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40-518: Arthur P. Jacobs (March 7, 1922 – June 27, 1973) was an American film producer. Prior to being a producer, he worked in various studios and was a press agent . Beginning in 1963 until his death, he was responsible for film productions such as the Planet of the Apes series, Doctor Dolittle , Goodbye, Mr. Chips , Play It Again, Sam and Tom Sawyer through his company APJAC Productions. Arthur P. Jacobs

80-403: A client is arrested for a DUI, they need to release press coverage with details explaining how the client will resolve the situation. In terms of education, publicists will often major in communications, journalism, or public relations in college. When starting out as a publicist, one will have to work their way up in regards to position. Usually, it is helpful that aspiring publicists intern at

120-479: A dual relationship with publicity, for they publicize films but also, and importantly in the freelance market, have an interest in self publicity. It is for the latter reason that while many stars continue to regard managers as an optional luxury, today the majority of stars in Hollywood hire publicists to manage their media visibility. In other words, celebrities hire publicists who will be able to get their name out to

160-520: A heart attack at the age of 51. In addition to producing Huckleberry Finn , Jacobs was working on a number of projects at the same time. He had just made a pilot for a TV series, Topper Returns , starring Roddy McDowall , Stefanie Powers and John Randolph ; was the Executive Producer of a Planet of the Apes TV series ; and was developing a full-length science fiction feature called Voyage of

200-504: A negative effect for those being publicized. One of the most important factors in relation to influencing a consumer's buying decision is how a company, brand, or individual deals with negative publicity. Negative publicity may result in major loss of revenue or market shares within a business. It can also play a part in damaging a consumer's perception of a brand or its products. Negative publicity's high credibility and greater influence compared to other company-controlled communications play

240-449: A newsworthy story in a way that influences editorial coverage in a certain, usually positive, direction. This is what is generally referred to as spin . A press agent, or flack, is a professional publicist who acts on behalf of his or her client on all matters involving public relations. Press agents are typically employed by public personalities and organizations such as performers and businesses. A press agent will provide information to

280-453: A part in the potential damage it may have on a corporate image. Crises involved with an organization may also result in negative publicity. Furthermore, negative publicity affects everything from the evaluation of a brand and product to the present. Often, when awareness of a company, brand, or individual is high, negative publicity is deemed to hurt possible sales. In contrast, companies, brands, and individuals who are not widely known may use

320-405: A percentage of their client's gross income ). Publicists can be on a local, regional, or national level. For example, a small restaurant seeking only local publicity would want a local publicist – whereas an author seeking nationwide visibility would want to search for a national publicist. One of the publicist's main functions is to generate press coverage on behalf of their clients and serve as

360-634: A person whose job is to generate and manage publicity for a company, a brand , or public figure – especially a celebrity – or for work or a project such as a book , film , or album . Publicists are public relations specialists who maintain and represent the images of individuals, rather than representing an entire corporation or business. Publicists are also hired by public figures who want to maintain or protect their image. Publicists brand their clients by getting magazine, TV, newspaper, and website coverage. Most top-level publicists work in private practice, handling multiple clients. The term publicist

400-438: A person's or brand's image by what is being said about them in the media. This pertains to websites and social media. More recently, publicists have the need to network with bloggers and scope out their websites to make sure the content on their client is appropriate. Celebrity publicists usually schedule their client's press tours, which includes everything from making the travel arrangements and locations. A typical day for

440-501: A public relations firm while at college to gain experience. Schools that offer communication and public relations degrees consist of Ashford University , Colorado Technical University , Seton Hall University , American University , and the University of Florida . Hollywood publicists create and manage relationships between film stars and the array of other media channels through which the identities of stars are circulated. Stars have

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480-430: A publicist consists of being on the phone, networking through e-mails, and can make themselves available at all times of the day for when conflict arises. Out of the office, publicists go to gatherings to network with media professionals. Publicists are usually skilled writers, as well as motivated to promote individuals. Furthermore, publicists need to be able to handle the stress associated with crisis. For example, if

520-428: Is also created through reputation management , in which organizations try strive to control via the web. Furthermore, despite the fact that publicity, both good or bad, can be beneficial for an organization, company or individual, much of it is paid for despite claims that publicity is often free. Despite publicity being an influential benefit within the marketing sector, one disadvantage which highly affects publicity

560-401: Is often referred to as the result of public relations , in terms of providing favourable information to media and any third party outlets; these may including bloggers, mainstream media, as well as new media forms such as podcasts. This is done to provide a message to consumers without having to pay for direct time or space. This in return creates awareness and achieves greater credibility. After

600-545: Is one solution which can help protect the image of a company or help reverse the damage. Companies must adopt the CSR approach early for it to be effective, or potential risks such as falsified intentions may develop within a consumer's perception. Despite the damaging effect negative publicity may cause, negative publicity may not always have the expected effect. There is a possibility that negative publicity may in fact gain more attention as opposed to positive publicity. Regardless of

640-670: Is someone that carries out publicity, while public relations (PR) is the strategic management function that helps an organization establish and maintain communication with the public. This can be done internally, without the use of popular media. From a marketing perspective, publicity is one component of promotion and marketing. The other elements of the promotional mix are advertising , sales promotion , direct marketing and personal selling . Organizations will sometimes organize events designed to attract media coverage, and subsequently, provide positive publicity; these events are known as publicity stunts . Publicity originates from

680-411: Is the lack of ability in which publicity cannot be repeated, in comparison to paid advertising. A publicist is a person whose job is to generate and manage publicity for a company, product, public figure (especially a celebrity ), or work such as a book, movie, or band. Though there are many aspects to a publicist's job, their main function is to persuade the news media to report about their client in

720-551: The 1969 Academy Award for Best Picture for Hellman. In 1973, APJAC Productions was renamed APJAC International. Jacobs produced the Reader's Digest -financed Tom Sawyer , a musical which featured both a script and musical score by the Sherman Brothers . It was to be the first in a five-picture deal with the prolific composers. But on June 27, 1973, during production of the second film, Huckleberry Finn , Jacobs died suddenly of

760-497: The French word publicité ' advertisement ' . Publicity as a practice originates in the core of Paris, where shopping, tourism and the entertainment industry met commercialised print media and a burgeoning publishing industry . Among the urban society, scenes of consumption and new consumer identities were circulated through advertisement. La Maison Aubert shaped the emerging discipline of publicity. In early 19th century Paris,

800-554: The Oceanauts . He also wanted to produce a film version of the Frank Herbert novel Dune . Trundy, who was filming Huckleberry Finn on location at the time of her husband's death, assumed control of APJAC Productions, and sold all rights and financial participation in the Planet of the Apes franchise to Fox, choosing to concentrate on other projects. Press agent A publicist

840-481: The advertisements and publicity campaigns for consumer items, such as cashmere shawls, and retailers such as perfumeries soon attracted regulation on flyposting . 19th century US companies included not only pro-sales messages in their publicity, but also explanations, demonstrations and exaggerations. Patent medicine and cosmetics manufacturers in the US frequently described or even showed consumers before and after

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880-504: The bridge between clients, their public, and media outlets . A publicist manages campaigns and performs other public relations functions. It usually takes many years to develop the media contacts, experience, and relationships necessary to be an effective publicist. Some publicists specialize in representing ordinary members of the public to procure the maximum possible fee for stories they wish to sell to newspapers, television stations, and magazines. Several publicists have now sprung up on

920-500: The doing of publicity can help attract attention whilst also supplying information regarding a specific organization or individual client and any event, activity or attribute associated with them. The use of publicity is also known to be an important strategic element and promotional tool due to its effect of intentional exposure on a consumer. This helps publicity gain an advantage over other forms of marketing, such as advertising, often in order to boost credibility. Favourable publicity

960-471: The feature film production company APJAC Productions, which released its first film, What a Way to Go! through 20th Century-Fox the following year. Jacobs had been able to secure financing for the project on the strength of Fox contract star Monroe's agreement to star in it, but her death in 1962 forced Jacobs to replace her with Shirley MacLaine . What a Way to Go! became one of Fox's highest-grossing releases of 1964, earning Jacobs enough credibility for

1000-471: The internet and work as media agents gaining members of the public multiple deals with publications. The main role of publicists is to get good press coverage for their clients. One way that publicists can do this is by sending press releases to journalists. A press release is written like a news story; including a headline, and attention grabbing quotes. However, because of the high traffic of e-mails, today, many press releases sent by publicists are lost within

1040-488: The media such as upcoming public events, interview opportunities, and promotional dates, and will work with the media in getting in touch with an appropriate client or resource. Press agents are occasionally required to act as " spin doctors , to put into the best light their clients' public actions. While press agents have traditionally worked with newspapers and television, they may also be conversant with newer media forms such as blogs and podcasts. Publicity can also create

1080-482: The media with the entertainment options in Hollywood continuously growing. Even booking a star for an interview or on a television talk show has become a challenging task, because if something goes awry, the publicist and the star could both be highly criticized by the media. The average salary for a publicist in the United States is about $ 45,000 per year. However, celebrity publicists' salaries can vary depending on

1120-474: The message has been distributed, the publicist in charge of the information will lose control of how the message is used and interpreted, in contrast to the way it works in advertising. According to Grunig, public relations is often reduced to publicity. He also states how publicity is a form of activity in which should be associated with the sales promotion effort of a company, in order to help aid advertising and personal salesmanship as well. Kent also stated that

1160-434: The most positive way possible. Publicists identify newsworthy aspects of products and personalities to offer to media outlets as possible reportage ideas. A variant of this practice which relies on linking a brand to a breaking news story has been dubbed "newsjacking". Publicists are also responsible for shaping reportage about their clients in a timely manner that fits within a media outlet's news cycle. They attempt to present

1200-476: The musical Goodbye, Mr Chips for Jacobs's former employer, MGM. Despite being cheaper and less troublesome to produce than Dr. Dolittle, it, too, went mostly unnoticed at the box office. According to Trundy, Jacobs stated, "I will never in my lifetime make a film that cannot be seen by the whole family" and gave the rights to Midnight Cowboy to his associate, Jerome Hellman, for no fee, saying, "I will not have my name on it". Midnight Cowboy went on to win

1240-400: The nature of negative publicity and its ability to turn most people away, any slight hint of negative publicity can in fact build interest amongst the consumer. As stated by Monga & John, negative publicity is not always harmful, and consumers whom identify a brand with strong attitudes are highly unlikely to be affected by the negative publicity formed. Publicist A publicist is

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1280-486: The negative publicity in order to increase brand awareness among the public. The extensive range of media outlets, including both traditional and new media, provide opportunities for companies to market their products or services. This restricts or reduces the ability to manage negative publicity, as their message may be spread across media outlets. In order for organizations to try salvage any negative publicity surrounding their brand, corporate social responsibility (CSR)

1320-463: The other e-mails that journalists receive. Publicists tend to have good working relationships with journalists, TV news producers, and producers. In order to have these relationships, publicists usually network with these media professionals. To protect a client's image, publicists will often ask journalists what questions will be asked during interviews to prevent any surprises and discussion of any unwanted topics. Publicists determine how to manage

1360-473: The public preferably in a positive light. Compared to channels of paid advertising, publicity generates exposure which is relatively "free". Publicity is at work whenever stars make personal appearances at press conferences or film premieres, give television interviews, are displayed on magazine covers, or allow the press to cover a private event. Independent publicists include Hollywood stars and studios as their clients, alongside corporations and individuals from

1400-419: The relative benefit of publicity. He argued that vendibility is not utility , and that publicity had "no traceable relation to any benefit which the community may derive." Veblen estimated how much the publicity campaigns of companies added to the price consumers were paying. He argued that the publicity overhead for over-the-counter pharmaceuticals and cosmetics was more than half the retail price. Publicity

1440-433: The studio to finance Doctor Dolittle , ultimately a much-maligned movie that failed both critically and commercially upon its release in 1967. Planet of the Apes , however, became a box office hit in 1968 and spawned four sequels. That same year he married actress Natalie Trundy , who would play various characters in all four sequels. At the same time, Jacobs's APJAC merged with Jerome Hellman Productions and produced

1480-539: The usage of the product. The Blair Manufacturing Company was among the US companies that advertised its products by comparing old-fashioned consumers who did not use the advertised product with the progressive customers who did. Before-after-changes became common in advertisement from 1910 onwards. In the early 20th century, American Albert Lasker , developed the used of advertising for appealing to consumers' psychology. The contemporary economist Thorstein Veblen criticised

1520-464: The worlds of entertainment, sports, finance, technology, retailing, and other business sectors. The role of a publicist in Hollywood has changed and has become more challenging in recent years. With the enormous increase of entertainment news outlets such as Perez Hilton , TMZ , and Page Six , it has become much more difficult for publicists to control negative stories. Publicists must also work much harder to keep some of their star clients relevant in

1560-658: Was born to a Jewish family in Los Angeles . He lost his father in a car accident in 1940 and his mother to cancer in 1959. Jacobs majored in cinema at the University of Southern California in 1942. Starting as a courier at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1943, he was promoted to their publicity department before being lured to Warner Bros. as a publicist in 1946. In 1947, he left Warners to open his own public relations office, and in 1956 he formed The Arthur P. Jacobs Co., Inc. Among his clients were Gregory Peck , James Stewart , Judy Garland and Marilyn Monroe . In 1963, Jacobs formed

1600-449: Was coined by the legal scholar Francis Lieber to describe the engagement of internationalists with the public during the late nineteenth century. Publicists are sometimes called flacks , a term that traces back to Gene Flack, who was a well-known movie publicist in the 1930s. In the world of celebrities, unlike agents or managers , publicists typically take a monthly fee for serving a client (whereas agents and managers tend to take

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