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47-647: The legal merger of the transport companies in Aare Seeland mobil AG had long been preceded by company agreements between individual companies. The Langenthal-Jura Railway ( Langenthal-Jura-Bahn ; LJB) was opened in 1907 and it also provided the operational management of the Langenthal–Melchnau-Bahn ( lit.   ' Langenthal-Melchnau Railway ' ; LMB), which was opened in 1917. The Solothurn-Niederbipp Railway ( Solothurn-Niederbipp-Bahn , SNB), which opened in 1918 also immediately agreed to cooperate with

94-510: A rectifier , which contains electronic elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be converted into alternating current via an inverter . Direct current has many uses, from the charging of batteries to large power supplies for electronic systems, motors, and more. Very large quantities of electrical energy provided via direct-current are used in smelting of aluminum and other electrochemical processes. It

141-438: A vacuum as in electron or ion beams . The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). A term formerly used for this type of current was galvanic current . The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct , as when they modify current or voltage . Direct current may be converted from an alternating current supply by use of

188-537: A DC circuit. However, most such circuits have a DC solution. This solution gives the circuit voltages and currents when the circuit is in DC steady state . Such a circuit is represented by a system of differential equations . The solution to these equations usually contain a time varying or transient part as well as constant or steady state part. It is this steady state part that is the DC solution. There are some circuits that do not have

235-407: A DC solution. Two simple examples are a constant current source connected to a capacitor and a constant voltage source connected to an inductor. In electronics, it is common to refer to a circuit that is powered by a DC voltage source such as a battery or the output of a DC power supply as a DC circuit even though what is meant is that the circuit is DC powered. In a DC circuit, a power source (e.g.

282-450: A battery system to ensure power is maintained for subscriber lines during power interruptions. Other devices may be powered from the telecommunications DC system using a DC-DC converter to provide any convenient voltage. Many telephones connect to a twisted pair of wires, and use a bias tee to internally separate the AC component of the voltage between the two wires (the audio signal) from

329-423: A battery, capacitor, etc.) has a positive and negative terminal, and likewise, the load also has a positive and negative terminal. To complete the circuit, positive charges need to flow from the power source to the load. The charges will then return to the negative terminal of the load, which will then flow back to the negative terminal of the battery, completing the circuit. If either the positive or negative terminal

376-547: A cooperating partner in asm , while being legally independent. Legally Aare Seeland Mobil AG is called "Regionalverkehr Oberaargau AG (RVO)" (earlier "Oberaargau-Jura-Bahnen (OJB) (Melchnau-Langenthal-Niederbipp)"), the share capital of which was increased as a result of the mergers. The capital increase and the name change took effect on 28 June with entry in the commercial register and retroactive effect as of 1 January 1999. The Solothurn-Niederbipp-Bahn (SNB) in Solothurn ,

423-524: A direct current source . The DC solution of an electric circuit is the solution where all voltages and currents are constant. Any stationary voltage or current waveform can be decomposed into a sum of a DC component and a zero-mean time-varying component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time. Although DC stands for "direct current", DC often refers to "constant polarity". Under this definition, DC voltages can vary in time, as seen in

470-524: A lack of maintenance and it also had the political disadvantage of running to another canton. Thus on 9 May 1943 operations stopped and the tracks were dismantled immediately—iron and copper were sought-after raw materials in the war years and the company needed the additional income. Niederbipp became a terminal station for the LJB and the SNB, with a remnant of the line used as a siding. The 40-year cooperation between

517-651: A metre-gauge line in Switzerland in Langenthal on 29 December 1909. The delivery points, which initially ended at Aarwangen, were extended to Bannwil on 7 March 1913. The LMB carried transporter wagons to Melchnau from its opening in 1917. Since the LMB's opening, deliveries to Melchnau have also been possible. The SNB, which was opened on 9 January 1918, included another transporter wagon yard, located in Niederbipp, which

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564-554: Is also used for some railways , especially in urban areas . High-voltage direct current is used to transmit large amounts of power from remote generation sites or to interconnect alternating current power grids. Direct current was produced in 1800 by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta 's battery, his Voltaic pile . The nature of how current flowed was not yet understood. French physicist André-Marie Ampère conjectured that current travelled in one direction from positive to negative. When French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii built

611-482: Is an AC device which uses a rectifier to produce DC for battery charging. Most highway passenger vehicles use nominally 12  V systems. Many heavy trucks, farm equipment, or earth moving equipment with Diesel engines use 24 volt systems. In some older vehicles, 6 V was used, such as in the original classic Volkswagen Beetle . At one point a 42 V electrical system was considered for automobiles, but this found little use. To save weight and wire, often

658-435: Is commonly found in many extra-low voltage applications and some low-voltage applications, especially where these are powered by batteries or solar power systems (since both can produce only DC). Most electronic circuits or devices require a DC power supply . Domestic DC installations usually have different types of sockets , connectors , switches , and fixtures from those suitable for alternating current. This

705-427: Is disconnected, the circuit will not be complete and the charges will not flow. In some DC circuit applications, polarity does not matter, which means you can connect positive and negative backwards and the circuit will still be complete and the load will still function normally. However, in most DC applications, polarity does matter, and connecting the circuit backwards will result in the load not working properly. DC

752-412: Is distributed to a substation, which utilizes a rectifier to convert the power to direct current. The term DC is used to refer to power systems that use only one electrical polarity of voltage or current, and to refer to the constant, zero-frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a voltage or current. For example, the voltage across a DC voltage source is constant as is the current through

799-594: Is in operation. Asm' s bus business is largely based on the OAK. It centres on routes in the Langenthal–Herzogenbuchsee–Wangen an der Aare (former headquarters of the OAK)–Niederbipp area, including routes of Stadtbus Langenthal (Langenthal municipal buses), which are operated by asm . From December 2008, a Niederbipp-Oensingen bus route was also operated that was intended as a trial for the extension of

846-447: Is mostly due to the lower voltages used, resulting in higher currents to produce the same amount of power . It is usually important with a DC appliance to observe polarity, unless the device has a diode bridge to correct for this. Most automotive applications use DC. An automotive battery provides power for engine starting, lighting, the ignition system, the climate controls, and the infotainment system among others. The alternator

893-470: The Aare Seeland mobil (ASm) since 1999. The Langenthal-Jura Railway, which was based in Langenthal (BE), opened its metre-gauge line, mostly located in the canton of Bern , from Langenthal via Niederbipp to Oensingen Schulhaus in the canton of Solothurn on 26 October 1907. It has been electrified at 1200 Volt DC since its opening. It operated class LJB CFe 4/4 railcars, among others. Langenthal

940-701: The Biel-Täuffelen-Ins-Bahn AG in Täuffelen and the Oberaargauische Automobilkurse AG (OAK) in Wangen an der Aare were taken over—these three joint stock companies took part in the merger and became inactive and were deleted from the respective commercial registers in January 2003. A further capital increase became effective on 2 July 2003 with entry into the commercial register, under which

987-778: The Ligerz-Tessenberg-Bahn AG (LTB) in Ligerz was retroactively taken over by asm on 1 January. In contrast to its historic rolling stock, which barely exists—a lovingly restored vehicle, the Ce 2/2 12 motor car of the former Langenthal-Jura Railway is located at the Blonay–Chamby museum railway —Aare Seeland mobil, like other similar transport companies, is notable for its historical buildings. While some buildings that were no longer required for operation, such as Untersteckholz and Melchnau stations, have been sold to private owners,

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1034-633: The Solothurn-Niederbipp Railway ( Solothurn-Niederbipp-Bahn , SNB) on 9 January 1918, another connection to a metre-gauge railway was opened in Niederbipp. The SNB also sought contact with the LJB and entered into an operating contract, adopted the electrification system of the Langenthal-Jura Railway and ran individual trains to Oensingen. The Langenthal-Jura Railway connected with the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) at

1081-474: The 5.16 km-long St. Urban Ziegelei–Melchnau section. The line from Niederbipp to Oensingen was opened in 2012, although the LJB had already operated between these towns between 1907 and 1943. The track of the former BTI (the Biel–Täuffelen–Ins railway line ) is isolated and extends 21.19 km from Biel via Täuffelen and Siselen to Ins; its whole length is electrified at 1300 volt DC and it

1128-448: The DC component of the voltage between the two wires (used to power the phone). High-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission systems use DC for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current systems. For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. Applications using fuel cells (mixing hydrogen and oxygen together with

1175-477: The LJB. The LJB and the LMB formally merged in 1958 to form the Oberaargau-Jura Railways ( Oberaargau-Jura-Bahnen ; OJB). The cooperation with the SNB increased and the isolated Biel-Täuffelen-Ins Railway ( Biel-Täuffelen-Ins-Bahn ; BTI) began cooperating with the two companies in 1960. The cooperation was put on a new footing on 5 April 1984 as a contractual agreement for a joint operation under

1222-497: The Langenthal-Jura Railway and the LMB was eventually followed by a legal merger: on 1 January 1958 the Langenthal-Jura Railway and the LMB merged to form Oberaargau-Jura Railways ( Oberaargau-Jura-Bahnen , OJB). As a result, a new cooperation agreement was signed in 1959 with the SNB. With the contract, the LJB/OJB workshop in Langenthal also became a workshop for the SNB, which could abandon its own rolling stock maintenance. Since

1269-449: The Langenthal-Jura Railway ran into financial hardship and asked the authorities for financial aid. The Canton of Berne essentially approved support for the almost two and a half kilometers long Niederbipp – Oensingen section. This had long since become rundown and unprofitable as a result of competition with the SBB, it had been relocated on state roads, it had fallen into a poor condition due to

1316-474: The SNB service to Solothurn was no longer able to compete with the SBB over the entire line and concentrated on serving the traffic between Solothurn and Niederbipp. Due to a lack of passengers, the LJB closed the most unprofitable section, the about one and a half kilometre-long Oensingen SBB – Oensingen Schulhaus section on 14 May 1928 and subsequently dismantled it. During the Second World War,

1363-407: The circuit voltages and currents are independent of time. A particular circuit voltage or current does not depend on the past value of any circuit voltage or current. This implies that the system of equations that represent a DC circuit do not involve integrals or derivatives with respect to time. If a capacitor or inductor is added to a DC circuit, the resulting circuit is not, strictly speaking,

1410-654: The first dynamo electric generator in 1832, he found that as the magnet used passed the loops of wire each half turn, it caused the flow of electricity to reverse, generating an alternating current . At Ampère's suggestion, Pixii later added a commutator , a type of "switch" where contacts on the shaft work with "brush" contacts to produce direct current. The late 1870s and early 1880s saw electricity starting to be generated at power stations . These were initially set up to power arc lighting (a popular type of street lighting) running on very high voltage (usually higher than 3,000 volts) direct current or alternating current. This

1457-587: The former OJB —originally LJB and LMB—and the SNB have a length of 33.2 km, running from St. Urban via Langenthal, Niederbipp and Oensingen to Solothurn ( Langenthal–Oensingen and Langenthal–Melchnau lines). The line is continuously electrified with 1200 volts DC and requires two changes of direction (Langenthal and Oensingen), with the Langenthal–Gaswerk (1.10 km) and Niederbipp–Oensingen (1.8 km) sections needing to be run over twice. Passenger traffic has been discontinued since 1982 on

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1504-464: The former LTB has belonged to the asm . It connects Ligerz with Prêles on the Tessenberg and overcomes a height difference of 383 metres. The original funicular railway opened in 1912 was replaced by new system due to its age and it reopened on 17 May 2004 under the name of Vinifuni . Langenthal-Jura Railway The Langenthal-Jura Railway ( German : Langenthal-Jura-Bahn , LJB)

1551-460: The merger, the OJB had changed its name for the last time to Regionalverkehr Oberaargau AG (RVO) on 2 July 1990. In 1999, RVO, SNB, BTI and OAK merged retroactively into a single public company, usually called Aare Seeland mobil (asm), with effect from 1 January 1999. OSST partner LTB was also merged into asm in 2003, with retroactive effect from 1 January 2003. The BSG continues to be

1598-512: The metal frame of the vehicle is connected to one pole of the battery and used as the return conductor in a circuit. Often the negative pole is the chassis "ground" connection, but positive ground may be used in some wheeled or marine vehicles. In a battery electric vehicle , there are usually two separate DC systems. The "low voltage" DC system typically operates at 12V, and serves the same purpose as in an internal combustion engine vehicle. The "high voltage" system operates at 300-400V (depending on

1645-500: The metre-gauge railway to Oensingen. The Biel–Meinisberg bus route was taken over from Busbetrieb Grenchen und Umgebung (BGU) in December 2009. The Herzogenbuchsee–Solothurn BSU route is also partly operated with asm vehicles. There are about 20 vehicles in service, mostly standard MAN buses, but also some midi, articulated and minibuses. Since 2003, Vinifuni Ligerz–Prêles , the almost 1.20 km-long metre-gauge funicular railway of

1692-634: The name Oberaargau-Solothurn-Seeland-Transport ( OSST ) between OJB, SNB, BTI, the Oberaargauische Automobilkurse (OAK), the Ligerz-Tessenberg-Bahn (a funicular railway; LTB) and the Bielersee-Schifffahrts-Gesellschaft (Lake Biel Ferry Company; BSG). OSST, which was formed on a contractual basis, became the de facto predecessor of the company legally merged under the name Aare Seeland mobil AG (asm) . Before

1739-428: The raw output of a rectifier or the fluctuating voice signal on a telephone line. Some forms of DC (such as that produced by a voltage regulator ) have almost no variations in voltage , but may still have variations in output power and current. A direct current circuit is an electrical circuit that consists of any combination of constant voltage sources, constant current sources, and resistors . In this case,

1786-544: The station buildings of Aarwangen , Bannwil and the valley station of the Ligerz-Tessenberg-Bahn funicular railway as well as the original buildings of the Langenthal depot have been carefully restored. The oldest business division of asm derives originally from four railway companies, each with its own main line. These four lines had a total length of 57.76 km. Today there are two isolated sub-networks, each of which can be served by one service. The lines of

1833-471: The stations of Langenthal, Niederbipp and Oensingen SBB. On the Niederbipp–Oensingen section, it was in direct competition with the SBB and initially did well. Although it had a longer travel time, due to its poorer routing as a tramway, it offered a much better timetable than the SBB then operated for regional traffic. The route also allowed somewhat more connections from Oensingen and more services for

1880-417: The timetable change in December 2012, the line to Oensingen station has been served again. The new line runs parallel to the SBB line between Niederbipp and Oensingen, and also has a station to serve the industrial area there. This line is not identical to the original line between Niederbipp and Oensingen. The LJB opened the first transporter wagon yard for the transport of standard-gauge freight wagons on

1927-464: The vehicle), and provides the power for the traction motors . Increasing the voltage for the traction motors reduces the current flowing through them, increasing efficiency. Telephone exchange communication equipment uses standard −48 V DC power supply. The negative polarity is achieved by grounding the positive terminal of power supply system and the battery bank. This is done to prevent electrolysis depositions. Telephone installations have

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1974-553: The workforce of the companies in the Balsthal industrial district of Klus (including Von Roll ) to be provided by the Langenthal-Jura Railway or from 1918 by the SNB; Klus itself has been served since 1899 by the standard gauge Oensingen—Balsthal railway ( Oensingen-Balsthal-Bahn , OeBB). As the SBB strongly expanded regional services on the Olten–Oensingen–Solothurn line in the following years, passenger numbers collapsed;

2021-488: Was a former railway company in Switzerland. It merged in 1958 with the Langenthal–Melchnau-Bahn ( lit.   ' Langenthal-Melchnau Railway ' , LMB) to form Oberaargau-Jura Railways ( German : Oberaargau-Jura-Bahnen , OJB), which then operated the then still 11 km-long, metre-gauge LJB line from Langenthal to Niederbipp . After further mergers, the Langenthal–Oensingen railway line has been part of

2068-473: Was also the starting point of the metre-gauge Langenthal–Melchnau-Bahn, which opened on 6 October 1917. Its line to Melchnau began at Gaswerk station as a branch of the Langenthal–Jura-Bahn Railway. Cooperation was planned from the very beginning, so LMB not only selected the same electrification system, but also contracted all operations to the Langenthal-Jura Railway. With the opening of

2115-442: Was also used by the LJB. It served delivery points as far as Bannwil from Niederbipp. The whole LJB line has been served from Niederbipp since 1943. Direct Current Direct current ( DC ) is one-directional flow of electric charge . An electrochemical cell is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors , insulators , or even through

2162-406: Was followed by the widespread use of low voltage direct current for indoor electric lighting in business and homes after inventor Thomas Edison launched his incandescent bulb based electric " utility " in 1882. Because of the significant advantages of alternating current over direct current in using transformers to raise and lower voltages to allow much longer transmission distances, direct current

2209-477: Was replaced over the next few decades by alternating current in power delivery. In the mid-1950s, high-voltage direct current transmission was developed, and is now an option instead of long-distance high voltage alternating current systems. For long distance undersea cables (e.g. between countries, such as NorNed ), this DC option is the only technically feasible option. For applications requiring direct current, such as third rail power systems, alternating current

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