The basic principles of air navigation are identical to general navigation , which includes the process of planning, recording, and controlling the movement of a craft from one place to another.
82-644: ENAIRE is the air navigation manager in Spain , certified for the provision of enroute, approach and aerodrome control services. As a public corporate entity attached to the Spanish Ministry of Public Works , it is responsible for air traffic control , aeronautical information and the communication, navigation and surveillance networks so air companies and their aircraft can fly safely and in an organised format within Spanish airspace. By volume of air traffic, ENAIRE
164-818: A corporation of public law of an autonomous nature, attached to the Air Ministry, which, as a consequence of the Act of 26 December 1958, on the Juridical Regime for Autonomous State Entities, became the Autonomous National Airport Authority (OAAN). As a consequence of the Air Navigation Act, the OAAN was created, attached to the Air Ministry and dependent on the Subsecretariat for Civil aviation . In 1963
246-432: A different ETP. Commercial aircraft are not allowed to operate along a route that is out of range of a suitable place to land if an emergency such as an engine failure occurs. The ETP calculations serve as a planning strategy, so flight crews always have an 'out' in an emergency event, allowing a safe diversion to their chosen alternate. The final stage is to note which areas the route will pass through or over, and to make
328-449: A line on the map to show the bearing from the beacon. By using a second beacon, two lines may be drawn to locate the aircraft at the intersection of the lines. This is called a cross-cut. Alternatively, if the track takes the flight directly overhead a beacon, the pilot can use the ADF instrument to maintain heading relative to the beacon, though "following the needle" is bad practice, especially in
410-400: A more sophisticated system, and is still the primary air navigation system established for aircraft flying under IFR in those countries with many navigational aids. In this system, a beacon emits a specially modulated signal which consists of two sine waves which are out of phase . The phase difference corresponds to the actual bearing relative to magnetic north (in some cases true north) that
492-564: A network of 46 airports and 2 heliports in Spain. These include Madrid-Barajas , Barcelona-El Prat , Palma de Mallorca and Málaga-Costa del Sol . This network records more than 207 million passengers per year. In addition, AENA S.A. participates in the management of 15 further airports in the United Kingdom, Colombia and Mexico. Under the Act 09/2010, ENAIRE is the company designated by the State for
574-471: A new, wider mandate was already being considered for Eurocontrol, with much of the initiative coming from ECAC ’s Ministers of Transport. Subsequently, ECAC urged all of its member states to join Eurocontrol. A revised Eurocontrol Convention was signed in 1997, renewing the organisation's optimism for greater political support, surpassing the original vision of the 1960 Convention. In June 1998, Eurocontrol,
656-478: A note of all of the things to be done – which ATC units to contact, the appropriate frequencies, visual reporting points, and so on. It is also important to note which pressure setting regions will be entered, so that the pilot can ask for the QNH (air pressure) of those regions. Finally, the pilot should have in mind some alternative plans in case the route cannot be flown for some reason – unexpected weather conditions being
738-407: A single beacon alone. For convenience, some VOR stations also transmit local weather information which the pilot can listen in to, perhaps generated by an Automated Surface Observing System . A VOR which is co-located with a DME is usually a component of a TACAN . Prior to the advent of GNSS , Celestial Navigation was also used by trained navigators on military bombers and transport aircraft in
820-436: A surface vehicle can usually get lost, run out of fuel, then simply await rescue. There is no in-flight rescue for most aircraft. Additionally, collisions with obstructions are usually fatal. Therefore, constant awareness of position is critical for aircraft pilots. The techniques used for navigation in the air will depend on whether the aircraft is flying under visual flight rules (VFR) or instrument flight rules (IFR). In
902-476: Is a 'wind-star' maneuver and, with no winds aloft, will place him back on his original track with his trip time increased by the length of one diversion leg. Another reason for not relying on the magnetic compass during flight, apart from calibrating the Heading indicator from time to time, is because magnetic compasses are subject to errors caused by flight conditions and other internal and external interferences on
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#1733093163122984-444: Is approximately 21 minutes and typically 80% of the traffic is climbing from or descending to the major European airports of London , Brussels , Paris , Frankfurt , Amsterdam and Berlin . Maastricht UAC has undoubtedly one of the most complex airspace structures in the world and the traffic flow (up to 5,670 aircraft a day) can be disrupted by the many surrounding military airspaces. To be considered for membership of Eurocontrol,
1066-509: Is closer to continue. Similarly, the Equal time point, referred to as the ETP (also critical point), is the point in the flight where it would take the same time to continue flying straight, or track back to the departure aerodrome. The ETP is not dependent on fuel, but wind, giving a change in ground speed out from, and back to the departure aerodrome. In Nil wind conditions, the ETP is located halfway between
1148-455: Is deciding where one wishes to go. A private pilot planning a flight under VFR will usually use an aeronautical chart of the area which is published specifically for the use of pilots. This map will depict controlled airspace , radio navigation aids and airfields prominently, as well as hazards to flying such as mountains, tall radio masts, etc. It also includes sufficient ground detail – towns, roads, wooded areas – to aid visual navigation. In
1230-412: Is especially true if flying in the dark or over featureless terrain. This means that the pilot must stick to the calculated headings, heights and speeds as accurately as possible, unless flying under visual flight rules . The visual pilot must regularly compare the ground with the map, ( pilotage ) to ensure that the track is being followed although adjustments are generally calculated and planned. Usually,
1312-466: Is not as easy as it might appear, unless there is no wind at all—a very rare occurrence. The pilot must adjust heading to compensate for the wind , in order to follow the ground track. Initially the pilot will calculate headings to fly for each leg of the trip prior to departure, using the forecast wind directions and speeds supplied by the meteorological authorities for the purpose . These figures are generally accurate and updated several times per day, but
1394-451: Is the fourth largest air navigation service provider in Europe, with approximately 2 million flights per year. ENAIRE manages 2.2 million km of airspace from five air control centres and 21 control towers . ENAIRE controls a complex airspace of over 2,000,000 km, including one continental area and oceanic area. It also handles flights entering Europe from America and Africa , as Spain
1476-520: Is the port of entry linking traffic from these destinations with Europe, Germany , France and the United Kingdom . ENAIRE adapts to the seasonal nature of air traffic in Spain, where there is a considerably larger number of flights during the summer months. Spain is recorded to have the third-largest number of tourists in the world. ENAIRE participates in projects of the European Union related to
1558-593: The European Commission , attempting to create a synergy of Eurocontrol's technical expertise and EU's regulatory authorities. Several initiatives originating in this period become a lasting element of the organisation, such as the Eurocontrol forecasting service, which became STATFOR, as well as the Aeronautical Information Service. By 1986, the pressure on the European ATC network was so big that
1640-699: The European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Commission (EC) also signed an agreement formalising cooperation in the realm of satellite navigation systems and services. In 1999 the European Commission presented its plan for a Single European Sky (SES) to the European Parliament, followed by two high-Level groups (HLG). The HLG reports on SES led to the establishment of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and reinforced
1722-629: The GA pilot. Recently, many airports include GNSS instrument approaches. GNSS approaches consist of either overlays to existing precision and non-precision approaches or stand-alone GNSS approaches. Approaches having the lowest decision heights generally require that GNSS be augmented by a second system—e.g., the FAA's Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). Civilian flight navigators (a mostly redundant aircrew position, also called 'air navigator' or 'flight navigator'), were employed on older aircraft, typically between
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#17330931631221804-532: The Netherlands and Luxembourg ) agreed in 1964 to set up a single international air traffic control centre to manage their upper airspace, settling in the Dutch city of Maastricht . The European Parliament at the time expressed concern about the lack of clear intergovernmental agreements to ensure common air traffic control services across the continent. In 1979, Eurocontrol signed a working cooperation agreement with
1886-574: The Netherlands , and north-west Germany . In 2017 it became the first multinational, cross-border, civil-military, air navigation service provider since it integrated the military air traffic control of the German and Dutch upper airspace. It is the third busiest upper area area control centre (ACC) in Europe after the London Area Control Centre and Karlsruhe ACC in terms of traffic numbers, but
1968-544: The UK , the CAA publishes a series of maps covering the whole of the UK at various scales, updated annually. The information is also updated in the notices to airmen , or NOTAMs. The pilot will choose a route, taking care to avoid controlled airspace that is not permitted for the flight, restricted areas, danger areas and so on. The chosen route is plotted on the map, and the lines drawn are called
2050-466: The lowest safe altitude (LSALT), bearings (in both directions), and distance marked for each route. IFR pilots may fly on other routes but they then must perform all such calculations themselves; the LSALT calculation is the most difficult. The pilot then needs to look at the weather and minimum specifications for landing at the destination airport and the alternate requirements. Pilots must also comply with all
2132-402: The track . The aim of all subsequent navigation is to follow the chosen track as accurately as possible. Occasionally, the pilot may elect on one leg to follow a clearly visible feature on the ground such as a railway track, river, highway, or coast. When an aircraft is in flight, it is moving relative to the body of air through which it is flying; therefore maintaining an accurate ground track
2214-577: The AENA network, to receive air navigation services from AENA, later on handled by ENAIRE. By resolution of the Cabinet on 25 February 2011, the company AENA Aeropuertos was created, pursuant to the Legislative Royal Decree 13, of 3 December 2010, of actions in the fiscal, occupational and liberalising areas to encourage investment and the creation of employment, and which included, in its legislative text,
2296-399: The Act 9/2010 was published, regulating the provision of air traffic services, and the obligations of civil providers of such services are established, in addition to setting certain working conditions for civil air traffic controllers. This Act liberalised aerodrome control services. The airport of Lleida-Alguaire began operations in 2010 and was the first autonomous region airport, outside
2378-837: The Aviation Learning Centre (ALC) in Luxembourg , and the Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre (MUAC) in Maastricht , the Netherlands . The organisation employs approximately two thousand people, and operates with an annual budget in excess of half a billion euros . Although Eurocontrol is not an agency of the European Union , the EU has delegated parts of its Single European Sky regulations to Eurocontrol, making it
2460-508: The DI periodically. The compass itself will only show a steady reading when the aircraft has been in straight and level flight long enough to allow it to settle. Should the pilot be unable to complete a leg – for example bad weather arises, or the visibility falls below the minima permitted by the pilot's license, the pilot must divert to another route. Since this is an unplanned leg, the pilot must be able to mentally calculate suitable headings to give
2542-425: The European Commission's role as the sole European aviation safety regulator, while acknowledging Eurocontrol's technical expertise in the implementation of said regulations. The early 2000s were marred by several fatal accidents in Europe, such as the 2001 2001 Linate Airport runway collision and the 2002 Überlingen mid-air collision , both of which were related to air traffic navigation shortcomings. The pressure
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2624-462: The Ministry for Public Works, and competences for management of the network of Spanish airports, air navigation facilities and support networks and control over air traffic were entrusted to it. On 29 June 1990, in application of Art. 82 of the Act 4/1990, of 29 June 1990, the public entity Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea (AENA), attached to the Ministry for Transport, Tourism and Communications,
2706-640: The Ministry for Transport, Tourism and Communications). Under the Royal Decree 905/1991, of 14 June, the statute of the public entity AENA (acronym: Spanish Airports and Air Navigation) was approved, and this came into force on 19 June 1991, the day following its publication in the Official Spanish Gazette (BOE). The directives for action by the new entity were set by the Government through the then Ministry for Transport, Tourism and Communications, today
2788-453: The PNR, is the point on a flight at which a plane has just enough fuel, plus any mandatory reserve, to return to the airfield from which it departed. Beyond this point that option is closed, and the plane must proceed to some other destination. Alternatively, with respect to a large region without airfields, e.g. an ocean, it can mean the point before which it is closer to turn around and after which it
2870-562: The Safety of Air Navigation , commonly known as Eurocontrol (stylised EUROCONTROL ), is an international organisation working to achieve safe and seamless air traffic management across Europe . Founded in 1963, Eurocontrol currently has 41 member states with headquarters in Brussels , Belgium . It has several local sites as well, including an Innovation Hub in Brétigny-sur-Orge , France ,
2952-640: The Single European Sky Regulations (Package 1). In March 2006, the European Commission's Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) Program was launched by the Stakeholder Consultation Group (SCG) under Eurocontrol's aegis. Eurocontrol provides a set of different services: Eurocontrol's Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre (MUAC), ICAO designator EDYY, located at Maastricht Aachen Airport , provides air traffic control for traffic above 24,500 ft over Belgium , Luxembourg ,
3034-447: The Spanish air navigation system, as an integral part of a global system. In addition, ENAIRE holds stakes in: EMGRISA (0.08%), Grupo Navegación por Satélite Sistemas y Servicios S.L. (19.3%), GroupEAD (36%) and Barcelona Regional (11.76%). [REDACTED] Media related to ENAIRE at Wikimedia Commons Air navigation Successful air navigation involves piloting an aircraft from place to place without getting lost, not breaking
3116-484: The Subsecretariat for Civil aviation was created within the Air Ministry (still a military authority), to which the OAAN was attached. Spain signed an agreement with Eurocontrol as an associate state in 1972. The Autonomous National Airport Authority, dependent upon the Air Ministry, signed a convention with Eurocontrol in consideration for the use of the Air Navigation Facilities Network. In 1977,
3198-490: The aggregate navigation aids present within the applicable airspace. Once these determinations have been made, the operator develops a route that is the most time and fuel efficient while respecting all applicable safety concerns—thereby maximizing both the aircraft's and the airspace's overall performance capabilities. Under the PBN approach, technologies evolve over time (e.g., ground beacons become satellite beacons) without requiring
3280-476: The air navigation providers of Spain (ENAIRE), Germany ( DFS ), the United Kingdom ( NATS ) and Holland ( LVNL ), and the Spanish company Indra , for the development of the future air controller post in Europe. On 19 May 2015, Ángel Luis Arias Serrano (Madrid, 1960) was appointed managing director of ENAIRE by the board of directors of the public corporate entity ENAIRE. Between January 2012 and his appointment as managing director of ENAIRE, Ángel Luis Arias occupied
3362-651: The central organisation for coordination and planning of air traffic control for all of Europe. The EU itself is a signatory of Eurocontrol and all EU member states are presently also members of Eurocontrol. The organisation works with national authorities, air navigation service providers , civil and military airspace users, airports , and other organisations. Its activities involve all gate-to-gate air navigation service operations: strategic and tactical flow management, controller training, regional control of airspace, safety-proofed technologies and procedures, and collection of air navigation charges. The Eurocontrol Convention
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3444-481: The creation of the Ministry for Transport and Communications entailed the integration of the Subsecretariat for Civil Aviation into the national civil service. In 1982 the disappearance of the Subsecretariat for Civil Aviation gave place to the creation of the General Directorate for Civil Aviation (DGAC), which took on the legislative and regulatory powers, as well as those of air navigation. OAAN became part of
3526-424: The desired new track. Using the flight computer in flight is usually impractical, so mental techniques to give rough and ready results are used. The wind is usually allowed for by assuming that sine A = A, for angles less than 60° (when expressed in terms of a fraction of 60° – e.g. 30° is 1/2 of 60°, and sine 30° = 0.5), which is adequately accurate. A method for computing this mentally is the clock code . However
3608-468: The end of the leg. This is also a point to reassess the estimated time for the leg. A good pilot will become adept at applying a variety of techniques to stay on track. While the compass is the primary instrument used to determine one's heading, pilots will usually refer instead to the direction indicator (DI), a gyroscopically driven device which is much more stable than a compass. The compass reading will be used to correct for any drift ( precession ) of
3690-483: The environment and the needs of users. These services are provided from the five regional directorates of ENAIRE: Centre-North, East, South, Canary Islands and Balearic Islands, whose headquarters lie respectively in the control centres ( ACC ) of Madrid, Barcelona, Seville , Gran Canaria and Palma de Mallorca . In 1958, under the Act of 26 December 1958, the National Airports Executive was created as
3772-549: The event of all electronic navigational aids being turned off in time of war. Originally navigators used an astrodome and regular sextant but the more streamlined periscopic sextant was used from the 1940s to the 1990s. From the 1970s airliners used inertial navigation systems , especially on inter-continental routes, until the shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in 1983 prompted the US government to make GPS available for civilian use. Finally, an aircraft may be supervised from
3854-536: The first in terms of flight hours and distance. MUAC has put in operation innovative technology and productivity enhancements: a new generation Flight Data Processing System, Integrated Flow Management Position, the Short Term Conflict Alert (STCA), Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) and stripless controller working positions. Typically, air traffic control sectors at MUAC can handle 55 or more flights per hour. The average flight duration
3936-538: The ground using surveillance information from e.g. radar or multilateration . ATC can then feed back information to the pilot to help establish position, or can actually tell the pilot the position of the aircraft, depending on the level of ATC service the pilot is receiving. The use of GNSS in aircraft is becoming increasingly common. GNSS provides very precise aircraft position, altitude, heading and ground speed information. GNSS makes navigation precision once reserved to large RNAV -equipped aircraft available to
4018-532: The implementation of the Single European Sky , such as the group A6 and the European joint undertaking iTEC (with Indra and the air navigation providers NATS (United Kingdom), DFS (Germany), LVNL (Netherlands), Avinor (Norway), PANSA (Poland) and Oro Navigacija (Lithuania). ENAIRE is also a full member of CANSO . ENAIRE owns 51% of the capital of AENA S.A. , the world's largest airport manager, with
4100-470: The late-1910s and the 1970s. The crew member, occasionally two navigation crew members for some flights, was responsible for the trip navigation, including its dead reckoning and celestial navigation . This was especially essential when trips were flown over oceans or other large bodies of water, where radio navigation aids were not originally available. (satellite coverage is now provided worldwide). As sophisticated electronic and GNSS systems came online,
4182-476: The latter case, the pilot will navigate exclusively using instruments and radio navigation aids such as beacons, or as directed under radar control by air traffic control . In the former case, a pilot will largely navigate using " dead reckoning " combined with visual observations (known as pilotage ), with reference to appropriate maps. This may be supplemented using radio navigation aids or satellite based positioning systems . The first step in navigation
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#17330931631224264-417: The laws applying to aircraft, or endangering the safety of those on board or on the ground . Air navigation differs from the navigation of surface craft in several ways; Aircraft travel at relatively high speeds, leaving less time to calculate their position en route. Aircraft normally cannot stop in mid-air to ascertain their position at leisure. Aircraft are safety-limited by the amount of fuel they can carry;
4346-444: The magnet system. Many GA aircraft are fitted with a variety of navigation aids, such as Automatic direction finder (ADF), inertial navigation , compasses , radar navigation , VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) and Global navigation satellite system (GNSS). ADF uses non-directional beacons (NDBs) on the ground to drive a display which shows the direction of the beacon from the aircraft. The pilot may use this bearing to draw
4428-634: The major infrastructure projects for airports, railways and roads undertaken in Spain and many others internationally. With the legal personality of an Economic Interest Grouping , ENAIRE (66.66%), Ineco (16.67%) and the Polytechnic University of Madrid (16.67%), have constituted the "ATM Research, Development and Innovation Reference Centre" (Crida) to engage in R&;D+I activities in the area of ATM aimed at improving performance (in particular safety, capacity and economic and environmental efficiency) of
4510-491: The management of the airspaces of Spain and Portugal (SW FAB – south-west zone of Europe). The public corporate entity Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea (AENA) changed its name to ENAIRE (Legislative Royal Decree 8, of 4 July 2014). ENAIRE continues with the same nature and juridical regime envisaged for the public corporate entity AENA, holding exclusive competences in relation to air navigation and airspace, as well as national and international operational coordination of
4592-533: The modernisation of the airport system through the implantation of a new management model. By Ministerial Order of 7 June 2011, the commencement of the activity of AENA Aeropuertos, SA . was approved, to which entity all the duties and obligations previously exercised by the public corporate entity AENA in relation to the management and operation of airport services were entrusted. Service provision agreement between AENA Aeropuertos S.A. and AENA ( Public Corporate Entity ). On 18 January 2012, José Manuel Vargas Gómez
4674-465: The most common. At times the pilot may be required to file a flight plan for an alternate destination and to carry adequate fuel for this. The more work a pilot can do on the ground prior to departure, the easier it will be in the air. Instrument flight rules (IFR) navigation is similar to visual flight rules (VFR) flight planning except that the task is generally made simpler by the use of special charts that show IFR routes from beacon to beacon with
4756-594: The national air traffic management network. In addition, ENAIRE holds 51% of the shares of AENA S.A., which has been listed on the Stock Exchange since 11 February 2015. The Secretary of State for Infrastructure, Transport and Housing , Rafael Catalá Polo , became chairman of the Public Corporate Entity ENAIRE on 15 July 2014. With his subsequent appointment as Minister for Justice under the Royal Decree 851/2014 of 3 October, Julio Gómez-Pomar Rodríguez
4838-408: The navigator's position in commercial aviation (but not necessarily military aviation) became redundant. (Some countries task their air forces to fly without navigation aids during wartime , thus still requiring a navigator's position). Most civilian air navigators were retired or made redundant by the early 1980s. Citations Bibliography Eurocontrol The European Organisation for
4920-450: The navigator's position was discontinued and its function was assumed by dual-licensed pilot-navigators, and still later by the flight's primary pilots (Captain and First Officer), resulting in a downsizing in the number of aircrew positions for commercial flights. As the installation of electronic navigation systems into the Captain's and FO's instrument panels was relatively straight forward,
5002-460: The only heliports of the network. As of this writing ENAIRE holds 45.85% of public shares in INECO ("Transport Engineering and Economics") with the remainder of the shares distributed between Renfe Operadora (12.78%) and Adif (41.37%). INECO specialises in conducting studies and projects linked to the transport and telecommunications sector. Created more than forty years ago, it has participated in all
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#17330931631225084-426: The pilot must also allow for this, called the magnetic variation (or declination). The variation that applies locally is also shown on the flight map. Once the pilot has calculated the actual headings required, the next step is to calculate the flight times for each leg. This is necessary to perform accurate dead reckoning . The pilot also needs to take into account the slower initial airspeed during climb to calculate
5166-418: The pilot must be extra vigilant when flying diversions to maintain awareness of position. Some diversions can be temporary – for example to skirt around a local storm cloud. In such cases, the pilot can turn 60 degrees away his desired heading for a given period of time. Once clear of the storm, he can then turn back in the opposite direction 120 degrees, and fly this heading for the same length of time. This
5248-435: The pilot will fly for some time as planned to a point where features on the ground are easily recognised. If the wind is different from that expected, the pilot must adjust heading accordingly, but this is not done by guesswork, but by mental calculation – often using the 1 in 60 rule . For example, a two degree error at the halfway stage can be corrected by adjusting heading by four degrees the other way to arrive in position at
5330-664: The post of Director General of Civil Aviation, in the course of which he exercised the duties of Chairman of the Governing Board of the Spanish Air Safety Agency (AESA) and he has been a member of the boards of directors of ENAIRE and Senasa, as well as vice-chairman of the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL). In June 2018, Julio Gómez-Pomar Rodríguez was dismissed as Secretary of State for Infrastructure, Transport and Housing with
5412-399: The presence of a strong cross wind – the pilot's actual track will spiral in towards the beacon, not what was intended. NDBs also can give erroneous readings because they use very long wavelengths , which are easily bent and reflected by ground features and the atmosphere. NDBs continue to be used as a common form of navigation in some countries with relatively few navigational aids. VOR is
5494-556: The publication of Royal Decree 506/2018, of 18 June, and the publication on the same day of Royal Decree 511 / 2018, of 18 June, whereby Pedro Saura García, Secretary of State for Infrastructure, Transport and Housing, is appointed, then becomes president of ENAIRE. In accordance with the Royal Decree-Law 8/2014, of 4 July, concerning the governing bodies of the ENAIRE Public Business Entity, the position of President of
5576-442: The receiver is from the station. The upshot is that the receiver can determine with certainty the exact bearing from the station. Again, a cross-cut is used to pinpoint the location. Many VOR stations also have additional equipment called DME ( distance measuring equipment ) which will allow a suitable receiver to determine the exact distance from the station. Together with the bearing, this allows an exact position to be determined from
5658-466: The rules including their legal ability to use a particular instrument approach depending on how recently they last performed one. In recent years, strict beacon-to-beacon flight paths have started to be replaced by routes derived through performance-based navigation (PBN) techniques. When operators develop flight plans for their aircraft, the PBN approach encourages them to assess the overall accuracy, integrity, availability, continuity, and functionality of
5740-509: The same will fall to the Secretary of State for Infrastructure, Transport and Housing . ENAIRE owns 51% of AENA ( Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea ), a network of 46 airports in Spain and abroad. AENA operates all the airports of public interest in Spain and some air bases on a mixed basis with the Armed Forces of Spain. Also worth noting are Ceuta Heliport and Algeciras Heliport ,
5822-411: The supply of air traffic services in the en-route and approach phases. ENAIRE performs the following air navigation functions: ENAIRE provides air navigation services using the following equipment and installations: ENAIRE performs the national and international operational coordination of the Spanish air traffic management network through efficient airspace management, taking into account respect for
5904-444: The time to top of climb. It is also helpful to calculate the top of descent, or the point at which the pilot would plan to commence the descent for landing. The flight time will depend on both the desired cruising speed of the aircraft, and the wind – a tailwind will shorten flight times, a headwind will increase them. The flight computer has scales to help pilots compute these easily. The point of no return , sometimes referred to as
5986-603: The two aerodromes, but in reality it is shifted depending on the windspeed and direction. The aircraft that is flying across the Ocean for example, would be required to calculate ETPs for one engine inoperative, depressurization, and a normal ETP; all of which could actually be different points along the route. For example, in one engine inoperative and depressurization situations the aircraft would be forced to lower operational altitudes, which would affect its fuel consumption, cruise speed and ground speed. Each situation therefore would have
6068-410: The underlying aircraft operation to be recalculated. Also, navigation specifications used to assess the sensors and equipment that are available in an airspace can be cataloged and shared to inform equipment upgrade decisions and the ongoing harmonization of the world's various air navigation systems. Once in flight, the pilot must take pains to stick to plan, otherwise getting lost is all too easy. This
6150-475: The unpredictable nature of the weather means that the pilot must be prepared to make further adjustments in flight. A general aviation (GA) pilot will often make use of either a flight computer – a type of slide rule – or a purpose-designed electronic navigational computer to calculate initial headings. The primary instrument of navigation is the magnetic compass . The needle or card aligns itself to magnetic north , which does not coincide with true north , so
6232-624: The year 1990. In 1991, it came into service at the Air Traffic Control Centre of Madrid and, in 1992, at the Air Traffic Control Centre of Seville as well. At the Air Traffic Control Centres of Barcelona and Canary Islands, it was installed in 1994. In 1997 Spain joined Eurocontrol as a full member. On 19 June 2001, the new Air Traffic Control Centre of Seville , replacing the former one situated at El Judío, came into operation. The Air Traffic Control Centre of Seville
6314-449: Was appointed Secretary of State for Infrastructure, Transport and Housing and also assumed the chairmanship of ENAIRE. Under the Legislative Royal Decree 8, of 4 July 2014, the change of name of the company AENA Aeropuertos, S.A., to AENA, S.A. , took place. ENAIRE possesses 51% of its shares. The agreement to form the Group iTEC (Interoperability Through European Collaboration) was signed by
6396-603: Was appointed managing director-Chairman of the Public Corporate Entity Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea (AENA). On 17 March 2013 Spain and Portugal signed the agreement to establish the south-west airspace. Signed by the Minister for Public Works, Ana Pastor Julián , and the Minister for the Economy and Employment of Portugal, Álvaro Santos Pereira , the agreement established a functional block for
6478-473: Was created. On 2 November 1991 it began to provide airport services and, one years later, on 2 November 1992, AENA started to provide services related to air navigation . Development having got under way in 1984, the operational system SACTA (Automated Air Traffic Control System), is owned by ENAIRE and was developed by Indra [1] . SACTA was put into service at the Control Centre of Palma de Mallorca in
6560-557: Was further compounded by the September 11 attacks , increasing the need for a rapid Europe-wide regulatory and coordinating body. By May 2003, Eurocontrol and NATO had signed a memorandum of cooperation, followed by a similar memorandum with the European Commission in December 2003. In February 2004, Eurocontrol started work on first mandates from the European Commission and in April 2004, it adopted
6642-679: Was signed in 1960 and ratified in 1963. Before the Convention entered into force in 1963, there were already indications that the matter of national sovereignty would complicate the full implementation of the organisation's founding mission. The first European plan for a harmonised air traffic control (ATC) system, proposed in 1962, was beset by the refusal of both France and Britain to comply, largely due to reasons closely linked with their national military airspace control. The other four original members (the Federal Republic of Germany , Belgium ,
6724-423: Was the very first in Spain, its history stretching back to the year 1952. On 23 February 2005, the new Air Traffic Control Centre of Barcelona came into operation, replacing the former one situated at Gavá. AENA, DFS and NATS , the air navigation service providers of Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom, signed an agreement to develop, jointly, the first flight plan system at a European level. On 14 April 2010,
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