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48-614: Audio Video Bridging is the set of standards developed by the IEEE Audio Video Bridging Task Group of the IEEE 802.1 standards committee. The committee developed the original technical standards for AVB, a way to simplify audio and video streaming through the use of the Ethernet cable, rather than the complicated approach traditionally taken using an array of analog one-way, single-purpose and point-to-point cables. Avnu Alliance

96-717: A Layer 2 Audio Video Transport Protocol (AVTP) defines details for transmitting IEEE 1394 / IEC 61883 streams and other AV formats, setting the presentation time for each AV stream, and manage latencies from worst case delay calculated by the gPTP protocol. IEEE Std 1722.1-2013 is a standard that provides AVB discovery, enumeration, connection management, and control (AVDECC) of devices using IEEE Std 1722-2011. AVDECC defines operations to discover device addition and removal, retrieve device entity model, connect and disconnect streams, manage device and connection status, and remote control devices. Higher layer services can improve synchronisation and latency of media transmission by mapping

144-496: A hierarchical tree topology . AVB includes layer 2 protocols to reserve connection bandwidth and prioritise network traffic, which guarantee precise sync clock and low transmission latency for each stream. Tight sync between multiple AV streams is needed for lip sync between video and related audio streams, to keep multiple digitally connected speakers in phase in a professional environment (which requires 1 μs precision), and to prevent audio or video packets from arriving late to

192-456: A new, patented horn loudspeaker design that reduced distortion by a factor of ten compared to previous designs. This patent was the first of more than three dozen issued to the company since its founding. John Meyer was also involved in the development of the Grateful Dead's Wall of Sound . In 1980, at the behest of Broadway sound designer Abe Jacob , Meyer Sound repackaged the technology of

240-418: A product is submitted to Avnu Alliance for certification, it is tested against over 400 pages of conformance requirements, which combine IEEE 802.1 standard requirements with additional requirements developed by Avnu. Any issues the product may have are then reported to the manufacturer. After fixing any outstanding issues, the manufacturer can submit the product to Avnu for official approval and permission to use

288-483: A seamless switchover mechanism. AVDECC defines operations to discover device addition and removal, retrieve device entity model, connect and disconnect streams, manage device and connection status, and remote control devices. In October 2021, Avnu Alliance introduced the Milan Advanced Certification Program to make certification testing more streamlined for its members including the introduction of

336-460: A single standards-based network. The Avnu Alliance's goal is to make it easier to implement network systems by promoting the adoption of the IEEE 802.1, 1722 and 1733 AVB standards in automotive, professional and consumer electronics markets, ensuring that AVB products from different manufacturers would be able to interconnect seamlessly. Along with ensuring interoperability, the adoption of IEEE 802.1 (and

384-465: A subwoofer (busted). In 2005, Meyer Sound acquired LCS Audio and launched its LCS Series of digital audio products. The first new development by Meyer Sound of LCS technology was Constellation electroacoustic architecture, launched in 2006. Constellation is based on the VRAS (Variable Room Acoustic System) technology first developed and patented by Dr. Mark Poletti of Industrial Research Limited. An aspect of

432-675: A technology standard. In October 2021, Avnu Alliance expanded global TSN testing with new Registered Test Facilities (RTF) around the world including: Allion in Taichung, Taiwan; Excelfore in Tokyo, Japan; and Granite River Labs in both Santa Clara, CA, USA and Karlsruhe, Germany. The technology ecosystem supporting and accelerating the development of Avnu certified products has matured to include standards-compliant silicon devices , FPGA IP , open-source software, and also 3rd-party AVB certification services such as Coveloz's AVB Certification Service. When

480-434: Is a common name for a set of technical standards that provide improved synchronization, low latency, and reliability for switched Ethernet networks. AVB embodies the following technologies and standards: IEEE 802.1Qat and 802.1Qav amendments have been incorporated to the base IEEE 802.1Q -2011 document, which specifies the operation of Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges and Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks . AVB

528-614: Is based on standard RTP over UDP/IP and IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTPv2) for timing; interoperability with AVB/TSN can be achieved by linking IEEE 802.1AS timing information to AES67 PTPv2 payload data. AES67 implementation with AVB interoperability has been demoed at InfoComm 2016. In 2018, the Avnu Alliance announced the Milan initiative to promote interoperability of AVB devices and provide product certification and testing. The specification requires media clocking based on

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576-462: Is based on the following IEEE standards: The specification requires media clocking based on the IEEE 1722 CRF (Clock Reference Format) and sample rate of 48 kHz (optionally 96 and 192 kHz); audio stream format is based on IEEE 1722 32-bit Standard AAF Audio Format with 8 channels per stream (optionally, 24 and 32 bit High Capacity Format with 56 and 64 channels). Redundancy is provided with two independent logical networks for every endpoint and

624-543: Is easier to set up and able to carry a larger amount of information than what was regularly used in networking environments. In 2018, the Avnu Alliance announced the Milan (Media-integrated local area network), an initiative to define implementation details such as media formats, clocking, redundancy and device control, and provide certification and testing program to ensure that devices from different vendors are interoperable within common device profiles. Milan specification

672-474: Is implemented as a switched Ethernet network that works by reserving a fraction of the available Ethernet for AV traffic. The AVB architecture introduces three primary differences: The IEEE 802.1BA is an umbrella standard for these three principal technologies, which defines application-specific configurations and operation procedures for devices in switched audio video networks. The new layer-2 configuration protocols work with backward-compatible extensions to

720-666: Is to enable geographically distributed, campus- or enterprise-wide Intranet for content delivery with bounded low latency (10-15 ms). A single network shall handle both A/V and IT traffic, with Layer 3 routing on top of AVB QoS networks to enable sharing content between Layer 2 AVB segments, and provide IntServ and DiffServ integration with AVB where possible. Unused reserved bandwidth shall be released for best-effort traffic. The protocol stack shall have Plug-and-play capabilities from top to bottom to reduce manual setup and administration, allow quick changes of network devices and network topology. Large-scale AVB networks, like those used by

768-483: Is vice president and chairman of Avnu Alliance. Avnu Alliance invites industry companies to participate and collaborate in their efforts to improve audio/video quality. Their members create a broad array of products, including cars, semiconductors, loudspeakers, consoles and microphones. By 2012, Avnu Alliance had created a single set of open standards for AVB, which it uses to certify devices to guarantee interoperability. Since January 2012, Avnu Alliance has worked with

816-615: Is working to define deterministic data paths with bounds on latency, loss, and packet delay variation (jitter), and high reliability. DetNet shall operate over both Layer 2 bridged segments and Layer 3 routed segments, relying on interoperability with AVB/TSN switches when possible. One of the possible application of DetNet is professional audio/video, such as music and film production, broadcast, cinema, live sound, and large venue (stadiums, halls, conference centers, theme parks, airports, train terminals, etc.) systems for public addressing, media streaming and emergency announcement. The stated goal

864-474: The ESPN SportsCenter "Digital Center 2" broadcast facility, which hosts multiple individual studios, are laid with many miles of fiber and have ten Tbit/s of bandwidth for a hundred thousand signals transmitted simultaneously; in the absence of standards-based solution to interconnect individual AVB segments, a custom software-defined networking router is required. The work on A/V streaming started at

912-533: The IEEE 802.3re 'Residential Ethernet ' study group in July 2004. In November 2005, it was moved to the IEEE 802.1 committee responsible for cross-network bridging standards. Meyer Sound Meyer Sound Laboratories is an American company based in Berkeley, California that manufactures self-powered loudspeakers , multichannel audio show control systems, electroacoustic architecture, and audio analysis tools for

960-588: The TEC Awards in 1990 in the Transducer Technology category. The release of the MSL-4 in 1994 marked the beginning of Meyer Sound's production of self-powered loudspeaker systems for high-level sound reinforcement, and, over the following years, the company converted their entire loudspeaker product line into self-powered systems. Meyer Sound Laboratories has participated and been featured in several episodes of

1008-493: The 802.1BA specification requires every talker and network bridge to be grandmaster capable. 802.3 link management and 802.1AS link delay measurement protocols calculate the round-trip delay to the AVB endpoint; this needs to be better than worst-case wire delay from the 802.1AS peer delay algorithm. Higher-level protocols may use 802.1AS clock information to set the exact presentation time for each AV stream. IEEE Std 1722-2011 for

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1056-586: The AVB Stream ID to internal stream identifiers to and basing internal timestamps on gPTP master clock. IEEE Std 1733-2011 defines a Layer 3 protocol profile for Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) applications with a RTCP payload format, which assigns the Stream ID from SRP to the RTP's Synchronization source identifier (SSRC), and correlates RTP timestamps for presentation time with 802.1AS gPTP master clock. AES67

1104-1257: The AVB and TSN standards, the AVnu Alliance develops device certification for the automotive, consumer, and professional audio and video markets. Analog audio video (AV) equipment historically used one-way, single-purpose, point-to-point connections. Even digital AV standards, such as S/PDIF for audio and the serial digital interface (SDI) for video, retain these properties. This connection model results in large masses of cables, especially in professional applications and high-end audio. Attempts to solve these problems were based on multi-point network topologies, such as IEEE 1394 (FireWire), and included adaptation of standard switched computer network technologies such as Audio over Ethernet and Audio over IP . Professional, home, and automotive AV solutions came to use specialized protocols that do not interoperate between each other or standard IT protocols, while standard computer networks did not provide tight quality of service with strict timing and predictable or bounded latency. To overcome these limitations, Audio Video Bridging networks transmit multiple audiovisual streams through standard Ethernet switches (i.e. MAC bridges ) connected in

1152-529: The AVTP CRF (Clock Reference Format) and sample rate of 48 kHz (optionally 96 and 192 kHz); audio stream format is based on AVTP IEC 61883 -6 32-bit Standard AAF Audio Format with 1 to 8 audio channels per stream (optionally, 24- and 32-bit High Capacity Format with 56 and 64 channels). Redundancy is provided with two independent logical networks for every endpoint and a seamless switchover mechanism. The IETF Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Working Group

1200-490: The Avnu Express Test Tool that vendors can use to internally verify device conformance prior to submission for certification testing, providing valuable insights into the product that can be used to optimize product development, increasing the probability of certification success, and saving manufacturers time, resources, and money. The Alliance members represent a variety of facets of automotive technology. Because of

1248-660: The Avnu certification logo on the product and any accompanying marketing efforts. In February 2014, Avnu Alliance announced their first certified products, a series of AVB switches from Extreme Networks that passed all conformance tests and will bear the Avnu-certified logo. Extreme Networks' Summit X440 is a series of stackable switches that extend the benefits of the ExtremeXOS software. They are intended for professional AV and IT applications, allowing data, audio and video to co-exist on

1296-643: The Constellation system is that it uses an advanced, high-powered computer that calculates twenty thousand echoes per second. A Constellation system was installed in a rehearsal area at Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco in late 2013, a facility that is used by the San Francisco Symphony and San Francisco Opera . D-Mitri, a next-generation engine for the LCS Series, was introduced in 2009. In 2008,

1344-595: The Discovery Channel series “ MythBusters ” involving sound. As a result, Meyer Sound acoustician Roger Schwenke has become an "honorary" member of the MythBusters team. The first MythBusters episode involving the company was “busting” the myth that a duck's quack will not echo. The second time was the infamous “Brown Note” episode, which explored the myth that a person subjected to high levels of very low-frequency sound could experience “involuntary intestinal motility." In

1392-483: The Ethernet 802.1 frame format; such minimal changes allow AVB devices to coexist and communicate in standard IT networks, however, only AVB-capable switches and endpoint can reserve network resources with admission control and synchronize local time to a master clock, which is required for low latency time-sensitive traffic. AVB traffic is replicated in a multicast manner, with one talker (stream initiator) and multiple listeners. AVB packets are sent at regular intervals in

1440-479: The JASPAR Alliance to standardize in-vehicle Ethernet requirements. The IEEE AVB Task Group has developed a series of enhancements that provide highly-reliable delivery of low latency, synchronized audio and video. This technology enables the construction of affordable, high performance professional media networks. Video interoperability specifications for the pro market are currently in development. Meyer Sound

1488-646: The UltraMonitor into the UPA-1. This loudspeaker had an immediate impact on theatrical sound, but was also notable for its introduction of the trapezoidal cabinet shape, which enabled the construction of curved arrays (flat-front arrays, in common use at the time, result in substantial destructive interference). A patent was issued for this innovation. The UPA-1 was an inaugural inductee into the TECnology Hall of Fame . Meyer Sound pioneered high-level loudspeaker arrays with

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1536-416: The allocated time slots, preventing collisions for AV traffic. AVB guarantees a latency of 2 ms for Class A traffic and 50 ms for Class B traffic over a maximum of 7 hops, with a transmission period of 125 μs for Class A and 250 μs for Class B traffic. An IEEE 802.1AS network timing domain includes all devices that communicate using the gPTP protocol. The grandmaster is a device chosen as the reference clock;

1584-530: The course of a performance. SIM System II, the second generation of this technology (and the first version practical for widespread field use), won an R&D 100 Award (awarded for the 100 best engineering feats in any field worldwide) in 1992, in addition to the TEC award the original system received in 1986. Meyer Sound introduced the HD-1 studio monitor, a fully integrated self-powered loudspeaker, in 1989. The HD-1 won at

1632-434: The course of busting this myth, John Meyer became interested in the physical aspect of transmission of very low frequencies. Three other MythBusters episodes involving sound tested the myths that a glass could be shattered by sound alone (confirmed), that a candle flame could be extinguished by sound alone (confirmed), and that an SKS rifle could be made to fire by subjecting it to massive quantities of very low frequencies from

1680-427: The endpoint, resulting in a dropped frame of video and unwanted audio glitches such as a pop or silence. Worst-case delay, including source and destination buffering, is required to be low and deterministic: the user-interface delay shall be around 50 ms, so that the pressing of a button and the resulting action are perceived as happening instantly, and 2 ms for live performance or studio work. Audio Video Bridging

1728-493: The gigantic speakers with them when they traveled. Prior to this, John Meyer developed a sound system named "Glyph", which used said large loudspeakers . During this time period, Meyer was also involved in developing and constructing custom mixing consoles . A demonstration of the ACD system led to Meyer Sound creating a subwoofer for film director Francis Ford Coppola ’s use with the custom, quadraphonic sound system that toured with

1776-457: The growing complexity of in-vehicle audio/video systems and the increasing number of in-vehicle applications (such as infotainment, safety and multiple cameras), testing to ensure interoperability is increasingly important in the automotive market. Automotive systems with multiple applications require interoperability to work properly. As of 2013, Avnu Alliance works with the GENIVI Alliance and

1824-466: The original 70 mm release of Apocalypse Now . This was a forerunner for now-industry standard loudspeakers, using a dedicated processing unit to provide crossover, amplitude and phase correction, along with driver protection. Also in 1979, the company developed the UM-1 UltraMonitor, which led to a long association with the band Grateful Dead . The UltraMonitor was the first product to employ

1872-617: The professional sound reinforcement , fixed installation, and sound recording industries. The company's emphasis on research and measurement has resulted in the issuance of dozens of patents, including for the now-standard trapezoidal loudspeaker cabinet shape. Meyer Sound has pioneered other technologies that have become standard in the audio industry, including: processor-controlled loudspeaker systems, self-powered loudspeakers, curvilinear arraying, cardioid subwoofers , and source independent measurement. Some symphony halls and performing arts facilities utilize Meyer Sound products, such as

1920-803: The rehearsal area at Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco, Svetlanov Hall in Moscow, Russia, and the Musikverein in Vienna, Austria. Meyer Sound's Constellation acoustic system is used to manage outdoor sound at the New World Center in Miami, Florida, which is the headquarters for the New World Symphony . In 1979, John and Helen Meyer established Meyer Sound to produce reliable high-fidelity products for sound reinforcement professionals. Meyer Sound's first product

1968-405: The related IEEE 1722 and IEEE 1733) AVB standards over various networks would reduce technical issues, such as synching, glitches and delays, while improving content streaming capabilities. The Alliance's industry standards improved Ethernet technology, making it simpler to add enhanced performance and capabilities to audio/video networks, while bringing down costs by using lighter, cheaper cable that

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2016-486: The release of the huge MSL-10 in 1981, followed by the MSL-3, a single cabinet (essentially a “slice” of an MSL-10) configurable into arrays of nearly any size. Expanding on the appearance of real-time, dual FFT analyzers, Meyer Sound introduced source independent measurement (SIM) in 1984. SIM allowed sound system operators to use music itself as a test source for the first time, enabling continuous sound system correction over

2064-590: The second generation of AVB standards. In April 2013, the forum launched the Avnu Alliance Broadcast Advisory Council (AABAC) to assess and improve AVB requirements in the broadcast industry. Created with the participation of Avnu Alliance members, network technologists and broadcasters, the AABAC also intends to promote the use of AVB in broadcast applications. Avnu Alliance's president is Dave Cavalcanti of Intel Corporation, Gary Stuebing of Cisco

2112-697: The test house, the University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory (UNH-IOL), to test interoperability and provide validation for its certified products. Avnu's certification testing officially began at UNH-IOL in February 2013. The UNH-IOL is a neutral, independent testing service that works with other audio/video industry consortiums, including the Ethernet Alliance , Wi-Fi Alliance and IPv6 Forum, to provide third-party verification, lower costs through collaborative testing, and help guide industry acceptance of

2160-635: Was initially developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Audio Video Bridging task group of the IEEE 802.1 standards committee. In November 2012, Audio Video Bridging task group was renamed to Time-Sensitive Networking task group to reflect the expanded scope of its work, which is to "provide the specifications that will allow time-synchronized low latency streaming services through IEEE 802 networks". Further standardization efforts are ongoing in IEEE 802.1 TSN task group. To help ensure interoperability between devices that implement

2208-446: Was launched on August 25, 2009, to create certification processes based on AVB standards that would ensure interoperability. Founding members include: Broadcom , Cisco Systems , Harman International , Intel and Xilinx . In 2012, Avnu Alliance announced the formation of Avnu Automotive AVB Gen2 Council (AAA2C), a committee of automotive industry experts that will collectively identify automotive requirements for future development of

2256-751: Was noted for adopting Avnu Alliance's Ethernet standards to assist in the development of its first AVB-capable loudspeaker, named CAL, which stands for column array loudspeaker, completed in 2013. The improvements to Ethernet developed by IEEE's AVB task force also benefit those desiring to distribute digital content among multiple devices in their home networks. In 2013, the Avnu Alliance began to establish testing requirements for AVB interoperability specifications for reliable, time-synced AV streaming over Ethernet and wireless networks in residential applications. Avnu's Industrial group defines compliance and interoperability requirements for TSN networking elements. Audio Video Bridging Audio Video Bridging (AVB)

2304-560: Was the ACD/John Meyer studio monitor , based on a design Meyer developed while heading the acoustics laboratory at the Institute for Advanced Musical Studies in Switzerland. Prior to the founding of Meyer Sound, the Meyers started a relatively short-lived company named Glyph, which in part provided large speakers that were four to eight feet in diameter. However, bands were unable to bring

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