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58-715: Avcon belonged to the Maréchal Electric group of companies, which has its primary corporate headquarters in France. Maréchal established the MELTRIC Corporation in 1981 to market products for North America; MELTRIC, in turn, registered the trademark for Avcon Corporation in 1995. The initial registered address for Avcon was in Cudahy, Wisconsin . The AVCON conductive interface was used by the Ford Ranger EV truck, Solectria , and

116-417: A 240 V NEMA 14–50 outlet , and inductive EV charging cannot, some RAV4 EV drivers have taken to bringing their SPI TAL inductive charger with them. This allows RAV4 EVs with an inductive charging system to recharge from public, conductive, AVCON EV charging heads. This practice will fade away since virtually all 2011 and later production Electric Vehicles are equipped with a SAE J1772 charge port. Drivers of

174-495: A 350 kW DC charger, IONIQ 5 can charge from 10 percent to 80 percent in just 18 minutes. According to WLTP cycle, IONIQ 5 users only need to charge the vehicle for five minutes to get 100 km of range." These vehicles are capable of accepting up to 230kW until about 50% State of charge , allowing these vehicles to recharge much quicker than similar EVs with lower voltage batteries. Some EVs have extended J1772 to allow AC Level 1 (120   V) charging at greater than 16 amps. This

232-791: A 66-kWh lithium-ion battery and a 7.2-kW onboard charging module; with an EPA range of 259 miles (417 km) and energy efficiency of 118 mpg‑e (29 kW⋅h/100 mi; 17.7 kW⋅h/100 km), it can use its portable charge cord to charge at AC Level 1 (120   V, 12   A) to get up to 4 mi (6.4 km) of range per hour or go off an AC Level 2 charging unit (240   V, 32   A) to get up to 25 mi (40 km) of range per hour. Using an optional DC fast charging (DCFC) port, this model can also charge at up to 55   kW to get up to 90 mi (140 km) of range per half hour. Other EVs utilizing an 800v battery architecture (such as those on Hyundai's E-GMP platform) can charge much faster. According to Hyundai, "With

290-483: A CCS charging cable. The J1772-2009 connector is designed for single phase alternating current electrical systems with 120 V or 240 V such as those used in North America and Japan. The round 43-millimetre (1.7 in) diameter connector is keyed and has five pins (viewed from outside of the plug): The connector is designed to withstand 10,000 mating cycles (a connection and a disconnection) and exposure to

348-635: A J1772/CCS Combo Coupler variant of the J1772-2009 connector in order to also support the Combined Charging System standard for direct current (DC) fast charging, which includes the standard 5-pin J1772 connector along with an additional two larger pins to support fast DC charging. Combo 1 accommodates charging at 200–920 volts DC and up to 350 kW. [1] The combination coupler will also use power-line communication technology to communicate between

406-399: A cable is hooked up to the charging station, which activates the wave generator. The charging is activated by the vehicle by adding parallel 1.3 kΩ resistor resulting in a voltage drop to +6 V or by adding a parallel 270 Ω resistor for a required ventilation resulting in a voltage drop to +3 V. Hence the charging station can react by only checking the voltage range present on

464-486: A formula based on the 1 ms full cycle (of the 1 kHz signal) with the maximum continuous ampere rating being 0.6 A per 10 μs up to 850 μs (with the lowest (100 μs/10 μs) × 0.6 A = 6 A). Above 850 μs, the formula requires subtraction of 640 μs and multiplying the difference by 2.5. For example ((960 μs − 640 μs)/10 μs) × 2.5 A = 80 A. The proximity pin, PP (also known as plug present ), as shown in

522-682: A new standard that mandated the usage of the new connector beginning with the 2010 model year; this was approved in 2012. The Yazaki plug that was built to the new SAE J1772 plug standard successfully completed certification at UL . The standard specification was subsequently voted upon by the SAE committee in July 2009. On January 14, 2010, the SAE J1772 REV 2009 was adopted by the SAE Motor Vehicle Council. The companies participating in or supporting

580-533: A rectangular connector capable of delivering up to 6.6 kW of electrical power. The California regulations mandated the usage of SAE J1772-2001 beginning with the 2006 model year. CARB would later ask for higher current delivery than the 6.6 kW that the 2001 J1772 (Avcon) standard supported. This process led to the proposal of a new round connector design by Yazaki which allowed for an increased power delivery of up to 19.2 kW delivered via single phase 120–240 V AC at up to 80 amps. In 2008, CARB published

638-460: A temperature range of −40 °C to +85 °C. Control Pilot (Mode) : The charging station sends a 1 kHz square wave on the control pilot that is connected back to the protective earth on the vehicle side by means of a resistor and a diode (voltage range ±12.0±0.4 V). The live wires of public charging stations are always dead if the CP–PE ( Protective Earth ) circuit is open, although

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696-464: A wide range of single-phase (1φ) alternating current (AC) charging rates. They range from portable devices that can connect to a household NEMA 5-15 outlet that can deliver 1.44 kW (12 A @ 120 V) to hardwired equipment that can deliver up to 19.2 kW (80 A @ 240 V). These connectors are sometimes informally referred to as chargers, but they are " electric vehicle supply equipment " (EVSE), since they only supply AC power to

754-465: Is a 32 A maximum and a 90% PWM flags a fast charge option. The PWM duty cycle of the 1 kHz CP signal indicates the maximum allowed mains current. According to the SAE it includes socket outlet, cable and vehicle inlet. In the US, the definition of the ampacity (ampere capacity, or current capacity) is split for continuous and short term operation. The SAE defines the ampacity value to be derived by

812-658: Is also listed as the Type 1 coupler in the IEC 62196 -2 AC charging standard, and the AVCON coupler is now deprecated. The AVCON conductive interface was the primary competitor to the Magne Charge inductive charging paddle used by the General Motors EV1 and Chevy S10 EV , plus the 2002 Toyota RAV4 EV . Ford and Honda chose AVCON as a more cost effective EV charging solution to transfer

870-601: Is considered a “Type 1” implementation providing a single phase coupler. The SAE J1772-2009 was adopted by electric vehicle manufacturers in the Chevrolet Volt and the Nissan Leaf . The connector became standard equipment in the U.S. market due to the availability of charging stations supporting it in the nation's electric vehicle network (helped by funding such as the ChargePoint America program drawing grants from

928-457: Is essential for the CCS implementation where the connector is not designed to break the heavy DC charging current. The SAE J1772-2017 standard defines four levels of charging: AC Level 1 , AC Level 2 , DC Level 1 , and DC Level 2 . Earlier released revisions of J1772 also listed a never-implemented AC Level 3 , which was considered but never implemented. For example, the 2020 Chevrolet Bolt has

986-657: Is useful, for example, at RV parks where TT-30 ("Travel Trailer" - 120   V, 30   A) receptacles are common. These allow charging at up to 24 amps. However, this level of 120   V charging has not been codified into J1772. Another extension, supported by the North American Charging System , is Level 2 charging at 277   V. Like 208   V, 277   V is commonly found in North American commercial three-phase circuits. The J1772 standard includes several levels of shock protection, ensuring

1044-531: The Electric Auto Association , a 501.3c nonprofit , have set up funds soliciting public donations for EV charging so the charging stations can be repaired after vandals damage them. This keeps the EVs on the road by extending their range for very little electricity cost to the host. AVCON stations are being converted to the round (Yazaki) SAE J1772 (2009) connector or phased out starting in 2011. In general,

1102-511: The General Motors EV1 and Toyota RAV4 EV used Magne Charge (SAE J1773), an inductive system. CARB rejected the inductive technology in favor of conductive coupling to supply electricity for recharging. In June 2001, CARB adopted the SAE J1772-2001 standard as the charging interface for electric vehicles in California. This early version of the connector was made by Avcon and featured

1160-467: The Honda EV Plus . The AVCON conductive EV charging coupler system consists of a rectangular charging connector (the male handle at the end of the electric vehicle supply equipment cable) which plugs into a vehicle inlet (the female receptacle) mounted on the vehicle. The SAE J1772 "SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler" recommended practice for surface vehicles was first issued in 1996, with

1218-639: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 4.76 square miles (12.3 km ), all of it land. The city is next door to the Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport . At the 2010 census there were 18,267 people, 8,059 households, and 4,666 families living in the city. The population density was 3,837.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,481.7/km ). There were 8,662 housing units at an average density of 1,819.7 per square mile (702.6/km ). The racial makeup of

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1276-492: The Wisconsin State Assembly . SAE J1772 SAE J1772 , also known as a J plug or Type 1 connector after its international standard, IEC 62196 Type 1, is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by SAE International under the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler". The SAE maintains

1334-615: The smart grid , without requiring an additional pin; SAE and the IEEE Standards Association are sharing their draft standards related to the smart grid and vehicle electrification. P1901 communication is compatible with other 802.x standards via the IEEE 1905 standard, allowing arbitrary IP-based communications with the vehicle, meter or distributor, and the building where chargers are located. P1905 includes wireless communications. In at least one implementation, communication between

1392-478: The AVCON connector described in an appendix.  Maréchal designed the initial coupler with butt connectors, which included 11 contacts overall, two of which were DC contacts for Level 3 charging (as defined in article 625 of the 1999 version of the National Electric Code ). The November 2001 version of SAE J1772 moved the AVCON connector into the main body, making it the default connector in North America;

1450-527: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act). The European versions were equipped with a SAE J1772-2009 inlet as well until the automotive industry settled on the IEC Type 2 “Mennekes” connector as the standard inlet – since all IEC connectors use the same SAE J1772 signaling protocol the car manufacturers are selling cars with either a SAE J1772-2009 inlet or an IEC Type 2 inlet depending on

1508-533: The CP–PE loop. Note that the diode will only make for a voltage drop in the positive range; any negative voltage on the CP–PE loop is blocked by D1 in the vehicle, any significant current that does flow in the CP–PE loop during the negative period will shut off the current as being considered a fatal error (like touching the pins). For IEC62196-2 male plugs the Control Pilot pin is made shorter to prevent untethered cables being used as "extension leads", This prevents

1566-586: The SAE J1772 example pinout, describes the switch, S3, as being mechanically linked to the connector latch release actuator. During charging, the EVSE side connects the PP–PE loop via S3 and a 150 Ω R6; when opening the release actuator a 330 Ω R7 is added in the PP–PE loop on the EVSE side which gives a voltage shift on the line to allow the electric vehicle to initiate a controlled shut off prior to actual disconnection of

1624-645: The Type 2 (VDE) AC charging connector (Combo 2) maintaining full compatibility with the SAE specification for DC charging and the HomePlug Green PHY PLC protocol. In 2019 Tesla introduced the Model 3 with a CCS Combo 2 plug in Europe, but has not introduced models with CCS in the US. With the introduction of the Model 3 in Europe, Tesla added CCS charging cables to V2 Superchargers (supporting both CCS Combo 2 and Tesla DC Type 2). European V3 Tesla Superchargers include only

1682-469: The age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. Of households, 32.5% were one person and 12.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.94. The age distribution was 23.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% 65 or older. The median age

1740-784: The area. Cudahy High School is the local high school. St. Paul's Lutheran School is a K4–8 Christian grade school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in Cudahy. Cudahy is represented by Bryan Steil (R) in the United States House of Representatives , and by Ron Johnson (R) and Tammy Baldwin (D) in the United States Senate . Chris Larson (D) represents Cudahy in the Wisconsin State Senate , and Christine Sinicki (D) represents Cudahy in

1798-518: The cable is exceeded as detected by the measurement of the Rc (shown as R6 in the J1772 signaling circuit above), as defined by the values for the recommended interpretation range. Rc is placed between the PP and PE, within the detachable cable assembly. In an updated standard due in 2012, SAE proposes to use power line communication , specifically IEEE 1901 , between the vehicle, off-board charging station , and

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1856-444: The car owner via remote control. If the car locks or releases its plug, the charger will follow suit according to the PP signal. In addition, the charge port on many modern cars with a J1772 connector have an extendable pin that blocks the J1772 latch from being raised. By making extending this pin, it becomes impossible to raise the release latch. In this way, the vehicle can prevent a plugged-in J1772 connector from being removed. This

1914-455: The charge power pins. However, many low-power adapter cables do not offer that locking actuator state detection on the PP pin. Under IEC 62196 the Proximity Pin is also used to indicate the cable capacity – this is relevant for non-tethered EVSEs. The resistor is coded to the maximum current capability of the cable assembly. The EV interrupts the current supply if the current capability of

1972-565: The city was 88.8% White, 2.7% African American, 0.9% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 3.6% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.7%. Out of 8,059 households, 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.1% were non-families. Of households, 35.5% were made up of individuals, and 13.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size

2030-469: The city. The population density was 3,880.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,498.1/km ). There were 8,273 housing units at an average density of 1,741.8 per square mile (672.5/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 93.89% White, 0.95% African American, 0.81% Native American, 0.84% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.45% from other races, and 2.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.73%. Out of 7,888 households, 28.0% had children under

2088-566: The conversion process is largely mechanical, consisting of replacing the AVCON connector with a Yazaki connector, as the signaling protocols are similar. Cudahy, Wisconsin Cudahy ( / ˈ k ʌ d ə h eɪ / ) is a city in Milwaukee County , Wisconsin , United States. The population was 18,204 at the 2020 census . Originally known as the Buckhorn Settlement, it was renamed in

2146-505: The elements. With 1 mating cycle per day, the connector's lifespan should exceed 27 years. The SAE J1772 or Type 1 plug is locked into the car with a hook that is manually operated, mostly by pressing a button with the thumb, which interrupts power. This allows anybody to stop charging and even theft of the cable. To prevent this, the European IEC 62196 Type 2 connector has openings on the side for automatic locking and release, operated by

2204-461: The few 2011 and later or conversion vehicles are either using SAE J1772 adapters that connect to their chargers or are putting SAE J1772 charge ports in their vehicles. With no current production EVs available using the AVCON standard, hosts of EV charging stations (such as Costco , shopping malls, etc.) providing electricity at no or little charge to the consumer withdrew their support to repair their public AVCON EV charging stations. Members of

2262-402: The general physical, electrical, communication protocol, and performance requirements for the electric vehicle conductive charge system and coupler. The intent is to define a common electric vehicle conductive charging system architecture including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector. The J1772 5-pin standard supports

2320-594: The late 1800s when Patrick Cudahy purchased 700 acres (280 ha) of land in the Town of Lake , two miles (three kilometers) from the Milwaukee city limits, to build his meatpacking plant. The first village president was elected in 1895, and by 1906 Cudahy was incorporated as a city with a population of 2,556. Cudahy is located at 42°56′54″N 87°51′40″W  /  42.94833°N 87.86111°W  / 42.94833; -87.86111 (42.948416, −87.861010). According to

2378-517: The off-board DC EVSE and PEV occurs on the pilot wire of the SAE J1772 connector via HomePlug Green PHY power line communication (PLC). A competing proposal known as the Mennekes connector initiated by RWE and Daimler was standardized in 2011's IEC 62196 as its Type 2 connector. It has been widely adopted as the European Union's standard single- and three-phase coupler. The connector adopted

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2436-776: The public (either inductive or conductive). An experiment co-sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and conducted by Underwriters Laboratories during the development of SAE J1772 concluded that butt-type contacts outperformed other conductive contact types, including pin-and-sleeve contacts, for the environmental endurance testing phase. In 2001, AVCON was endorsed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) over Magne Charge, which caused GM to retire inductive paddle technology in 2002. Since conductive EV charging AVCONs can be used by all EVs by using an AVCON adapter box that provides

2494-478: The regional market. There are also (passive) adapters available that can convert J1772-2009 to IEC Type 2 and vice versa. The only difference is that most European versions have an on-board charger that can take advantage of three-phase electric power with higher voltage and current limits even for the same basic electric vehicle model (such as the Chevrolet Volt/Opel Ampera ). In 2011, SAE developed

2552-489: The revised 2009 standard include smart , Chrysler , GM , Ford , Toyota , Honda , Nissan , Rivian , and Tesla . The SAE J1772-2009 connector specification was subsequently added to the international IEC 62196-2 standard (“Part 2: Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for a.c. pin and contact-tube accessories”) with voting on the final specification slated to close in May 2011. The SAE J1772 connector

2610-509: The revised version of the AVCON connector has six contacts, dropping support for Level 3 charging. The AVCON coupler was succeeded in the 2009 edition of SAE J1772 by a round keyed coupler designed by Yazaki . American and Japanese plug-in electric vehicles that came to market starting in 2011 such as the Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf use the Yazaki coupler specified in the 2009 revision of SAE J1772 for level 2 charging . The J1772(2009) coupler

2668-421: The safety of charging even in wet conditions. Physically, the connection pins are isolated on the interior of the connector when mated, ensuring no physical access to those pins. When not mated, J1772 connectors have no power at the pins; they are not energized until commanded by the vehicle. The proximity detection pin is connected to a switch in the connector release button. Pressing the release button causes

2726-445: The same 6KW AC power to the EV's on-board charging system (208 to 240 VAC, 40 amp circuit into the charging head). Many public EV charging installations funded by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) – money came from DMV fees – were required to have both an inductive and a conductive AVCON charging head. This meant twice as much money was spent because the simple, cost-effective AVCON

2784-510: The same protocols for the pilot pin as J1772's J-Plug. The IEC specification allows for up to 63 A and 43.6 kW. In 2018, the SAE J3068 committee released an enhancement to the EU connector tailored for the North American industrial market allowing up to 160 A / 166 kW on 3φ power . The same IEC 62196-2 standard also specified a pair of Type 3 connector from Scame Global providing

2842-494: The standard allows a charging current as in Mode 1 (maximum 16 A). If the circuit is closed, the charging station can also verify that the protective earth is functional. The vehicle can request a certain charging function by setting the resistance between the CP and PE pins; 2.7 kΩ announces a Mode 3 compatible vehicle ( vehicle detected ) which does not require charging. 880 Ω says

2900-400: The use of downstream cables that may have a lower current capability being connected to a cable of a higher current rating. Control Pilot (Current limit) : The charging station can use the wave signal to describe the maximum current that is available via the charging station with the help of pulse-width modulation : a 16% PWM is a 10 A maximum, a 25% PWM is a 16 A maximum, a 50% PWM

2958-485: The vehicle is ready to be charged, and 240 Ω requests with ventilation charging, in which case the charging stations supplies charging power only if the area is ventilated (i.e., outdoors). The Control Pilot line circuitry examples in SAE J1772:2001 show that the current loop CP–PE is connected permanently on the vehicle side via a 2.74 kΩ resistor, making for a voltage drop from +12 V to +9 V when

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3016-449: The vehicle to stop drawing current. As the connector is removed, the shorter control pilot pin disconnects first, causing the EVSE to drop power to the plug. This also ensures that the power pins will not be disconnected under load, causing arcs and shortening their life. The ground pin is longer than the other pins, so it breaks last. The signaling protocol has been designed for the following charging sequence. The technical specification

3074-400: The vehicle's on-board charger, which then converts it to the direct current (DC) needed to recharge the battery. The Combined Charging System (CCS) Combo 1 connector builds on the standard, adding two additional pins for DC fast charging up to 350 kW. The main stimulus for the development of SAE J1772 came from the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Early electric vehicles like

3132-625: The vehicle, off-board charger, and smart grid. Seven car makers (Audi, BMW, Daimler, Ford, General Motors, Hyundai, Porsche, Volvo, and Volkswagen) agreed in late 2011 to introduce the Combined Charging System in mid-2012. The first vehicles using the SAE Combo plug were the BMW i3 released in late 2013, and the Chevrolet Spark EV released in 2014. In Europe, the combo coupler is based on

3190-404: Was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.94. The median age was 40.3 years. 21.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.6% were from 25 to 44; 28.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.7% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. At the 2000 census there were 18,429 people, 7,888 households, and 4,890 families living in

3248-537: Was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males. The median household income was US$ 40,157, and the median family income was $ 49,082. Males had a median income of $ 36,787 versus $ 25,882 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 19,615. About 5.6% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over. The Cudahy School District provides public education for

3306-467: Was described first in the 2001 version of SAE J1772 and subsequently the IEC 61851 -1 and IEC TS 62763:2013. The charging station puts 12 V on the Control Pilot (CP) and the Proximity Pilot (AKA Plug Present: PP) measuring the voltage differences. This protocol does not require integrated circuits, which would be required for other charging protocols, making the SAE J1772 robust and operable through

3364-427: Was not adopted by all automakers. These public EV charging installations did not use Avcon model charging heads; they used the more expensive EVII ICS-200 model AVCON charging heads. Automakers abandoned their promise to CARB to produce production EVs for public purchase by using a CARB mandate loophole (selling slow neighborhood EVs or carts to obtain their CARB credits) and very few production EVs were actually sold to

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