles Le Brun represented of the more rigid classicism. Like Italian classicizing ideas in

3875-420: The 2018 reconstruction and showed no evidence of additional works and reconstructions after it was built. The gate was named after Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg , who was Austrian governor of occupied Serbia from 1720 to 1733. His court and military barrack were located right behind the gate, at the very entrance into the fort. The National Theatre is today located on that spot. From descriptions, it

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4000-506: The Austrian occupation, generalissimo Laudon ordered a vast effort to fortify the city, which included the defensive trench which encircled a wider Belgrade area. The trench became known as the Laudan's Trench ( Laudanov šanac ) and passed in front of the gate which was accessed over a small bridge over it. Though smaller than the previous Württemberg Gate, it was still the largest of all city gates at

4125-637: The Belgrade Offensive awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union medal. General Vladimir Zhdanov held eulogy at the mass burial, but addressed Kravtsov specifically. In 1954, the crypt and the monument were moved to the newly formed Cemetery of the Liberators of Belgrade at Belgrade New Cemetery . The crypt was known as the "Monument with cross and five-pointed star". Later, the biggest building on this square,

4250-491: The Opera will not be built on the Square. Architect Milan Pališaški proposed in 2003 a project "Opera on the Square". It included construction of the national opera and ballet house (up to 1,200 seats) and a large underground garage (1,400 parking spots). The project would rule out the need for smaller underground garages in the vicinity (like to one planned on Studentski Trg or, as it is the case with La Scala and Covent Garden ,

4375-637: The Partisans and the Red Army expelled occupying Germans from Belgrade, 24 Red Army tank crewmen were killed. On 23 October 1944, three days after the liberation, a funeral procession consisting of 24 tanks moved from the Slavija Square to the Republic Square, where the crewmen were buried. Among the buried soldiers was Lt. Nikolay Kravtsov  [ sr ] (1921–44), who was the only soldier participant in

4500-462: The Persian Empire. The ornate, organic, and complexly integrated forms of the baroque were to give way to a series of movements that regarded themselves expressly as "classical" or " neo-classical ", or would rapidly be labelled as such. For example, the painting of Jacques-Louis David was seen as an attempt to return to formal balance, clarity, manliness, and vigor in art. The 19th century saw

4625-528: The Renaissance was seen as a means to combine the organic medieval with the orderly classical. The 19th century continued or extended many classical programs in the sciences, most notably the Newtonian program to account for the movement of energy between bodies by means of exchange of mechanical and thermal energy. The 20th century saw a number of changes in the arts and sciences. Classicism was used both by those who rejected, or saw as temporary, transfigurations in

4750-463: The Republic Square. During the digging of the foundations for the Monument to Prince Michael in 1882, tombs from different periods of Roman rule were discovered. One tomb was made from bricks, and there were 13 circular and 2 rectangle grave pits. Some of them are "well-tombs", named so because they are more than 10 m (33 ft) deep. The "well-tombs" are rare in these areas and it is believed that

4875-572: The area of modern square, which was on the outskirts of German Town. After Austria lost the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–1739 , the northern Serbia, including Belgrade, was returned to the Turks. One of the provisions of the 1739 Treaty of Belgrade stated that Austria had to demolish all the fortifications and military and civilian building it has constructed during the occupation. Many baroque buildings were demolished, however, Austrians didn't demolish

5000-670: The armor, have also been discovered. These "well-tombs" are considered to be the oldest part of the vast Singidunum necropolis, originating from c.100 AD, while the brick tomb is dated to c.400 and some of its bricks have a stamp of the Legio IV Flavia Felix . The entire square area belongs to the Archaeological Site of Singidunum, which was declared a protected zone on 30 June 1964. During the 2018–2019 renovation, two additional, though devastated tombs were discovered. During their occupation of northern Serbia from 1717 to 1739 ,

5125-556: The beginning of the 19th century, farmers were selling goods at the entrances to the city. However, Turkish soldiers would often forcibly buy goods from them at the small prices, and then sell it themselves in the city for much higher amounts. After constant complaints from the farmers, vizier of Belgrade, after counseling with the city merchants, agreed to choose one place for the market. Market became operational in 1824. As per Serbian-Turkish agreement anyone could bring and sell goods, market quickly grew and became city's commercial center and

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5250-417: The borders of the "Protected zone of Roman Singidunum ". It is situated in the area that used to be the civilian sector of the city, outside the fortress. The remnants were visible until 1978 and due to the lack of funds to continue excavations or to cover it with the roof or a marquee, the remains were conserved and buried again. Area of the park and the square surrounding it used to be a Turkish cemetery. At

5375-540: The botched reconstruction of the square. City responded that they acted after "serious analyses and talks" and upon wishes of the citizens. Asked to make public those analyses and explain when and how the citizens were interviewed about such "tectonic" changes, administration refused to disclose any documents. Simultaneously, city extended the deadline to 23 January 2020, which would make the reconstruction 519 days long, though without specifications what will be done in this period, except that there will be "no field work". In

5500-463: The building and leveled it to the ground. Partial remains of the palace were discovered during the 2018-2019 reconstruction. The building is today considered one of the most representative Belgrade edifices in the entire 18th century. Digital archaeological 3D representation of the building was finished in 2020. After entering Belgrade in 1740, the Ottomans found completely destroyed ramparts. They walled

5625-425: The building were located. The upper outline of the building ended with highly elevated roof and plump chimneys, which was typical for the Austrian architecture of the day. Later Serbian folk songs said the palace had "windows as many as there are days in the year". However, after the examinations of the surviving images, that number was established to be around 312 rather than 365. Württemberg also formed something of

5750-424: The building, so the protesters smashed it. Boško Buha Theatre is today located in that section of the building. "Uranija" was later renamed "Jadran", and the cinema was popular for its repertoire, mostly made of dramas and romantic movies. When it was sold to the privately owned company in 2007, they resold it the a company from Cyprus which closed the cinema and opened a café and a pastry shop instead. Most of

5875-490: The buildings outside of the Belgrade Fortress' walls, so the Ottomans destroyed them and almost completely re-orientalized Belgrade. The Württemberg Gate was built in 1725. It predated the construction of the protective trench built on the orders by the Generalissimo Ernst Gideon von Laudon . It was one of the four gates which lead outside of the fortress and was part of the fortification's outer walls. The gate

6000-493: The buildings were destroyed during the German bombing on 6 April 1941. In the summer of 1942 a failed assassination on Dušan Letica by a group of six Yugoslav Partisans happened here. German occupational forces reconstructed the building of the theatre in 1942. After World War II , the tram tracks were removed as, until then, a tram terminus was located in the square. During the Belgrade Offensive in 1944, in which

6125-596: The central city streets for traffic and the reintroduction of the tram line across the square. The bidding for the project was announced and, though the works were not planned in at least a year due to the preparatory works, they should include another removal of the new cubes so that tracks can be placed. Due to the negative reactions, and even though deputy mayor Vesić said in 2018 that the tracks will, at least partially, be laid already in 2019, city's Directorate for Land Development now claimed that works can't start before 2025 or 2027, while president Vučić, who personally pushed

6250-633: The city from the newer neighborhoods. The green belt was also to include avenues , promenades, etc. The plan was only partially conducted at the time, while the only two surviving parts of the plan are two small squares, at Topličin Venac, where the Park Proleće is today, and at the present Republic Square's section in front of the Central Military Club building. After the demolition of the gate and establishment of Serbian rule in all of Belgrade in 1867,

6375-570: The classical age as being the precursor of academicism, including such movements as uniformitarianism in the sciences, and the creation of rigorous categories in artistic fields. Various movements of the Romantic period saw themselves as classical revolts against a prevailing trend of emotionalism and irregularity, for example the Pre-Raphaelites . By this point, classicism was old enough that previous classical movements received revivals; for example,

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6500-494: The classical naturalism as the foundation of drawing , painting and sculpture. The Age of Enlightenment identified itself with a vision of antiquity which, while continuous with the classicism of the previous century, was shaken by the physics of Sir Isaac Newton , the improvements in machinery and measurement, and a sense of liberation which they saw as being present in the Greek civilization, particularly in its struggles against

6625-410: The classicists seek to emulate. In its purest form, classicism is an aesthetic attitude dependent on principles based in the culture, art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome , with the emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, clarity of structure, perfection and restrained emotion, as well as explicit appeal to the intellect. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of

6750-481: The closing of the entire downtown for traffic, including the square, and turning the central city area in the pedestrian zone. The square and the entire section till the Kalemegdan will be paved in granite or concrete slabs, almost without any trees. The idea met with the universal opposition from the professionals (architects, urbanists, traffic experts) but also from the public. Total open pedestrian square area, west of

6875-403: The cold water), laconicum (room with the warm water where people would sweat and prepare) and caldarium (room with the two pools of hot water). The site became an archaeological dig in 1969 and 8 rooms in total were discovered, including the remains of the brick furnace which heated the water. It was a public unisex bath dated to 3rd or 4th century. The entire area of the park is actually within

7000-461: The custom arrived from Gaul . The brick tomb, which contained rushlight , was discovered close to the Čika Ljubina Street, while the other pits were where the monument is today. The materials found in the tombs include pottery fragments and vessels, pieces of terracotta and stone statues, fan-shaped floor tiles, bronze and bone needles, bricks, rushlights, etc. The pits were filled with ashes and contained animal bones. Coins and bronze rings, parts of

7125-479: The end, locations of the Stambol Gate and the Red Army soldiers burial site were marked with different slabs. City announced that the total expenditures per contract (for 420 days) is 768.3 million dinars, or €6.5 million, but that exact number will be known by the end of the year. The warranty period is three years. In the end, city claimed that the total price was 744 million dinars, or €6.4 million. In August 2020, city announced continuation of their idea of closing

7250-513: The entire Empire State Building , back in 1930–1931. In April 2019, administration of the Stari Grad municipality began intermittent physical blockades of the construction site and removal of the construction fencing, hence "liberating the square". Employees, local residents and sympathizers of the opposition would either physically prevent machines from working and escort workers from the site or would organize sport activities or sitting sessions on

7375-532: The first zoo in Belgrade. He ordered his military to capture and bring to him "wild beasts from the forests and mountains of Serbia", which he then kept in cages. After the Austrians withdrew in 1739, the local Ottoman administration sent a letter to the Sublime Porte asking for the "large masonry saray for the wālis to be demolished. Even before the reply came from Constantinople , local administration mined

7500-509: The first venues in Belgrade to play electronic music, and was also a pioneer of rave music in Serbia. The area of the present 'Plateau of Dr Zoran Đinđić', right across the National Theatre was seen as the site of the future Belgrade Opera from the 1960s. However, this became highly controversial issue, both academic and public, in the 2003, when city government decided to tear down the Staklenac mall (saying it has done its purpose, even though it

7625-441: The foundation in 1950 and has indefinite lease right, to Belgrade Waterfront. Problem turned out to be the ownership in the cadaster, which was explained to the ensemble being a mistake which will be corrected. Problem turned out to net that the premises of the theatre were purchased by the company owned by Aleksandar Kajmaković in 2017. Nicknamed Aca Bosanac, he already owns numerous hospitality venues throughout Belgrade, including

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7750-513: The gate to Terazije in one direction, and along the Tsarigrad Road itself, from the Batal mosque to Tašmajdan, in another. The gate continued to have certain strategic role in the 18th and the 19th century. After 1815, when Serbia was granted autonomy, Ottoman guards were placed at the gate to control the entering into the fortress. Already notorious, it became a symbol of the hated Ottoman rule after

7875-448: The gates cost seven time more than the construction of the enlarged park itself two years ago. The fence has 74 decorative oval alcoves with ornamental wrought iron flower ornaments. It also has 176 decorative amphora-shaped vases, ornamented with the motives of ram heads and garlands. The fence and the ornaments are made of reinforced concrete with artificial stone covering. In 1930, the monument to Dositej Obradović (work of Rudolf Valdec)

8000-425: The invitation to tender and paid as such by the city, but concrete cubes with a thin silicone -glued rugged layer on top. Architects criticized the process – simple flipping of the cubes, especially glued ones like this – as a threat for traffic safety, especially during rain or winter, with pedestrians already complaining the cubes are slippery. The responsible engineer refused to sign the reconstruction project as

8125-464: The local population. First modern Belgrade's urbanist Emilijan Josimović suggested dislocation of the market in 1867, as it was placed in the sole center of the city, and he deemed it inappropriate for the Great School to be across the market. He envisioned the social center or pedestrian square (" piazza ") in the form of the park with tall deciduous trees instead. However, when the horse-drawn tram

8250-600: The locations of some former landmarks, like the Stambol Gate and the temporary graveyard from 1944. During the process, the Prince Michael Monument will be renovated, too. In the end, even this idea was abandoned. In September 2018, during the excavations, original wooden cobble laid in the second half of the 19th century was discovered. Once, the entire square, up to the Terazije, was covered with it. The cobbles were removed for cleaning. One part will be returned and form

8375-465: The long tradition of Palladian architecture . Building off of these influences, the 17th-century architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren firmly established classicism in England. For the development of classicism from the mid-18th-century onwards, see Neoclassical architecture . Italian Renaissance painting and sculpture are marked by their renewal of classical forms, motifs and subjects. In

8500-417: The major works of ancient Greek and Latin literature . The 17th–18th centuries significant Classical writers (principally, playwrights and poets) include Pierre Corneille , Jean Racine , John Dryden , William Wycherley , William Congreve , Jonathan Swift , Joseph Addison , Alexander Pope , Voltaire , Carlo Goldoni , and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock . Classicism in architecture developed during

8625-514: The military parade of the regular units of Serbian army was organized, from the gate, over Terazije, to the Old Konak, in the Royal Compound . Demolition began on 26 April, and the work was finished on 31 May 1866. That way, the last physical obstacle which divided city parts on the opposite sides of the trench was demolished, thus making neighborhoods outside of the old city walls one urban unit with

8750-651: The modern Cara Dušana Street (Imperial Gate), Pop-Lukina Street and along the Sava river. The basic layout of the entire fortified system was finished by 1737. That year, another Austro-Turkish war broke out and the works on further fortification were stopped. After being defeated in the Battle of Grocka in July 1739, Austria agreed to sign a truce. As stipulated by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, Austrians had to withdraw and they insisted to demolish all objects and fortifications within

8875-529: The older part of the city which prompted accelerated urbanization. The Ottomans fully evacuated from Belgrade in 1867. The stones from the gate were re-used for the construction of the surrounding houses and for the building of the theatre itself. The rubble was partially used for burying the marsh in Bara Venecija , where the Belgrade Main railway station was built. When the square was renovated in 1928–1929,

9000-411: The original project was changed by the city during the reconstruction, unknowingly to the public. Additional rains showed the draining system on the square wasn't functional. President Vučić supported city government again, saying "Vesić has done everything right" and that he doesn't understand the "hysteria surrounding continued works", adding he is proud how things are done in Belgrade. City claims

9125-424: The original purpose of the edifice was military one, the facade is ornamented in the style of plainer, classical baroque. The narrower sides were decorated more. The longer sides were divided in three avant-corps , one central and two flanks. The central avant-corps, or risalit , was especially enhanced with decorative elements, on all four facades. Also, all four had balcony porch, under which all four entrances into

9250-522: The park, as Josimović originally envisioned. He also proposed for the nearby buffer zone between the city and the Fortress to be adapted into the Kalemegdan Park , as he considered parks the "air reservoirs". Some parts of the original park were constructed from the spring of 1886 to 1889, which was named Little Park. The park was officially opened on 11 May 1897, just two weeks before Josimović's death. On

9375-840: The period of Romanticism , Shakespeare , who conformed to none of the classical rules, became the focus of French argument over them, in which the Romantics eventually triumphed; Victor Hugo was among the first French playwrights to break these conventions. The influence of these French rules on playwrights in other nations is debatable. In the English theatre, Restoration playwrights such as William Wycherley and William Congreve would have been familiar with them. William Shakespeare and his contemporaries did not follow this Classicist philosophy, in particular since they were not French and also because they wrote several decades prior to their establishment. Those of Shakespeare's plays that seem to display

9500-533: The place in front of which the Turks executed the rayah , their non-Muslim subjects, by impaling them on stakes. It was also the place where during the attack on Belgrade in 1806 in the First Serbian Uprising , one of the leading Serbian military commanders, Vasa Čarapić , was fatally wounded. In his memory, a street near the square (Vasina Street) and a monument in the vicinity were named after him. When

9625-447: The political life of the community." he believed the people of Athens involved wealth and money too much into the politics of their city. He judged the citizens for the way they amassed wealth and power over simple things like projects for their community. Just like Plato and Aristotle, Socrates did not come up with these ideas alone. Socrates ideals stem back from Protagoras and other 'sophists'. These 'teachers of political arts' were

9750-492: The political, scientific, and social world and by those who embraced the changes as a means to overthrow the perceived weight of the 19th century. Thus, both pre-20th century disciplines were labelled "classical" and modern movements in art which saw themselves as aligned with light, space, sparseness of texture, and formal coherence. In the present day philosophy classicism is used as a term particularly in relation to Apollonian over Dionysian impulses in society and art; that

9875-731: The printing workers, the Dardaneli kafana , the lots of Dimitrije and Lazar Andrejević, the Kolarac House with pharmacy and the First Belgrade Brewery. The second ice rink in Belgrade, after one in Savamala , was built in 1909 near the modern Army House. The place where now the National Museum is, was the location of long single-storied building which housed, among other edifices, the famous "Dardaneli" restaurant, founded in 1855. It

10000-504: The project, now called it unnecessary. Just few days after the announcement, the directorate called the bidding off. University of Manchester professor and meteorologist Vladimir Janković, was guest in the September issue of the TV serial Completely Natural  [ sr ] , hosted by Jovan Memedović  [ sr ] . Janković estimated that, in September, in sunset, temperature of

10125-471: The protected patch so that pedestrians can see what the cobble looked like. Another part will be kept in the National Museum while the third will be used for other pedestrian areas in the city. Also, it was originally thought that remains of the former Stambol Gate were discovered, though it was believed that nothing survived. The remains were to be preserved and shielded by glass so that they will remain visible to passersby. The works were then stopped again for

10250-585: The rebellion collapsed, the Ottomans regained Belgrade in October 1813. Their vanguards burned wooden hovels in Savamala and when the main army landed, a large number of people remained stranded on the bank in Savamala, trying to flee across the river into Austria. Men were massacred, while women and children were sold into slavery. All over the city heads on a spike appeared, while people were impaled on stakes along all city roads. Rows of impaled people were placed from

10375-560: The recently purchased Western City Gate which also caused protests. Kajmaković's connections to major criminal clans in Serbia include being a right-hand man of Peconi. He was also apprehended by the police during investigation of top Serbian gang kingpin Veljko Belivuk  [ sr ] for suspicion of Kajmaković acting as the legal owner of Belivuk's properties safeguarded by the Belivuk's gang members, and for money laundering. A bomb

10500-413: The remaining earthen defensive mounds with palisades . The Ottomans decided to build only one gate, while on the other access points they set čardaks . They didn't use the foundations of the demolished Württemberg Gate, but built their gate a bit to the right, where the modern Vasina Street is, so the gate occupied the area between the modern National Theatre and the Monument to Prince Michael. During

10625-488: The remains of the Stambol Gate's foundations were discovered beneath the pavement, but it was not recorded whether the remains were dug up again or were removed. Additional remains were found in 1949, during another rearrangement of the square. Belgrade's first chief urbanist, Emilijan Josimović , devised a plan in 1867 for the system of "green groves" along the former route of the Laudon trench, which now divided old part of

10750-507: The revival of classical art forms, including Greek drama and music. Opera , in its modern European form, had its roots in attempts to recreate the combination of singing and dancing with theatre thought to be the Greek norm. Examples of this appeal to classicism included Dante , Petrarch, and Shakespeare in poetry and theatre . Tudor drama, in particular, modeled itself after classical ideals and divided works into Tragedy and Comedy . Studying Ancient Greek became regarded as essential for

10875-426: The same day, the monument to Josif Pančić , work of sculptor Đorđe Jovanović was erected in the park. As the monument was covered with cloth for a long time, citizens colloquially nicknamed the square a "plateau of the bagged man". The Pančić monument was the first such monument in Belgrade, and the park was soon renamed to Pančič's Park. The market continued to operate until 1926 when was finally closed and its area

11000-632: The settlement, structural cracks developed in the ornamented wall, but also because it has no interruption in its design so the construction can't "work". Out of 74 alcove, 15 had no iron ornaments anymore, while almost all amphorae were either damaged or completely destroyed. In February 2020, the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments drafted the project of static restoration, which includes reconstruction of all damaged or missing plastics. Republic Square (Belgrade) The Republic Square or

11125-496: The site of the present square was not laid out for a long time. The remains of the Stambol Gate were still visible. They were surrounded by bogs and gullies and a row of black locusts , which was leading to the open farmer's market . The market was known for the lamb and pork meat, while the kiridžije , who transported various goods from Užice on their little horses, were bringing and selling bacon, sirene , kaymak , pršut and kegs of rakia . The National Theatre, built in 1869,

11250-442: The square thus stopping works. Public complains continued, including the lack of greenery and replacement of the street pavement with the stone slabs. The cobblestone was placed as it was originally intended to turn the entire square into the pedestrian zone, but after much protests, the idea was scrapped, at least for now. Instead, city urbanist Marko Stojčić announced the revival of an old idea of building an underground garage on

11375-492: The square to oust Slobodan Milosević on 9 March 1991, during the 1991 protests in Belgrade . Most recently, a group of theater academics suggested the square's original name Theater Square (Позоришни Трг / Pozorišni trg ) be returned. The Celtic and Roman predecessor of Belgrade was Singidunum . Castrum occupied part of today's Belgrade Fortress but the civilian zone spread from the Kralja Petra Street, over both

11500-507: The square's granite slabs is up to 45 °C (113 °F). This heat is then being radiated over the entire night, until the next morning. He concluded this wouldn't happen if majority of the square remained covered by the flower beds, trees and a fountain. Classicism Classicism , in the arts , refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which

11625-410: The square. During one of his inspections, president Vučić said that the massive building of the Press House should be demolished because it is "so ugly". Despite the legion of problems caused by the reconstruction, a patio of the local café, belonging to the controversial businessman with criminal past Predrag Ranković Peconi  [ sr ] , was opened and operational all the time, even though it

11750-456: The surface layer of the carriageways, prompting question whether it was granite at all. Amidst continued negative reactions, Stojčić said granite cubes will be turned upside down, with lower, flat part of the cubes on top. Vesić, claiming he was in a "surprise control visit", had an outburst, scolding the contractor "Strabag" (which billed additional €287,000 for "unexpected works"), calling them to repair it with their own money and without closing

11875-405: The surviving lines and massive public discontent. Authorities said that everything is covered with changing buses on other lines, but it turned out that for some, previously direct routes, it takes an extra hour for the commuters. But it was also reported that the reduction is part of the plan to transform the main traffic route into the pedestrian zone and because of the weight restrictions due to

12000-485: The thoroughfare, is 0.375 hectares (0.93 acres) – of which 0.225 hectares (0.56 acres) is the plateau with the prince's monument, and 0.15 hectares (0.37 acres) is the section with fountains which connects the square with the Knez Mihailova Street. In 2017 city announced plans for the details of the major reconstruction of the square. The flower beds will be removed, the square will be paved with granite slabs and

12125-404: The three monuments (Pančić, Obradović, Cvijić). By 2020, the fence deteriorated a lot. The entire fence is built on the embankment as the continual wall which causes static instability. As the pressure is the strongest where the massive gates are, one of the gates was permanently closed due to the terrain settling which caused the shifting of the axis of the columns which hold the gate. Also due to

12250-481: The time, but was also considered the most beautiful. The Stambol Gate got its name as it was the starting point of the Tsarigrad Road , which linked Belgrade with Constantinople . Hence the name of both the road ( Carigrad was Serbian name for Constantinople) and the gate (after shortened Serbian version of the Ottoman name for Constantinople, " Istanbul Gate"). The gate was made of dressed stone and bricks, on

12375-672: The total price of the reconstruction is €8 million, which is deemed way to high and criticized even by the state Radio Television Serbia. Architect Dragoljub Bakić  [ sr ] estimated real cost to no more than €4.4 million, though he deemed the reconstruction as unnecessary anyway. In protest, students painted cubes in "gold", to show how things function in Belgrade: façades are painted, but everything decays inside. They were invoking government's claim that Serbia currently lives its "golden age". City filed charges against students claiming they are hooligans who destroy "granite" cubes. It

12500-412: The traffic. Asked how the cubes, by city's orders with rugged side up, were praised for 12 days, Vesić replied that "Strabag had to point out this is not a functional solution", calling the situation "unacceptable". 15 days after the re-opening, "reconstruction of the reconstruction" began. Despite promises, the traffic was stopped again. Repairs showed cubes are not made of granite as stipulated by

12625-417: The unities, such as The Tempest , probably indicate a familiarity with actual models from classical antiquity . Most famous 18th-century Italian playwright and libretist Carlo Goldoni created a hybrid style of playwriting (combining the model of Molière with the strengths of Commedia dell'arte and his own wit and sincerity). The literary classicism drew inspiration from the qualities of proportion of

12750-405: The use of geometry and grids, the importance of rigorous discipline and pedagogy, as well as the formation of schools of art and music. The court of Louis XIV was seen as the center of this form of classicism, with its references to the gods of Olympus as a symbolic prop for absolutism, its adherence to axiomatic and deductive reasoning, and its love of order and predictability. This period sought

12875-408: The use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes , niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. This style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere. In the 16th century, Sebastiano Serlio helped codify the classical orders and Andrea Palladio 's legacy evolved into

13000-580: The visual arts. Classicism is a specific genre of philosophy, expressing itself in literature, architecture, art, and music, which has Ancient Greek and Roman sources and an emphasis on society . It was particularly expressed in the Neoclassicism of the Age of Enlightenment . Classicism is a recurrent tendency in the Late Antique period, and had a major revival in Carolingian and Ottonian art . There

13125-485: The well established mall so early. In August 2018 it was announced by the city officials that the Staklenac will be demolished and the building of the Opera and ballet house will be built, "in the next several years". Some architects consider opera house on the square as a bad solution. City then announced in March 2022 that the "House of Dance" will be built instead on the location. After 2013, new city government announced

13250-412: The works will be done "24 hours a day" and that cameras will be installed so that everyone can watch the progress. Asked why it takes 420 days for such a reconstruction, under such a rigorous working hours, Vesić replied that it was a question for the authors of the project. Soon, reporters and public figures noted that the working site is still without workers from time to time or that it took less to build

13375-427: The works. President of the Republic, Aleksandar Vučić, said the square looks "wonderful and that the cobblestone is from high quality material which is "for ever". Vesić said they originally wanted plain concrete cubes, but president Vučić said "no, you are doing the central city square, place everything best for Belgrade...and he was right, so we placed the best granite". Less than two weeks later, heavy rains damaged

13500-559: Was protected and declared the natural monument . In 2008, two species of bats lived in the park. Surrounding area is location of many educational and cultural institutions, thus the names (Academic/Students Park). They include: A detailed project of park's repair was done in 1989 but was never conducted. It was renovated in 2009 (when the new fence on the north side was built and the new seedlings were planted), 2011-2012 and 2015. New plane trees , Callery pears and photinias were planted and three flower rondelles were restored around

13625-431: Was a typical baroque gate of its day. It was designed by Nicolas Doxat , who renovated the entire fortress during the Austrian period. His task was to project the new walls and ramparts system around the city, to develop a completely new grid of streets and the transform Belgrade into the typical baroque town. The final completed section of the inner fortified system was the Württemberg Gate. Other three gates were located in

13750-399: Was adapted into the pastry shop later ( Kod kneževog spomenika ) and is café-pastry shop even today. Part of the building was rented to German Transportation Bureau ( Deutsches Verkehrs Buro ). It was a public secret that it is actually a hotspot for German spies, but the state didn't react. Few days before the 27 March 1941 anti-German protests, including the coup d'état , Germans hastily left

13875-453: Was another, more durable revival in the Italian Renaissance when the fall of Byzantium and rising trade with the Islamic cultures brought a flood of knowledge about, and from, the antiquity of Europe . Until that time, the identification with antiquity had been seen as a continuous history of Christendom from the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine I . Renaissance classicism introduced

14000-457: Was built in 1989) and to construct City Gallery, while the Opera is supposed to be built in the swampy and uninhabited area of Ušće in Novi Beograd. Despite opposition from the citizens, ensemble of the opera and prominent architects and artists, the city government, most prominently the official city architect Đorđe Bobić, insisted that regardless of everything, they already made a decision that

14125-712: Was held here. The square was damaged during World War I, in the bombardment by the Austro-Hungarian and German armies. Especially damaged was the building of the National Theatre. It was fully reconstructed by 1922. The "Riunione" Palace, in which "Jadran" cinema used to be located, was built from 1929 to 1931, on one section of the Andrejević family parcel. It was built by the Adriatic Insurance Company "Riunione" from Trieste , Italy . The palace had apartments, offices, cinema "Uranija" and "Milanović" bistro. It

14250-454: Was held in Belgrade. New project is a cultural venue, covering 15,000 m (160,000 sq ft) and comprising galleries, bookstores, conference halls and an underground garage for 500 vehicles. In August 2017, city architect Milutin Folić said that the plan will include opera, ballet and a gallery, or a combination of those, though that was not in the project accepted in 2015 and even announced

14375-423: Was introduced in Belgrade 1892, as it passed through this part of the city, the market actually bloomed even more. Josimović met with much resistance and only some time before his death, he persuaded city government to decide to split the market in two and to form a park in one of the sections. The open space area around the market, which was now a defunct Turkish cemetery, and the northwestern section were turned into

14500-454: Was known as the Great Market (Serbian: Velika pijaca or Veliki pijac ). Remaining, smaller part of Turkish cemetery, which was functional until the 1860s, was fenced by the local Turks to prevent further deterioration. After Turks completely withdrew from Belgrade and Serbia in 1867, the cemetery became overgrown with grass and was turned into the meadow, called "Little field" ( Poljanče ) by

14625-428: Was overwhelmingly negative: carriageway cobblestones were 41,000 cubes of rugged stone which made driving unpleasant and motorcycle, bicycle, pedestrian traffic almost impossible. City claimed such cubes were placed deliberately, to slow down the vehicles. At the widest section, the carriageways were narrowed. In protest, residents placed a fake monument to Goran Vesić on the square. City and state official praised

14750-492: Was placed under Kajmaković's car in 2002 in Budva , Montenegro . A state cadaster service reacted claiming everything is clear and legal, and that there is no mistake. A major public backlash, and support for the theatre from citizens and colleagues, ensued. Prime minister Ana Brnabić personally intervened, claiming the theatre stays at the square, and accusing previous administration for "vague documentation" which allowed for

14875-531: Was right next to the reconstruction site. In June 2022 city announced that the Boško Buha Theatre will get additional, evening scene in the building of the Post Office No. 6 which was to be renovated within the project Belgrade Waterfront . However, in March 2023 the theatre ensemble went to protest as they were informed the entire theatre will be relocated from the Riunione Palace, where it has been since

15000-534: Was soon obvious that new cubes, instead of the old, turned upside down ones, are being placed. Mayor Zoran Radojičić, when asked who is paying for this, said: "Well, you know what, I can't really know about every single cube, you have to admit that". The square was re-re-opened for traffic on 1 November 2019, however, despite claims that all lines of public transportation will be restored, two trolleybus lines remained shortened to Slavija Square, while two were completely abolished. This right away resulted in crowds in

15125-581: Was the most popular kafana in Belgrade at that time, especially after the 1896 reconstruction, when it became the meeting-place of actors and writers, and the central point of city's urban spirit and bohemianism . The building was pulled down to make way in 1903 for the Treasury (now the building of the National Museum). In a small park next to the National Theatre, there were the well-known "Kolarac" kafana and cinema (owned by Ilija Milosavljević-Kolarac ,

15250-461: Was the only large building for the more than 30 years as the square didn't develop as an urban area until the monument to Prince Mihailo was erected on 19 December 1882 when the square gradually started to acquire more buildings. The square was named Pozorišni Trg ("Theatre square"), keeping the name until the Communist rule after 1945. The square was formed between the theatre building, Cooperation of

15375-517: Was transferred to the park from his previous location at the end of the Knez Mihailova street, where it was unveiled in 1914. A monument to Jovan Cvijić , sculptured by Oto Logo, was dedicated in 1994. In 1943, as part of the strategic bombing campaign within the scopes of the oil campaign against Nazi Germany , the U.S. began massive bombardment of the oil fields and refineries in Romania, known as

15500-513: Was used to enlarge the Pančič's Park in 1927, when the present square was finally formed, with the park in the central part. The project was done by Đorđe Kovalevski. In 1929, the stone ornamental fence with the massive gates made of wrought iron was built around the park, projected by Milutin Borisavljević. It was projected in the style of Classicism with Neo-Baroqe and Rococo motives. The fence and

15625-463: Was vastly expanded into his palace, or court. The palace occupied the area between the modern Ruski car Tavern , Zmaj Jovina Street and Republic Square. On one of its narrower side, where the "Jadran" cinema was located for decades, it faced the Württemberg Gate. On the other side it also faced a square, which was designated for the musters . The palace had rectangular base and was vertically divided into ground floor, two storeys and Mansard roof . As

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