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109-480: APBS may refer to: Aadhaar Payments Bridge System , a payment system in India which uses Aadhaar numbers Advanced Poisson-Boltzmann Solver , a continuum electrostatics equations solver Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title APBS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

218-543: A digital locker , a Universal Account Number (UAN) under EPFO , and some other services such as a SIM card or opening a bank account. According to the UIDAI website, any Aadhaar holder or service provider can verify the genuineness of an Aadhaar number through a user-friendly service of UIDAI called the Aadhaar Verification Service (AVS), which is available on its website. Also, a resident already enrolled under

327-560: A 24% reduction in the sale of subsidised LPG, as "ghost beneficiaries" had been excluded. The savings to the government were to the tune of ₹ 127 billion (US$ 2.08 billion) in 2014–2015. The success of the modified scheme helped fuel marketing companies save almost ₹ 80 billion (US$ 1.31 billion) from November 2014 to June 2015, said oil company officials. The DBT for the public distribution system (PDS) will be rolled out in September 2015. The government's own data, however, suggest that

436-570: A bill would be introduced within a week to provide legislative support to the Aadhaar project. On 3   March 2016 the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Bill, 2016 , was introduced in the Parliament as a money bill by Jaitley. The decision to introduce it as a money bill was criticised by the opposition parties. Ghulam Nabi Azad , an INC leader, wrote in

545-597: A letter to Jaitley that the ruling party, the BJP , was attempting to bypass the Rajya Sabha , as they did not have the majority in the upper house. A money bill is only required to pass in the lower house Lok Sabha . Tathagata Satpathy of Biju Janata Dal (BJD) raised concerns that the project could be used for mass surveillance or ethnic cleansing in the future. On 11 March 2016 the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016 ,

654-457: A meagre influence in the practice of the rule of law as well as in people's daily lives. So, the short and deliberately gradual history of struggles for personal rights and protection against government/society's impositions has yet to transform Japan into a champion of universal and individual freedom. According to constitutional scholar, Shigenori Matsui , People tend to view the Bill of Rights as

763-478: A moral imperative and not as a judicial norm. The people also tend to rely upon bureaucrats to remedy social problems, including even human rights violations, rather than the court. Despite the divergences between Japan's social culture and the Liberal Constitutionalism that it purports to have adopted, the country has moved toward closing the gap between the notion and the practice of the law. The trend

872-479: A notification dated 16   December 2010 the Government of India indicated that it would recognise a letter issued by the UIDAI containing details of name, address, and Aadhaar number as an official, valid document. Aadhaar is not intended to replace any existing identity cards, nor does it constitute proof of citizenship. Aadhaar neither confers citizenship nor guarantees rights, benefits, or entitlements. Aadhaar

981-709: A priority basis, with such ID cards issued later to all people living in border states. The Rangarajan Commission set up to revamp the statistical system in India in 2000 and recommended under the Socio-economic Statistics chapter the setting up of a centralised database of citizens in India. The Commission submitted its report to the Government in August 2001 and in its analysis noted under para 9.2.26. Many developed countries and an increasing number of developing countries, including China, have databases of their citizens while also providing each adult individual citizen of

1090-452: A weak freedom of the press , the treatment of children, minorities, foreigners, and women, its punitive criminal justice system, and more recently, the systematic bias against LGBT people. The first Japanese attempt to a bill of rights was in the 19th century Meiji constitution (1890), which took both the Prussian (1850) and British constitutions as basic models. However, it had but

1199-463: Is a random number that never starts with a 0 or 1. It is not loaded with profiling or intelligence that would make it susceptible to fraud or theft, thus providing a measure of privacy in this regard. The unique ID also qualifies as a valid ID while availing various government services such as a LPG connection, a subsidised ration, kerosene from the PDS , or benefits under NSAP or pension schemes, e-sign ,

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1308-548: Is a signatory to the UN Refugee Convention (1951), successive governments have demonstrated an increasing tightening of borders; particularly against those who seek passage via small water vessels. The Abbott Government (2013) like its predecessors (the Gillard and Howard Governments) has encountered particular difficulty curbing asylum seekers via sea, increasingly identified as "illegal immigration". The recent involvement of

1417-635: Is a twelve-digit unique identity number that can be obtained voluntarily by all residents of India , based on their biometrics and demographic data. The data is collected by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) , a statutory authority established in January 2016 by the Government of India , under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology , following

1526-558: Is gradual," has a constitution with a seemingly strong bill of rights at its core ( Chapter III. Rights and Duties of the People ). In many ways, it resembles the U.S. Constitution prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , and that is because it came into life during the Allied occupation of Japan . This constitution may have felt like a foreign imposition to the governing elites, but not to

1635-628: Is more evident in the long term. Among several examples, the Diet (bicameral legislature) ratified the International Bill of Human Rights in 1979 and then it passed the Law for Equal Opportunity in Employment for Men and Women in 1985, measures that were heralded as major steps toward a democratic and participatory society. In 2015, moreover, it reached an agreement with Korea to compensate for abuses related to

1744-466: Is often dated back to Magna Carta , an English legal charter agreed in 1215 which in turn was based on pre-existing documents, namely the Charter of Liberties . The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (which applies only to mainland China , not to Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan ) especially its Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens, claims to protect many civil liberties. Taiwan, which

1853-582: Is separated from mainland China, has its own Constitution. Although the 1982 constitution guarantees civil liberties, the Chinese government usually uses the " subversion of state power " and "protection of state secrets " clauses in their law system to imprison those who criticize the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the state leaders . The Fundamental Rights – embodied in Part III of

1962-551: Is voluntary and not mandatory. The court also limited the scope of the programme and reaffirmed the voluntary nature of the identity number in other rulings. On 24   August 2017 the Indian Supreme Court delivered a landmark verdict affirming the right to privacy as a fundamental right, overruling previous judgments on the issue. A five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court heard various cases relating to

2071-560: The Burakumin ), Ainu people (indigenous people in Japan), foreign nationals, HIV/AIDS carriers , Hansen's disease patients, persons released from prison after serving their sentence, crime victims , people whose human rights are violated using the Internet , the homeless, individuals with gender identity disorders , and women . Also, the government lists systematic problems with gender biases and

2180-677: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which guarantees many of the same rights as the U.S. constitution. The Charter omits any mention of, or protection for, property. The Constitution of Mexico was ratified on February 5, 1917. Similar to the U.S. Constitution, the United Mexican States provides all citizens the right to freedom of expression, but this right is not absolute (for example, child pornography , death threats , and defamation are exceptions to freedom of speech, and offenders can be subject to penalties). However, unlike

2289-505: The Department of Electronics and Information Technology said that they were considering linking Aadhaar to SIM cards . In November 2014 the Department of Telecom asked all telecom operators to collect Aadhaar from all new applicants of SIM cards. On 4   March 2015 a pilot project was launched allowing Aadhaar-linked SIM cards to be sold in some cities. The purchaser could activate the SIM at

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2398-772: The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ("Bundesverfassungsgericht") if they feel their civil rights are being violated. This procedure has shaped German law considerably over the years. Civil liberties in the United Kingdom date back to Magna Carta in 1215 and 17th century common law and statute law , such as the 1628 Petition of Right , the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and the Bill of Rights 1689 . Parts of these laws remain in statute today and are supplemented by other legislation and conventions that collectively form

2507-610: The Government of India under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology , following the provisions of the Aadhaar Act 2016 . The UIDAI is mandated to assign a 12-digit unique identification (UID) number (termed "Aadhaar") to all the residents of India. The implementation of the UID scheme entails the generation and assignment of UIDs to residents; defining mechanisms and processes for interlinking UIDs with partner databases; operation and management of all stages of

2616-595: The Home Ministry clarified that Aadhaar is not a valid identification document for Indians travelling to Nepal and Bhutan . Prior to the enactment of the Act, the UIDAI had functioned, since 28   January 2009, as an attached office of the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog ). On 3   March 2016, a money bill was introduced in the Parliament to give legislative backing to Aadhaar. On 11   March 2016,

2725-463: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . The existence of some claimed civil liberties is a matter of dispute, as are the extent of most civil rights . Controversial examples include property rights , reproductive rights , and civil marriage . In authoritarian regimes in which government censorship impedes on perceived civil liberties, some civil liberty advocates argue for

2834-770: The National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme (NERPAP) of the Election Commission was started. It aims to link the Elector's Photo Identity Card (EPIC) with the Aadhaar number of the registered voter. It aims to create an error-free voter identification system in India , especially by removing duplications. In the Hyderabad region of Telangana state, Aadhaar numbers were linked to ration cards to remove duplicate ration cards . The project

2943-655: The National Population Register is not required to enrol again for Aadhaar. In 1999 after the Kargil war , the Kargil Review Committee , headed by security analyst K. Subrahmanyam , was formed to study the state of national security . It submitted its report to the then Prime Minister , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , on 7   January 2000. Among its various recommendations was the proposal that citizens in villages in border regions be issued identity cards on

3052-509: The Planning Commission issued a notification. On 23   June Nandan Nilekani , the co-founder of Infosys , was appointed by the then-government, UPA , to head the project. He was given the newly created position of Chairman of the UIDAI, which was equivalent in rank to a Cabinet minister . In April 2010 the logo and the brand name Aadhaar was launched by Nilekani. In May 2010 Nilekani said he would support legislation to protect

3161-536: The Privileges or Immunities Clause , Due Process Clause , and Equal Protection Clause . Human rights within the United States are often called civil rights , which are those rights, privileges and immunities held by all people, in distinction to political rights, which are the rights that inhere to those who are entitled to participate in elections, as candidates or voters. Before universal suffrage, this distinction

3270-484: The Public Distribution System , old age pensions and public health insurances. In 2017, reports suggested that HIV patients were being forced to discontinue treatment for fear of identity breach as access to the treatment has become contingent on producing Aadhaar. The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a statutory authority and a government department, established on 12   July 2016 by

3379-618: The Velvet Revolution , a constitutional overhaul took place in Czechoslovakia . In 1991, the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms was adopted, having the same legal standing as the Constitution . The Czech Republic has kept the Charter in its entirety following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia as Act No. 2/1993 Coll. (Constitution being No. 1). France's 1789 Declaration of

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3488-455: The "erosion of civil liberties" by the then Labour government, and was re-elected on a civil liberties platform (although he was not opposed by candidates of other major parties). This was in reference to anti-terrorism laws and in particular the extension to pre-trial detention, that is perceived by many to be an infringement of habeas corpus established in Magna Carta. The Constitution of

3597-592: The 11.4% growth in the same period last year. The PAHAL scheme has covered 118.9 million of the 145.4 million active LPG consumers until March, as stated by the Petroleum Minister in the Parliament. The DBT has thereby become a "game changer" for India, claimed the Chief Economic Adviser to the Finance Ministry, Government of India, Arvind Subramanian, for in case of LPG subsidy, DBT had resulted in

3706-548: The Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016, was passed in the Lok Sabha . Aadhaar is the subject of several rulings by the Supreme Court of India . On 23   September 2013, the Supreme Court issued an interim order saying that "no person should suffer for not getting Aadhaar", adding that the government cannot deny a service to a resident who does not possess Aadhaar, as it

3815-438: The Aadhaar (UID) platform. He also asked them to examine the possibility of offering incentives to the states to increase participation in the project, through a one-time sharing of a portion of the savings. It was reported that the government was saving up to 14–15% in the direct benefit transfers of subsidies on LPG to the beneficiaries through Aadhaar. During the budget presentation on 29 February 2016, Jaitley announced that

3924-502: The Aadhaar holder's registered address in the UIDAI database via Speed Post at a fee of ₹50. Government of Andhra Pradesh started Aadhaar based innovative first of its kind project called Bhudhaar to assign an 11-digit unique number for every land parcel in the state as part of the "land hub in E-Pragati Programme". Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu launched the programme on 20 November 2018 to streamline

4033-485: The Aadhaar-linked DigiLocker service was launched, using which Aadhaar-holders can scan and save their documents on the cloud , and can share them with government officials whenever required without any need to carry them. On 18 June 2015, in a high-level review meeting on the progress of the UID project and DBT scheme, Modi asked officials to accelerate the delivery of benefits and expand the applications of

4142-499: The Abbott government's response has so far seen a reduction in the number of potential refugees undertaking the hazardous cross to Australia, which is argued by the government as an indicator of its policy success. The European Convention on Human Rights , to which almost all European countries belong (apart from Belarus ), enumerates a number of civil liberties and is of varying constitutional force in different European states. Following

4251-511: The Australian Navy in refugee rescue operations has many human rights groups such as Amnesty International concerned over the "militarisation" of the treatment of refugees and the issue of their human rights in Australia . The current "turn-back" policy is particularly divisive, as it involves placing refugees in government lifeboats and turning them towards Indonesia. Despite opposition however,

4360-466: The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2003 was introduced in the Lok Sabha by L.   K. Advani. It primarily aimed to provide various rights to persons of Indian origin , but the bill also introduced Clause   14   (a) that said: "The Central Government may compulsorily register every citizen of India and issue national identity card to him." The UIDAI was established on 28 January 2009 after

4469-548: The Commission made the specific recommendation under para 9.2.27 made the following observations: 9.2.27 Taking note of the initiative taken by the Ministry of Home Affairs for issuing national identification cards to the citizens, the Commission concludes that: A centralised database of the citizens of the country with a system of issuing a unique identification number/card has several potential benefits to its citizens and will improve

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4578-474: The Constitution have allowed for implied rights such as freedom of political communication (which is construed broadly) and the right to vote to be established, however, others such as freedom of assembly and freedom of association are yet to be identified. Refugee issues Within the past decade, Australia has experienced increasing contention regarding its treatment of those seeking asylum. Although Australia

4687-454: The EPFO became a UIDAI registrar and began issuing Aadhaar number to provident fund subscribers. In December 2014 Labour Minister Bandaru Dattatreya clarified that an Aadhaar number was not necessary for any provident fund transaction. In August 2014 Prime Minister Modi directed the Planning Commission of India to enrol all prisoners in India under the UIDAI. In December 2014 it was proposed by

4796-501: The ID system would help eliminate the loss of the subsidised kerosene and LPG. In May 2012 the government announced that it would begin issuing Aadhaar-linked MGNREGS cards. On 26   November 2012 a pilot programme was launched in 51 districts. Under the original policy for liquefied petroleum gas subsidies, the customers bought gas cylinders from retailers at subsidised prices, and the government compensated companies for their losses. Under

4905-491: The Minister for Women and Child Development, Maneka Gandhi , that Aadhaar should be made mandatory for men to create a profile on matrimonial websites , to prevent fake profiles. In July 2015 the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY) called a meeting of various matrimonial sites and other stakeholders discuss the use of Aadhaar to prevent fake profiles and protect women from exploitation. On 3 March 2015,

5014-475: The National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010, which had been introduced in the Rajya Sabha , was still pending. They further said that since the UIDAI was proceeding only on the basis of an executive order issued on 28   January 2009, it could not collect biometric data of citizens as it would be a violation of privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution . In December 2011

5123-473: The Parliament and state legislatures. The imposition of a state of emergency may lead to a temporary suspension of the rights conferred by Article 19 (including freedoms of speech, assembly and movement, etc.) to preserve national security and public order. The President can, by order, suspend the constitutional written remedies as well. Since 1947, Japan , a country with a constitutional monarchy and known for its socially "conservative society where change

5232-417: The Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the constitution like secularism, democracy, federalism, and separation of powers. Often called the "Basic structure doctrine", this decision is widely regarded as an important part of Indian history. In the 1978 Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India case, the Supreme Court extended the doctrine's importance as superior to any parliamentary legislation. According to

5341-488: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance, led by Yashwant Sinha , rejected the National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010 and suggested modifications. It termed the project "unethical and violative of Parliament's prerogatives". On 23   September 2013 the Supreme Court issued an interim order saying that the government could not deny a service to anyone who did not possess Aadhaar, as

5450-514: The Rights of Man and of the Citizen listed many civil liberties and is of constitutional force. The German constitution , the "Grundgesetz" (lit. "Base Law"), starts with an elaborate listing of civil liberties and states in sec. 1 "The dignity of man is inviolable. To respect and protect it shall be the duty of all public authority." Following the " Austrian System ", the people have the right to appeal to

5559-648: The Russian Federation guarantees in theory many of the same rights and civil liberties as the U.S. except to bear arms , i.e.: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of association and assembly, freedom to choose language, to due process, to a fair trial, privacy, freedom to vote, right for education, etc. However, human rights groups like Amnesty International have warned that Vladimir Putin has seriously curtailed freedom of expression , freedom of assembly and freedom of association amidst growing authoritarianism . The Constitution of Canada includes

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5668-439: The U.S. Congress in 1968 enacted a law that essentially applies most of the protections of the Bill of Rights to tribal members, to be enforced mainly by tribal courts . The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was signed into effect by President Ronald Reagan on August 10, 1988. The act was passed by Congress to issue a public apology for those of Japanese ancestry who lost their property and liberty due to discriminatory actions by

5777-663: The U.S. Department of State released a report stating that Japan's human right record is showing signs of improvement. Whilst Australia does not have an enshrined Bill of Rights or similar binding legal document, civil liberties are assumed as protected through a series of rules and conventions. Australia had primary involvement in and was a key signatory to the UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948) The Constitution of Australia (1900) does offer very limited protection of rights: Certain High Court interpretations of

5886-467: The UID life cycle; framing policies and procedures for updating mechanism and defining usage and applicability of UIDs for delivery of various services, among others. The number is linked to the resident's basic demographic and biometric information such as a photograph, ten fingerprints , and two iris scans , which are stored in a centralised database. The UIDAI was initially set up by the Government of India in January 2009, as an attached office under

5995-573: The UIDAI project, starting the enrolment process in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , and Uttarakhand . The Union Cabinet allocated ₹ 12 billion (US$ 140 million) to the project in order to reach the target of one billion enrolments by the end of 2015. On 5 July 2015, finding the experience with the DBT scheme in LPG "very encouraging", with a reported savings of ₹ 127 billion (US$ 1.5 billion) to

6104-532: The United States Government during the internment period . This act also provided many other benefits within various sectors of the government. Within the treasury it established a civil liberties public education fund. It directed the Attorney General to identify and locate each individual affected by this act and to pay them $ 20,000 from the civil liberties public education fund. It also established

6213-629: The United States and Canada, Mexico has stricter limits on citizenship. For example, only people born in Mexico may take roles in law enforcement, legislating, or enlist in the armed forces. It also states each person born in Mexico cannot be deprived of their citizenship status. The United States Constitution , especially its Bill of Rights , protects civil liberties. The passage of the Fourteenth Amendment further protected civil liberties by introducing

6322-430: The abolishment of untouchability and prohibited discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. They forbid human trafficking and unfree labour . They protect the cultural and educational rights of ethnic and religious minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and administer their own educational institutions. All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or sex, have

6431-511: The adoption of this liberal constitution, often referred as the "Postwar Constitution" (戦後憲法, Sengo-Kenpō) or the "Peace Constitution" (平和憲法, Heiwa-Kenpō), the Japanese governing elites have struggled to usher in an inclusive, open and Pluralist society . Even after the end of World War II and the departure of the Allied government of occupation in 1952, Japan has been the target of international criticism for failing to admit to war crimes , institutional religious discrimination and maintaining

6540-425: The aegis of the Planning Commission via a notification in the Gazette of India . According to the notification, the UIDAI was given the responsibility to lay down plans and policies to implement the UID scheme, to own and operate the UID database, and to be responsible for its updating and maintenance on an ongoing basis. The UIDAI data centre is located at the Industrial Model Township (IMT) , Manesar , which

6649-403: The card to be issued first in border villages and then elsewhere. In late September 2001 the Ministry of External Affairs proposed that a mandatory national identity card be issued. This announcement followed reports that some people had obtained multiple Indian passports with different details. This was attributed to the lack of computerisation between the passport centres. In December 2003

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6758-470: The constitution abolishes untouchability and prohibits begar . These provisions act as a check both on State actions and the actions of private individuals. Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of national interest. In the Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala case , the Supreme Court ruled that all provisions of the constitution, including Fundamental Rights can be amended. However,

6867-416: The constitution – guarantee liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace as citizens of India. The six fundamental rights are right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights and the right to constitutional remedies. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies , incorporated in

6976-421: The cost of implementing the DBT for LPG was over a million dollars, a figure quite at odds with the savings figures that the government cites. Prime Minister Modi has asked for the integration of all land records with Aadhaar at the earliest, emphasising at his monthly PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation) meeting on 23   March 2016 that this was extremely important to enable monitoring of

7085-545: The country a unique identification number. Such a unique identification number assigned to a citizen would be proof of his/her identity for a variety of purposes. The major advantage is that all this can be taken care of by simply producing a citizen identity card as proof of individual identity. Presently, there are different kinds of cards and means of establishing identity in India, such as electoral identity cards, income-tax PAN cards, passports, ration cards, driving licences, birth, and education certificates, etc. However, none of

7194-408: The current Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG (DBTL), introduced in 2013, customers had to buy at full price, and the subsidy would be then directly credited to their Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. This scheme, however, did not take off, and in September 2013 a Supreme Court order put a halt on it. Subsequently, the GOI constituted a committee to review the "Direct Benefits Transfer for LPG Scheme" to study

7303-465: The data held by the UIDAI. In July 2010 UIDAI published a list 15 of agencies that were qualified to provide training to personnel to be involved in the enrolment process. It also published a list of 220 agencies that were qualified to take part in the enrolment process. Before this, the project had been in only 20 states and with the LIC of India and the State Bank of India as qualified registrars. This announcement introduced several private firms. It

7412-440: The discourse on civil liberties and the appropriate scope of government. Many contemporary nations have a constitution , a bill of rights , or similar constitutional documents that enumerate and seek to guarantee civil liberties. Other nations have enacted similar laws through a variety of legal means, including signing and ratifying or otherwise giving effect to key conventions such as the European Convention on Human Rights and

7521-438: The efficiency of administration. The project, if implemented, will have obvious benefits to the statistical system. A Group of Ministers (GoM), headed by L. K. Advani , was formed to study the recommendations and examine possible implementation. The GoM submitted its report in May 2001 in which it accepted the recommendation for an ID card and stated that a "multi-purpose National Identity Card" project would be started soon, with

7630-442: The first copy to Dr. Sebastian Paul . The book authored by Mr. P B Jijeesh was the first critique of the Aadhaar Project. Speaking on the occasion Justice V R Krishna Iyer said that "the project AADHAAR should not be implemented for it amounts to an assault on privacy and basic rights of individuals and is suited only for fascist nations. On 7 February 2012, the UIDAI launched an online verification system for Aadhaar numbers. Using

7739-401: The freedom of speech and expression are applicable only to the citizens of India (including non-resident Indian citizens). The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be conferred to overseas citizens of India . Fundamental Rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary State actions, but some rights are enforceable against private individuals too. For instance,

7848-465: The fundamental law of the land and are enforceable in a court of law. Violations of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code , subject to the discretion of the judiciary . These rights are neither absolute nor immune from constitutional amendments. They have been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they resulted in

7957-509: The identity number was voluntary. In late September 2013, following the Supreme Court verdict, Union Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and Planning , Rajeev Shukla , said that it would attempt to pass the National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010 in the winter session of the Parliament. On 9   October 2013 the National Payments Corporation of India launched an Aadhaar-based remittance system. Using

8066-625: The land records. Union Government of India also implementing Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN) Project with the reference from this Bhudhaar Project. Bhuseva Authority, an inter-departmental committee was formulated to implement and its progress monitored in real time basis by Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister and all citizens using CM Dashboard (developed and managed by Real Time Governance Society ). Any type of land parcel categories i.e. agriculture lands, rural properties & urban properties (like houses, house sites, and vacant lands) are managed by all land-related departments in

8175-421: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APBS&oldid=898405662 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Aadhaar Aadhaar ( Hindi : आधार, lit.   ' base, foundation ' )

8284-456: The ordinary people "who lacked faith in their discredited leaders and supported meaningful change." In the abstract, the constitution strives to secure fundamental individual liberties and rights, which are covered pointedly in articles 10 to 40. Most salient of the human dignity articles is article 25, section 1, which guarantees that all "people shall have the right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living." Despite

8393-517: The project for the fiscal year 2014–2015. It was a substantial increase from the previous year's allotment of ₹ 15.5 billion (US$ 190 million). Also in July, it was reported that UIDAI would hire an advertising agency, and spend about ₹ 300 million (US$ 3.6 million) on an advertising campaign. On 10 September 2014, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs gave approval to Phase V of

8502-400: The project. On 1 July 2014, Nilekani met with the prime minister Narendra Modi and finance minister Arun Jaitley to convince them of the project's merits. On 5 July 2014, Modi announced that his government would retain the project, and asked an official to look into the possibility of linking the project with passports. The 2014 budget allotted ₹ 20.4 billion (US$ 240 million) to

8611-421: The protection of individual freedoms from government encroachment, and Friedrich Hayek , whose The Road to Serfdom warns against the dangers of expanding state power. Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged and Ron Paul's The Revolution: A Manifesto further emphasize the importance of safeguarding personal autonomy and limiting government authority. These contributions have played a significant role in shaping

8720-433: The provisions of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016 . Aadhaar is the world's largest biometric ID system . World Bank Chief Economist Paul Romer described Aadhaar as "the most sophisticated ID programme in the world". Considered a proof of residence and not a proof of citizenship, Aadhaar does not itself grant any rights to domicile in India. In June 2017,

8829-453: The public exchequer this year, Jaitley said, "If we can realize the government's JAM—Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile—vision we can ensure that money goes directly and more quickly into the pockets of the poor and from the savings we achieve, we can put even more money for the poor. If we can be careful in our design and implementation, we can extend DBT to other commodities, so that the poor get more money to spend for their upliftment." In March 2015

8938-729: The right to approach the High Courts or the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so. In the public interest, anyone can initiate litigation in the court on their behalf. This is known as " public interest litigation ". High Court and Supreme Court judges can also act on their own on the basis of media reports. The Fundamental Rights emphasize equality by guaranteeing all citizens access to and use of public institutions and protections, irrespective of their background. The rights to life and personal liberty apply to persons of any nationality, while others, such as

9047-516: The shortcomings in the scheme and recommend changes. The DBTL scheme was modified later as PAHAL by the new government in November 2014. Under PAHAL, subsidies could be credited to a purchaser's bank account even if he or she did not have an Aadhaar number. Official data show that cooking gas consumption during the January–June period grew at a slower 7.82%, which is nearly four percentage points less than

9156-687: The so-called " women of comfort " that took place during the Japanese occupation of the peninsula . However, human rights group, and families of the survivors condemned the agreement as patronizing and insulting. On its official site , the Japanese government has identified various human rights problems. Among these are child abuses (e.g., bullying , corporal punishment , child sexual abuse , child prostitution , and child pornography ), frequent neglect and ill-treatment of elderly persons and individuals with disabilities , Dowa claims (discrimination against

9265-411: The standard reference to sexual preferences for jobs and other functions in society. Human rights organizations, national and foreign, expand the list to include human rights violations that relate to government policies, as in the case of daiyo kangoku system (substitute prison) and the methods of interrogating crime suspects. The effort of these agencies and ordinary people seem to pay off. In 2016,

9374-665: The state of Maharashtra began enrolling all school students in the state in the Aadhaar project to implement the Right to Education Act properly. Electronic-Know Your Customer (e-KYC) using Aadhaar card is also being introduced to activate mobile connections instantly to check Aadhaar Card Status. In 2020, UIDAI introduced a new physical Aadhaar card made of PVC with additional security features such as holograms , micro text, ghost images, guilloché Patterns , invisible logos etc. The PVC Aadhaar Card can be ordered by any Aadhaar holder from UIDAI's official website and it will be delivered to

9483-662: The states. These are Revenue, Panchayat Raj, Municipal Administration, Registration, Survey & Settlements, Forest, Endowments, Wakf. Under the Land Hub core platform, these departments integrate their land-related services and issue a new Bhudhaar number to each land holding or property upon ownership change. Civil liberty Libertarians advocate for the negative liberty aspect of civil liberties, emphasizing minimal government intervention in both personal and economic affairs. Influential advocates of this interpretation include John Stuart Mill , whose work On Liberty argues for

9592-481: The subsidy money is directly transferred to a bank account which is Aadhaar-linked. Previously, however, the direct-benefit transfer had been carried out quite successfully via the National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) system, which did not depend on Aadhaar. On 29 July 2011, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas signed a memorandum of understanding with UIDAI. The Ministry had hoped

9701-473: The successful implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana or crop insurance scheme. In July 2014 Aadhaar-enabled biometric attendance systems were introduced in government offices. The system was introduced to check the late arrival and absenteeism of government employees. The public could see the daily in and out of employees on the website attendance.gov.in . In October 2014

9810-399: The system, banks, telecom companies, and government departments could enter an Aadhaar number and verify if the person was a resident of India. On 26 November 2012 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh launched an Aadhaar-linked direct benefit transfer scheme. The project aimed to eliminate leakages in the system by directly transferring the money to the bank account of the recipient. The project

9919-548: The system, funds could be transferred to any Aadhaar-linked bank account if the Aadhaar number was known. It was announced that an SMS could be used for amounts up to ₹ 5,000 (US$ 60) and for amounts over that a mobile bank app could be used. By this time around 440 million Aadhaar numbers had been issued. In March 2014 Nilekani resigned as the chairman to contest in the general election on an Indian National Congress nomination from Bangalore South. His responsibilities were taken over by 1981-batch IAS officer Vijay Madan, who

10028-400: The systems are equipped to handle a population figure that exceeds more than 1 billion in India. So far there has not been any attempt whatsoever to standardise a format of citizen's database, which can link the information available for each citizen from different sources and analyse this according to the needs and project a comprehensive picture of the human resources in the country." Further,

10137-534: The time of purchase by submitting his Aadhaar number and pressing his fingerprints on a machine. It is part of the Digital India plan. The Digital India project aims to provide all government services to citizens electronically and is expected to be completed by 2018. In July 2014 the Employees' Provident Fund Organisation of India (EPFO) began linking provident fund accounts with Aadhaar numbers. In November 2014

10246-565: The top court upheld the validity of the Aadhaar system. In the September 2018 judgment, the Supreme Court nevertheless stipulated that the Aadhaar card is not mandatory for opening bank accounts, getting a mobile number, or being admitted to a school. Some civil liberty groups such as the Citizens Forum for Civil Liberties and the Indian Social Action Forum (INSAF) have also opposed the project over privacy concerns. Despite

10355-539: The uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom . In addition, the United Kingdom is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights which covers both human rights and civil liberties. The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the great majority of Convention rights directly into UK law. In June 2008 the then Shadow Home Secretary David Davis resigned his parliamentary seat over what he described as

10464-517: The use of anonymity tools to allow for free speech, privacy, and anonymity. The degree to which societies acknowledge civil liberties is affected by the influence of terrorism and war. Whether the existence of victimless crimes infringes upon civil liberties is also a matter of dispute. Another matter of debate is the suspension or alteration of certain civil liberties in times of war or state of emergency , including whether and to what extent this should occur. The formal concept of civil liberties

10573-441: The validity of Aadhaar on various grounds including privacy, surveillance, and exclusion from welfare benefits. On 9   January 2017 the five-judge Constitution bench of the Supreme Court of India reserved its judgement on the interim relief sought by petitions to extend the deadline making Aadhaar mandatory for everything from bank accounts to mobile services. The final hearing began on 17   January 2018. In September 2018,

10682-535: The validity of Aadhaar being challenged in the court, the central government has pushed citizens to link their Aadhaar numbers with a host of services, including mobile SIM cards, bank accounts, registration of deaths, land registration, vehicle registration, the Employees' Provident Fund Organisation , and a large number of welfare schemes including but not limited to the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ,

10791-419: The verdict, no act of parliament can be considered a law if it violates the basic structure of the constitution. This landmark guarantee of Fundamental Rights was regarded as a unique example of judicial independence in preserving the sanctity of Fundamental Rights. The Fundamental Rights can only be altered by a constitutional amendment, hence their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch but also on

10900-465: The website was closed to the public but as of 24   March 2016 is again active and open to public access. The employees use the last four digits (last eight digits for government employee registering as of August 2016) of their Aadhaar number and their fingerprints, for authentication. In November 2014 it was reported that the Ministry for External Affairs was considering making Aadhaar a mandatory requirement for passport holders. In February 2015 it

11009-454: Was estimated that to achieve the target of enrolling 40% of the population in two years, 31,019 personnel and 155 training centres would be needed. It was also estimated that 4,431 enrolment centres and 22,157 enrolment stations would have to be established. On 3 November 2011 Former Supreme Court judge V R Krishna Iyer released a book "Aadhaar; How a Nation is Deceived", in Kochi by handing over

11118-512: Was given an extension of his term as the director-general and mission director by the government. Nilekani lost to Ananth Kumar . On 10 June 2014, the new government disbanded four cabinet committees to streamline the decision-making process; among them was the cabinet committee on Aadhaar. Also in June 2014, the IT Department held a meeting with the secretaries of the states to receive feedback on

11227-566: Was important, since many people were ineligible to vote but still were considered to have the fundamental freedoms derived from the rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. This distinction is less important now that Americans enjoy near universal suffrage , and civil rights are now taken to include the political rights to vote and participate in elections, being furthermore classified with civil liberties in general as either positive rights or negative rights . Because Native American tribal governments retain sovereignty over tribal members,

11336-551: Was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Haryana Bhupinder Singh Hooda on 7 January 2013. Aadhaar data is kept in about 7,000 servers in Bengaluru and Manesar . Starting with the issuing of the first UID in September 2010, the UIDAI has been aiming to issue an Aadhaar number to all residents ensuring that it is robust enough to eliminate duplicate and fake identities, and that the number can be verified and authenticated easily and cost-effectively online anywhere, anytime. In

11445-937: Was passed in the Lok Sabha. During the Rajya Sabha debate on 16   March, Sitaram Yechury of the CPI-M said that bill should not have been passed when the issue of the right to privacy was still in the Supreme Court. On 16 March 2016 the bill was returned to the Lok Sabha by the Rajya Sabha with some suggested amendments, which the Lok Sabha promptly rejected. The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) introduces Face Authentication to further strengthen Aadhaar security. It decided to enable 'Face Authentication' in fusion mode on registered devices by 1 July 2018, so that people facing difficulties in other existing mode of verification such as iris , Fingerprint or One Time Password (OTP) could easily authenticate. The biometric technology

11554-447: Was provided by consortium partners Tata Consultancy Services and Neurotechnology . In 2019, Nirmala Sitharaman , the finance minister of India, has proposed the use of Aadhaar card for the cash transactions above ₹ 50,000 in her maiden budget speech. The Aadhaar project has been linked to welfare schemes and unemployment benefit schemes such as the domestic LPG scheme and MGNREGA . In these Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes,

11663-475: Was reported that people with an Aadhaar number would get their passports issued within 10 days, as it sped up the verification process by making it easier to check if an applicant had any criminal records in the National Crime Records Bureau database. In May 2015, it was announced that the Ministry of External Affairs was testing the linking of passports to the Aadhaar database. In October 2014

11772-502: Was started in July 2012 and was carried out despite the 2013 Supreme Court order. More than 63,932 ration cards in the white category and 229,757 names were removed from its database in the drive between July 2012 and September 2014. In August 2012 the government of the state of Andhra Pradesh asked citizens to surrender illegal ration cards before it began to link them with Aadhaar numbers. By September 2014, 15 lakh (1.5 million) illegal ration cards had been surrendered. In April 2015

11881-435: Was to be introduced in 51 districts on 1 January 2013 and then slowly expanded to cover all of India. In late November 2012 a former Karnataka High Court judge, K. S. Puttaswamy , and a lawyer, Parvesh Khanna, filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) against the government in the Supreme Court of India . They contended that the government was implementing the project without any legislative backing. They pointed out that

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