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39-561: Le Blanc was born in Dijon . His minor orders were strictly pro forma , and he made his reputation with the Lettres d'un François (1745), a collection of letters detailing his perspectives on English society, of which he also made an English translation. Le Blanc had been invited to England by a nobleman in 1737 and remained for a year and a half, passing easily at every level of society, and expressing his observations in ninety-two letters that concerned

78-457: A Roman settlement called Divio , which may mean sacred fountain , located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus , the city's apocryphal patron saint , is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred. This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century, and Dijon was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of

117-541: A mixture of crème de cassis with white wine, traditionally Bourgogne Aligoté . Dijon is home to Dijon FCO , a football club with a men's team competing in the Championnat National and a women's team competing in the Division 1 Féminine . Dijon has a its own (Pro A) basketball club, JDA Dijon Basket . The Palais des Sports de Dijon serves as playground for the team and hosted international basketball events such as

156-519: A renowned pharmaceutical sector. On 4 July 2015, UNESCO registered the historical centre of the city as a World Heritage site , as one of the components of the " Climats, terroirs of Burgundy " site, because of its historical importance in regulating the system of wine production in Burgundy. The earliest archaeological finds within the city limits of Dijon date to the Neolithic period. Dijon later became

195-428: A smaller crop in 2022 caused by a heatwave, attributed to climate change . The 2022 drought resulted in halving its usual harvest. The 2022 shortage was exacerbated by stockpiling by consumers. Dijon mustard does not have a protected geographical indication (PGI). A 1937 decree ruled that "Dijon mustard" can be used as generic designation and has no link to a specific terroir . However, "moutarde de Bourgogne" has

234-565: Is 180 km (110 mi) away and two hours distant by standard train. The city of Nice takes about six hours by TGV and Strasbourg only 1 hour and 56 minutes via the TGV Rhin-Rhône. Lausanne in Switzerland is less than 150 km (93 mi) away or two hours by train. Dijon has a direct overnight sleeper/couchette service to Milan, Verona and Venice by the operator Thello . Numerous regional TER Bourgogne-Franche-Comté trains depart from

273-524: Is a city that serves as the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France . As of 2017 the commune had a population of 156,920. The earliest archaeological finds within the city limits of Dijon date to the Neolithic period . Dijon later became a Roman settlement named Divio , located on the road between Lyon and Paris. The province

312-508: Is a traditional mustard of France. It is named after the city of Dijon in Burgundy , which was the center of mustard making in the late Middle Ages and was granted exclusive rights in France in the 17th century. First used in 1336 for the table of King Philip VI , it assumed its current form in 1856 when Jean Naigeon of Dijon replaced the vinegar usually used in prepared mustard with verjuice ,

351-614: Is one of the ten most important fairs in France. Dijon is also home, every three years, to the international flower show Florissimo . Dijon has numerous museums such as the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon , the Musée Archéologique , the Musée de la Vie Bourguignonne, the Musée d'Art Sacré , and the Musée Magnin . It also contains approximately 700 hectares of parks and green space , including

390-526: Is produced industrially and over 90% of mustard seed used in local production is imported, mainly from Canada. In 2008, Unilever closed its Amora mustard factory in Dijon. Dijon mustard shops sell exotic or unusually-flavoured mustard (fruit-flavoured, for example), often sold in decorative hand-painted faience (china) pots. Burgundy is a world-famous wine growing region, and notable vineyards, such as Vosne-Romanée and Gevrey-Chambertin , are within 20 minutes of

429-626: The Amora manufacturing plant. Since July 15, 2009, Amora's Dijon mustard is no longer manufactured and packaged in the town of Dijon, but in the neighbouring town of Chevigny-Saint-Sauveur . The Grey Poupon mustard brand available in the United States originated in Dijon in 1866. France requires 35,000 tonnes of mustard seed to make Dijon mustard and 80% of the seed is imported from Canada, mainly from Alberta and Saskatchewan where most of Canada's mustard seeds are grown. Canadian production experienced

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468-548: The A38 and A6 motorways. The A31 provides connections to Nancy, Lille and Lyon. The A39 connects Dijon with Bourg-en-Bresse and Geneva, the A36 with Besançon , Mulhouse and Basel . The Canal de Bourgogne passes through the heart of Dijon and creates a navigable route to Paris in the north-west via the river Yonne , a tributary of the river Seine , and to the Saône river 25 km to

507-826: The Bâtiments du Roi . Le Blanc translated David Hume 's Political Discourses (1752), and was entrusted, on leaving England, with a copy of Hume's History intended for Voltaire . Le Blanc's portrait, by Maurice Quentin de La Tour , is at Saint-Quentin. All the available letters, preceded by a full-length introductory study, are in Hélène Monod-Cassidy, Un Voyageur-philosophe au XVIIIème siècle: l'abbé Jean-Bernard Le Blanc (Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature 17 ) 1941. Dijon Dijon ( UK : / ˈ d iː ʒ ɒ̃ / , US : / d iː ˈ ʒ oʊ n / ; French: [diʒɔ̃] )

546-694: The Jardin botanique de l'Arquebuse . Dijon is home to the prominent contemporary art centre Le Consortium , a fine-arts school (ENSA), as well as a number of art galleries like the Fonds régional d'art contemporain , which holds a permanent collection including pieces by locally established artist Yan Pei-Ming . Apart from the numerous bars, which sometimes have live bands, some popular music venues in Dijon are : Le Zenith de Dijon, La Vapeur, l'Espace autogéré des Tanneries and l'Atheneum. Dijon mustard originated in 1856, when Jean Naigeon of Dijon substituted verjuice ,

585-525: The Paris salons , of 1747 and 1753 are a guide to enlightened contemporary taste and the defense of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture , whose members had the exclusive right to exhibit at the Paris salons . He was selected by Mme de Pompadour to accompany her brother Abel-François Poisson, future marquis de Marigny , on an educational trip to Italy in 1749–51, to prepare him for his post as director of

624-457: The Puits de Moïse or Well of Moses , a monumental sculpture by Claus Sluter . The church of Notre Dame is famous for both its art and architecture. Popular legend has it that one of its stone relief sculptures, an owl ( la chouette ) is a good-luck charm : visitors to the church touch the owl with their left hands to make a wish. (The current carving was restored after it was damaged by vandalism in

663-505: The English almost entirely, and concentrated on social observation, with a minority of letters on politics and literature. The letters were based on the notebooks he carried with him everywhere, which were filled with his jottings on the spot. The results were widely read and approved as the judicious appraisal of particular and characteristic English types, viewed dispassionately. Le Blanc was an early champion of Chardin , and his two letters on

702-614: The FIBA EuroBasket 1999 in the past. Dijon is home to the Dijon Ducs ice hockey team, who play in the Magnus League . To the northwest, the race track of Dijon-Prenois hosts various motor sport events. It hosted the Formula 1 French Grand Prix on five occasions from 1974 to 1984. Dijon is twinned with: Dijon mustard Dijon mustard ( French : Moutarde de Dijon )

741-553: The United Kingdom to the Mediterranean. Dijon is an important railway junction for lines from Paris to Lyon and Marseille , and the east–west lines to Besançon , Belfort , Nancy , Switzerland, and Italy. The Dijon-Ville station is the main railway station, providing service to Paris-Gare de Lyon by TGV high-speed train ( LGV Sud-Est ), covering the 300 km (190 mi) in one hour and 40 minutes. For comparison, Lyon

780-435: The acidic "green" juice of not-quite-ripe grapes, for vinegar in the traditional mustard recipe. In general, mustards from Dijon today contain white wine rather than verjuice. Dijon mustard is not necessarily produced near Dijon, as the term is regarded as genericized under European Union law , so that it cannot be registered for protected designation of origin status. Most Dijon mustard (brands such as Amora or Maille )

819-504: The acidic juice of unripe grapes. The main ingredients are brown mustard seeds ( Brassica juncea ) and a mixture of white wine , vinegar, water, and salt designed to imitate the original verjuice. It can be used as an accompaniment to all meats, or mixed with other ingredients to make a sauce. In 2008, the Anglo-Dutch group Unilever , which had several mustard plants in Europe, closed

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858-451: The centre and river Loire via the Canal du Centre . These waterways were largely completed before the 19th century and were the main means of industrial transport until the railways began taking over in the mid-19th century. Today they form a water route for mostly pleasure craft between northern Europe and the south. For example the route through Dijon is popular with those sailing their boats from

897-428: The city center. The town's university boasts a renowned enology institute. The road from Santenay to Dijon is known as the " route des Grands Crus ", where eight of the world's top ten most expensive wines are produced, according to Wine Searcher. The city is also well known for its crème de cassis , or blackcurrant liqueur , used in the drink known as " Kir ", named after former mayor of Dijon canon Félix Kir ,

936-492: The city's central district date from the 18th century and earlier. Dijon architecture is distinguished by, among other things, toits bourguignons (Burgundian polychrome roofs) made of glazed terracotta tiles of various colours arranged in geometric patterns. Dijon was largely spared the destruction of wars such as the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and the Second World War, despite the city being occupied. Therefore, many of

975-400: The city's central district date from the 18th century and earlier. Dijon's architecture is distinguished by, among other things, toits bourguignons (Burgundian polychrome roofs) made of glazed terracotta tiles of various colours arranged in geometric patterns. Dijon holds an International and Gastronomic Fair every year in the northern-hemisphere autumn. Dijon also hosts every three years

1014-484: The day while summers are warm to hot and humid with frequent thunderstorms. Dijon has a large number of churches, including Notre Dame de Dijon , St. Philibert, St. Michel, and Dijon Cathedral , dedicated to the apocryphal Saint Benignus, the crypt of which is over 1,000 years old. The city has retained varied architectural styles from many of the main periods of the past millennium, including Capetian, Gothic and Renaissance . Many still-inhabited townhouses in

1053-575: The department its name. Dijon lies 310 km (193 mi) southeast of Paris, 190 km (118 mi) northwest of Geneva , and 190 km (118 mi) north of Lyon . Dijon features an oceanic climate (Cfb) with continental influence under the Köppen climate classification . The city is highly influenced by its position far inland in Northeastern France. Thus, winters are cool to cold with moderate frosts at night and thawing conditions during

1092-502: The great European centres of art, learning, and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe . The Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy now houses the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) and the musée des Beaux-Arts (Museum of Fine Arts). In 1513, Swiss and Imperial armies invaded Burgundy and besieged Dijon, which was defended by the governor of

1131-498: The international flower show Florissimo . Dijon has become famous for Dijon mustard , which originated in 1856, when Jean Naigeon of Dijon substituted verjuice , the acidic "green" juice of not-quite-ripe grapes, for vinegar in the traditional mustard recipe. Dijon is a green city with an important tertiary sector, as well as a regional economic centre with a diversified fabric, a traditional food-processing center (Dijon crême de cassis and kir, gingerbread, Lanvin chocolate...) and

1170-625: The night of 5 and 6 January 2001). The Grand Théâtre de Dijon, built in 1828 and one of the main performing venues of the Opéra de Dijon , was declared a monument historique of France in 1975. It was designed by the Dijon-born architect Jacques Cellerier (1742–1814) in the Neo-classical style with an interior modelled on Italian opera houses. Dijon is located approximately 300 km (190 mi) southeast of Paris, about three hours by car along

1209-526: The old buildings such as the half-timbered houses dating from the 12th to the 15th centuries (found mainly in the city's core district) are undamaged, at least by organized violence. Dijon is home to many museums, including the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon in part of the Ducal Palace (see below). It contains, among other things, ducal kitchens dating back to the mid-15th century, and a substantial collection of primarily European art, from Roman times through

Jean-Bernard, abbé Le Blanc - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-567: The present. Among the more popular sights is the Ducal Palace , the Palais des Ducs et des États de Bourgogne or "Palace of the Dukes and the States of Burgundy" ( 47°19′19″N 5°2′29″E  /  47.32194°N 5.04139°E  / 47.32194; 5.04139 ), which includes one of only a few remaining examples of Capetian period architecture in the region. Many art interested visitors flock to

1287-553: The province, Louis II de la Trémoille . The siege was extremely violent, but the town succeeded in resisting the invaders. After long negotiations, Louis II de la Trémoille managed to persuade the Swiss and the Imperial armies to withdraw their troops and also to return three hostages who were being held in Switzerland. During the siege, the population called on the Virgin Mary for help and saw

1326-703: The same station. There is another railway station east of the city centre, Dijon-Porte-Neuve station , on the line to Is-sur-Tille and Culmont-Chalindrey. A new tram system opened in September 2012. Line T1 is an 8.5 kilometres (5.3 miles) line with 16 stations running west–east from the Dijon railway station to Quetigny . Line T2 opened in December 2012, an 11.5 km (7.1 miles) north–south line with 21 stations running between Valmy and Chenôve. Dijon holds its International and Gastronomic Fair every year in autumn. With over 500 exhibitors and 200,000 visitors every year, it

1365-725: The south-east. The canal joins the Saône at Saint-Jean-de-Losne which is the barging centre of France and Europe. In addition to the connection to the Atlantic via the Seine it has navigable water connections to the Mediterranean—via the Saône to the Rhône river at Lyon and further south (ultimately west to the Atlantic via the Canal du Midi )—Germany and central Europe—via the Rhône-Rhine canal —plus west to

1404-635: The town's history: it shows the town before all subsequent destruction (particularly that which occurred during the French Revolution) and is an example of 16th-century art. A system of purified water for the citizens of Dijon was constructed by Henry Darcy a quarter-century before Paris was so supplied. Dijon was also occupied by anti-Napoleonic coalitions in 1814, by the Prussian army in 1870–71, and by Nazi Germany beginning in June 1940, during WWII, when it

1443-437: The town's successful resistance and the subsequent withdrawal of the invaders as a miracle. For those reasons, in the years following the siege, the inhabitants of Dijon began to venerate Notre-Dame de Bon-Espoir (Our Lady of Good Hope). Although a few areas of the town were destroyed, there are nearly no signs of the siege of 1513 visible today. However, Dijon's museum of fine arts has a large tapestry depicting this episode in

1482-624: Was bombed by US Air Force B-17 Flying Fortresses, before the liberation of Dijon by the French Army and the French Resistance, 11 September 1944. Dijon is situated at the heart of a plain drained by two small converging rivers: the Suzon , which crosses it mostly underground from north to south, and the Ouche , on the southern side of town. Farther south is the côte , or hillside, of vineyards that gives

1521-401: Was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th centuries, and Dijon became a place of tremendous wealth and power, one of the great European centres of art, learning, and science. The city has retained varied architectural styles from many of the main periods of the past millennium, including Capetian, Gothic , and Renaissance . Many still-inhabited townhouses in

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