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33-592: Berno was first a monk at St. Martin's Abbey, Autun , and then at Baume Abbey about 886. In 890, he founded the monastery of Gigny on his own estates, and others at Bourg-Dieu and Massay . In 910, William I of Aquitaine , founder of Cluny, nominated him abbot of the new foundation. Berno placed the monastery under the Benedictine rule (founded by Benedict of Nursia and reformed by Benedict of Aniane ). He resigned as abbot in 925, his abbeys being divided between his relative Vido and his disciple Odo of Cluny . He

66-532: A Roman theater are still visible in the town. In AD 356, a force of Alemanni brought the siege of Autun . The disrepair of the walls left the city in danger of falling. Autun was saved by the arrival of the Emperor Julian in one of his early military successes. In Late Antiquity , Autun became famous for its schools of rhetoric . A world map based on the Geography of Ptolemy was famous for its size and

99-584: A monastery on his own land, and after the fame of his good administration of that monastery spread, he was asked to reform other monasteries as well. Berno was born about the year 850 to a noble family in Burgundy. His father may have been the French nobleman Odon, who gave a refuge for the Benedictine community from Glanfeuil Abbey after the monks had been driven from the monastery by Norman attacks in 862. Berno joined

132-421: A sacrifice on his own part. The Duke protested and said, "Impossible, I cannot have my dogs removed“， and Berno then answered, "Drive out the dogs and put monks in their place, for thou canst well think what reward God will give thee for dogs, and what for monks." William gave part of his fiefdom of Cluny to Berno for the monastery. The founding of the monastery is dated to 11 September 909. William guaranteed that

165-625: Is a major example of Romanesque architecture . It was formerly the chapel of the Dukes of Burgundy; their palace was the actual episcopal residence. The cathedral was originally built as a pilgrimage church for the veneration of the relic Saint Lazarus, mentioned in the Gospels, and considered the first bishop of Marseille, and who, always according to tradition, arrived in Provence with Mary Magdalen. Autun's 12th-century bishop, Étienne de Bâgé, probably built

198-440: Is also possible that Berno took over Gigny's leadership after being abbot of Baume, rather than the other way around. It was common at this time that monasteries would be founded with patrons who would provide the financial capital needed to create and sustain the monastery, and in return for the monks prayers. One account states that when Berno was abbot of Baume, he had such a good reputation, that William of Aquitaine gave him

231-399: Is regarded as a saint , with his feast day on 13 January. St Benedict of Nursia had founded his famous monastery at Monte Cassino in the 5th century, and from it, his ideas and his Rule would come to influence western European monasticism. However, many monasteries were established by teutonic feudal lords intending to retire there at the end of their lives. They tended to relax observance of

264-663: Is the Musée Rolin . It houses historical artistic collections. Near Autun, tourists can also see: Autun has sister city relationships with the following municipalities. William I, Duke of Aquitaine William I (22 March 875 – 6 July 918), called the Pious , was the Count of Auvergne from 886 and Duke of Aquitaine from 893, succeeding the Poitevin ruler Ebalus Manser . He made numerous monastic foundations, most important among them

297-558: The Saône valley to Autun. On 22 August 725 he captured the town after defeating forces led by the local bishop, Émilien of Nantes , who was slain during the course of the battle. Autun marks the easternmost extent of the Umayyad campaign in Europe. However, the position was never retained, and Anbasa died soon after. The Umayyads are known to have raided the lower Rhone during the next decade, but Uzès

330-576: The Benedictine Abbey of St. Martin at Autun, where Hugh of Anzy le Duc had introduced stricter adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict . Later, Berno was sent to restore the monastery of Baume-les-Messieurs in the diocese of Besançon, which had fallen into neglect. In 890 he established, with his own funds, the monastery of St. Peter at Gigny in the Jura Mountains and became its first abbot. In this he

363-580: The Carolingian empire, to return to what Benedict of Nursia had originally intended. It was decided that the Rule of St Benedict would be enforced in all monasteries, and Benedict of Aniane was given the task of interpreting it and outlining how it should be practiced. Viking raids of the 9th and 10th centuries left monasteries of Western Europe in great disorder. Buildings suffered destruction and communities had fled seeking safety. Abbeys that survived were often under

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396-453: The Rule according to convenience. Matins were scheduled so as not interrupt sleep. There were no fixed rules on fasting, and it was left to the individual. Many monasteries became like fiefdoms, passed on through the family. Viewed as simply part of the founder's possessions, they could be divided up in inheritance as well. Benedict's rule had provided that the Abbot should be chosen by the monks, but

429-463: The appointment of abbots and officials was left to that family or individual, leading to the appointment of untrained and unordained abbots and officials. William also nominated Cluny's first abbot, Berno of Baume . A sign of William's independence of rule in Aquitaine is that he had a deniers minted in his own name at Brioude . He was buried in the monastery of Saint-Julien. William had no son who

462-417: The church in response to the construction of Ste. Madeleine at nearby Vézelay , home to the French cult of Mary Magdalene . St. Lazare was only later elevated to the rank of cathedral, replacing the former cathedral dedicated to St. Nazaire . The Autun Cathedral is famous for its architectural sculpture, particularly the tympanum of The Last Judgment above the west portal , surviving fragments from

495-479: The clergy for the Estates-General of 1789 . The High School plays an important role in the history of the city and even France since Napoleon , who gave it its current name and whose brothers Joseph and Lucien studied there. This school continues to operate today. The decorated wrought iron gates were erected in 1772; the subjects taught in the school are indicated by various representations of objects along

528-430: The control of lay overlords who retained any revenues for themselves. Monks in many abbeys lived in poverty or left. Bishops meeting in 909 in the diocese of Soissons, received reports of lay abbots living in monasteries with their families, guards, and dogs. It was in this context that Berno of Cluny lived. Berno was concerned with reforming of the monasteries in accordance with the original Rule of St Benedict. He founded

561-426: The feudal lord assumed that right. Monks regarded the abbot like a feudal chieftain, and upon his death felt free to leave. Charlemagne became interested in monasticism because of the opportunities for learning and the preservation of books. He supported the institution, but from the perspective of culture and education. Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's son, commissioned Benedict of Aniane to reform monasticism within

594-522: The foundation of Cluny Abbey on 11 September 910. William was son of Bernard Plantapilosa and Ermengard. Sometime before 898, William married the Bosonid Angilberga , daughter of Boso of Provence and Ermengard of Italy . By inheritance, William was the ruler of Auvergne and the Limousin . He conquered Poitou and Aquitaine in 893 on behalf of Ebalus Manser. He kept the latter for himself and

627-399: The lost portal of the north transept , and the capitals in the nave and choir . All of these are traditionally considered the work of Gislebertus , whose name is on the west tympanum. It is uncertain whether Gislebertus is the name of the sculptor or of a patron . If Gislebertus is in fact the artist, he is one of very few medieval artists whose name is known. Autun's best-known museum

660-555: The monasteries at Deols and Massay. William was acquainted with Berno when he was abbot of Baume, and was supportive of the reformers who wanted to bring monasticism back to a stricter observance of the Benedictine rule. The Duke wanted to found a new monastery and asked Berno to be abbot. One story holds that when William asked Berno where the monastery should be founded, Berno asked the Duke to donate his favourite hunting lodge in Cluny; thereby making

693-544: The monastery would be free from control by him, his successors or any other temporal power, and it was placed under the direct authority of the Pope in Rome, who accepted Cluny's charter. This was very important for the later history of the abbey, because it meant that no local bishop, who himself might have been against Cluny's Benedictine reform movement within the church, had the authority to stop Cluny from carrying out its work, since Cluny

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726-493: The reign of the first Roman emperor , Augustus , after whom it was named. It was the civitas "tribal capital" of the Aedui, Continental Celts who had been allies and "brothers" ( fratres ) of Rome since before Julius Caesar 's Gallic Wars . Augustodunum was a planned foundation replacing the original oppidum Bibracte , located some 25 km (16 mi) away. Several elements of Roman architecture such as walls, gates, and

759-603: The rules regarding silence, food and drink, ritual, and most importantly the abandonment of personal possessions. After Berno died, Wido attempted to take Cluny away from Odo, but Pope John X intervened in Odo's favour in the year 928. Autun Autun ( French: [otœ̃] ) is a subprefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of central-eastern France . It

792-535: The time he died, which were at Gigny, Baume, the abbey of Aethicens with the cella of St Lautenus, Deols, Massay and Cluny. Before he died he gave three monasteries, namely Gigny, Baume and Aethicens to one of his monks named Wido, and the other three he gave to another monk named Odo (later St Odo of Cluny ). He urged his monks on his deathbed to continue to stay true to the Benedictine Rule, which had been so often violated by many other monasteries, and to follow all

825-581: The top of these grids. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the leader of the Army of the Vosges , Giuseppe Garibaldi , chose the city as his headquarters. The commune lies in the northwest of the department. The city boasts two ancient Roman gates (Porte Saint-André and Porte d'Arroux) and other ruins dating to the time of Augustus. One of the most impressive remains is that of the ancient theatre, which

858-665: Was displayed in the portico of one of the schools. It may have survived until early modern times. In 532 the Merovingian kings Childebert I and Chlothar I in Battle of Autun defeated the Burgundians led by king Godomar and took over the country of Burgundy . In 642 or 643, another battle was fought near Autun between feuding Frankish noblemen. In 725, the Umayyad general Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi (عنبسة بن سحيم الكلبي) marched up

891-508: Was founded during the Principate era of the early Roman Empire by Emperor Augustus as Augustodunum to give a Roman capital to the Gallic people Aedui , who had Bibracte as their political centre. In Roman times the city may have been home to 30,000 to 100,000 people, according to different estimates. Nowadays, the commune has a population of about 15,000. Augustodunum was founded during

924-412: Was one of the largest in the western part of the empire with a 17,000-seat capacity. To the northwest of the city is the so-called Temple of Janus, only two walls (faces) of which remain. To the southeast is the mysterious Pierre de Couhard, a rock pyramid of uncertain function which may date to Roman times. Autun Cathedral , also known as Saint Lazare Cathedral , dates from the early twelfth century and

957-503: Was proclaimed duke. His possessions extended from Austrasia to Toulouse and included the Autunois and Mâconnais . In 909, William founded the Benedictine abbey of Cluny that would become an important political and religious centre. William required no control over the abbey, which he arranged should be responsible directly to the pope (see Clunian reforms ). This was especially striking since most monasteries were privately owned and

990-417: Was sent to Baume by Abbot Hugh of Autun. This monastery prospered and many monks came there to take vows. His reputation for holiness grew, and he was then asked to take over the leadership of Baume in order to reform it. Berno thus became abbot of Baume and restored this monastery's former reputation for holiness, A second story is supported by later charters that show Baume was dependent upon Gigny. However, it

1023-409: Was supported by Rudolph I of Burgundy In 894, Berno travelled to Rome and got papal approval for the charter of Gigny. The monasteries at Gigny and Baume followed the rule as interpreted by Benedict of Aniane , who had sought to restore the primitive strictness of the monastic observance wherever it had been relaxed. The rule focused on prayer, silence, and solitude. Another account states that Berno

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1056-414: Was their northernmost stronghold and possibly Marseille the easternmost coastal stronghold. In 880, Count Richard of Autun was made the first Duke of Burgundy . In 1506, Barthélemy de Chasseneuz made his reputation as an attorney, defending the rats of Autun against the charge of eating the barley crop. In 1788, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord became bishop of Autun. He was elected member of

1089-416: Was under the protection of the Pope. The Benedictine rule was to be strictly followed. Cluny in return would pay a sum of 10 solidi of gold every five years to the Pope. Anyone who violated the charter that placed Cluny under Rome, was to be subject to a terrible curse including eternal hellfire. The apostles Peter and Paul were called upon to be the guardians of Cluny. Berno administered six monasteries by

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