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20-557: 22°32′S 66°32′W  /  22.533°S 66.533°W  / -22.533; -66.533 Abra Granada is a volcanic complex in the Puna de Atacama in Argentina . It is located approximately 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of Pirquitas and is composed from a lava dome , lavas and dacitic ignimbrites centering on Cerro Granada (5,700 metres (18,700 ft)) and are dated 9.8-7.8 Ma. Deposits erupted 7.9-5.0 mya by this volcano overlie

40-405: A large degree of autonomy. The mining industry regularly accounts for more than 90% of the region's exports. Fishing and manufacturing also contribute to the income of the area. The availability of infrastructure and services, due to the region's mining boom, together with its abundance of beautiful natural scenery, have opened vast prospects for the travel industry, both in the interior and on

60-594: A massive Chilean colonization of the coastline. Friction between the new settlers from both countries grew until 1879 when the War of the Pacific erupted. Antofagasta was permanently annexed by the Chilean government at the end of the war. Colonization by Chileans followed mainly from Norte Chico (the contemporary regions of Atacama and Coquimbo , also known as the III and IV regions), into

80-650: A place in Catamarca Province , Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a place in Jujuy Province , Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a place in Salta Province , Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Antofagasta Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Atacama Region location article

100-438: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Antofagasta Region The Antofagasta Region ( Spanish : Región de Antofagasta , pronounced [antofaˈɣasta] ) is one of Chile 's sixteen first-order administrative divisions . Being the second-largest region of Chile in area, it comprises three provinces, Antofagasta , El Loa and Tocopilla . It is bordered to the north by Tarapacá , by Atacama to

120-527: Is extended in the provinces of Salta , Jujuy , and western Catamarca . In Chile, it is included in the regions of Antofagasta and north-eastern Atacama . In December 2023, scientists, for the first time, reported a recently discovered area on the current planet Earth , particularly in the Puna's territory, which may be similar to ancient Earth, and the related environment of the first life forms on Earth - as well as - similar to possibly hospitable conditions on

140-558: The Amazon basin and Pacific shores. The arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century did not destroy the culture but transformed it deeply through the process of mestizaje , in which both cultures mixed. Under Spanish rule, Atacaman territory was placed under the administration of the Audiencia Real de Charcas , though it is disputed whether the Audiencia Real de Charcas was to administer only

160-577: The Antofagasta is just 1 millimetre (0.04 in) per year. From the coast, east to the Chilean Coast Range , is the south-central part of the Atacama Desert , the driest desert in the world. Further to the east, it is part of the less arid Central Andean dry puna ecoregion. The surroundings of abandoned Yungay town have been named the driest place in the world. Most of the population lives on

180-512: The Loa River and at oases such as San Pedro de Atacama . Much of the inland is covered by salt flats , tephra and lava flows , and the coast exhibits prominent cliffs . The region was sparsely populated by indigenous Changos and Atacameños until massive Chilean immigration in conjunction with a saltpeter boom in the later 19th century. Most of the region was organised as Bolivia 's only coastal territory until Chilean takeover in 1879 at

200-579: The coast in Antofagasta and Mejillones , or in Calama in the interior, the hub of the mining industry and the home of a large part of its work force. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, immigrant settlers also arrived from Europe (mainly Croatians , Italians , Spaniards , Greeks , English , French , and Portuguese peoples), from the Levant , and in smaller numbers from China , Japan , Korea , Peru and Bolivia . Various immigration flows joined with

220-579: The culture of the altiplano region creating the modern culture of the north of Chile, which arguably presents more Andean- and multi-European-features than the Central Valley and mainstream Chilean culture. The Antofagasta Region is the heart of the mining industry, Chile's main source of export revenue. It represents 53% of Chile's mining output, led by copper and followed by potassium nitrate , gold , iodine , and lithium , which means it could have had GDP per capita higher than Luxembourg had it had

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240-734: The inland portion or the coast as well. At the time of independence general Simón Bolívar integrated it into the new Republic of Bolivia , under the name of " Litoral Department ". This decision was disputed by the Chilean Government and has been a source of conflict until present times. Chile claimed that according to the Uti possidetis of the Spanish crown, the coastal region belong to them and their territory bordered directly with Peru . Chilean explorers such as Juan López and José Santos Ossa discovered rich nitrate and guano deposits which produced

260-440: The new territories of Antofagasta and Tarapacá , known as Norte Grande . In the early 20th century the region became a significant base of Chile's union-organizing movements. It continued to depend economically on the nitrate-extraction industry until its replacement by copper mining. Two of the largest and richest open pit mines in the world are located inland from Antofagasta: La Escondida and Chuquicamata . Each province in

280-439: The northern Puna". Journal of South American Earth Sciences . 25 (4): 464–484. doi : 10.1016/j.jsames.2007.10.004 . ISSN   0895-9811 . This volcanology article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Puna de Atacama The plateau's elevation averages 4,500 m (14,800 ft) above sea level, and it spans an area of 180,000 km (69,000 sq mi). In Argentina, Puna's territory

300-603: The older Granada ignimbrite . Individual volcanic centres are known as Cerro Caucani, Cerro Granada and Cerro Solterío. The Pirquitas mine is part of the volcanic complex. Other peraluminous rocks were erupted 10 mya . The complex is the likely source of the Granada Ignimbrite. The ignimbrite reaches its maximum thickness in the complex. Caffe, P.J.; Soler, M.M.; Coira, B.L.; Onoe, A.T.; Cordani, U.G. (2008). "The Granada ignimbrite: A compound pyroclastic unit and its relationship with Upper Miocene caldera volcanism in

320-455: The onset of the War of the Pacific . Antofagasta's history is divided, as the territory itself, into two sections: the coastal region, and the highlands plateau or altiplano around the Andes . In pre-Columbian times, the coastline was populated by nomadic fishing clans of Changos Indians, of which very little is known due to very limited contact with the Spanish conquerors . The inland section

340-689: The planet Mars during earlier Martian times. Before the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), the region belonged to Bolivia . In 1898, it was ceded to Argentina in exchange for recognition of Tarija as part of Bolivia. Chile, which had annexed the Litoral Province from Bolivia, declared the exchange illegal. The border was defined in 1899 after the Puna de Atacama dispute . Of the 75,000 km in dispute, 64,000 (85%) were awarded to Argentina and 11,000 (15%) to Chile. 23°27′36″S 67°21′36″W  /  23.46000°S 67.36000°W  / -23.46000; -67.36000 This article about

360-585: The region is further subdivided into communes . The main river is the Loa . Along the Coastal Cordillera lies Atacama Fault . The area of the Coastal Cordillera around the fault is rich in iron ore constituting the northern part of the so-called Chilean Iron Belt . These ore deposits are often of the manto-type deposits and are chiefly emplaced on rocks of La Negra Formation . The average rainfall in

380-413: The south, and to the east by Bolivia and Argentina . The region's capital is the port city of Antofagasta ; another one of its important cities is Calama . The region's main economic activity is copper mining in its giant inland porphyry copper systems . Antofagasta's climate is extremely arid, albeit somewhat milder near the coast. Nearly all of the region is devoid of vegetation, except close to

400-464: Was populated by the Atacaman culture around the great dry salt lake Salar de Atacama , the Loa River basin, and valleys and oases across the altiplano, with the most important settlement being the village of San Pedro de Atacama . The Atacaman culture was deeply influenced by Tiwanaku culture and later fell under Inca rule. The Atacamans harvested mainly corn and beans and developed trade as far as

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