Misplaced Pages

#469530

27-418: On October 25, 1990, opponents of the dictatorship of Moussa Traoré joined together as ADEMA. This umbrella movement included activists of the following organizations: ADEMA also attracted many supporters with no previous political affiliation. On May 25, 1991, after the regime of Moussa Traoré was overthrown by General Amadou Toumani Touré , ADEMA transformed itself into an official political party and took

54-460: A coup. In trying to move to more open politics, he appointed the historian Alpha Oumar Konaré as arts minister. In 1980, student demonstrations were broken up, and their leader Abdoul Karim Camara ("Cabral") died from torture. In 1982, he was made commander-in-chief. Traoré was chairperson of the Organization of African Unity from May 1988 to July 1989. Traoré was reelected in 1985, again as

81-464: A former head of state and many former supporters now rallying around Chogel Maiga 's Patriotic Movement for Renewal party ( Mouvement Patriotique pour le Renouveau , MPR). Both Traoré and his wife retired from public life, in part due to ill health. Traoré died on 15 September 2020, in Bamako just ten days before his 84th birthday. There are no details on his cause of death. Kita, Mali Kita

108-410: A lieutenant, he led the military ousting of President Modibo Keïta in 1968 . Thereafter he served as head of state until March 1991, when he was overthrown by popular protests and a military coup . During his tenure, political activity was banned, marking a shift to authoritarian control. His right-hand man Tiécoro Bagayoko oversaw a regime of surveillance with the help of informants. He dismantled

135-470: A new village called "Linguékoto". In the Health Minister's 2018 census, Kita had a population of 463,787, while in 2020, the urban area of Kita counted 65,908. Kita has a fairly dry tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ) with a hot to sweltering and arid dry season from November to late May and a hot, steamy wet season from late May to October. There is negligible rain and very low humidity in

162-520: Is a town and urban commune in western Mali . The town is the capital of the Kita Cercle in the Kayes Region . It lies on the eastern slope of Mount Kita (Bambara: "Kita-kulu"), known for its caves and rock paintings . Today, the town is known for its music, its annual Roman Catholic pilgrimage and its role as a processing center for the surrounding cotton- and peanut -growing region. Kita lies on

189-597: The Association des élèves et étudiants du Mali (AEEM) and the Association Malienne des Droits de l'Homme (AMDH) aimed to contest Moussa Traoré's rule, with a plural political life. On 22 March 1991 a huge protest march in central Bamako was put down violently, with estimates of those killed reaching 150. Four days later, the commander of Traoré's presidential guard, Col. Amadou Toumani Touré , removed Traoré from office and arrested him. A Transitional Committee for

216-489: The Dakar-Niger Railway and is the largest transit hub between Bamako (112 miles) and Kayes (205 miles). In the 2018 census the urban commune had a population of 463,787. In November 1955, Kita became a commune of average exercise. On March 2, 1966, Kita became a commune of full exercise. The town grew in the 1990s around the cotton industry, but this has since declined. A fictionalized version of Kita features as

243-648: The Alliance for Republic and Democracy. ADEMA-PASJ backed Touré for re-election in the April 2007 presidential election . This move was opposed by party vice-president Soumeylou Boubèye Maiga , who was consequently expelled from the party. In the July 2007 parliamentary election , ADEMA-PASJ won 51 out of 147 seats, more than any other party. Dramane Dembélé was the ADEMA candidate for the July 2013 presidential election . He placed third in

270-702: The Salvation of the People was set up under Touré's chairmanship, which oversaw a transition to democracy a year later. Imprisoned in Markala local Prison, in February 1993, Traoré was condemned to death for "political crimes", largely focused on the killing of around 300 pro-democracy demonstrators in Bamako, but his sentence was later commuted. In 1999 he was once more condemned to death with his wife Mariam Traoré, for "economic crimes":

297-591: The birth of the town of Kita, however the order of these settlements are still subjects to debate. One of the settlements was attributed to the Tounkara traders from Ouagadou, the Ghana empire. Their chief, Diouna Tounkara, created "Sediousaba", which means "Three shea trees" as mentioned above. The second settlement was attributed to a Guinea trader, Siema Toloba Kamara, who created a village called "Fatali. Later, Siema Toloba Kamara and Diouna Tounkara allied with each other to form

SECTION 10

#1732873635470

324-496: The election, receiving 9.6% of the vote. On 3 August 2013, he announced his support for Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta in the second round, saying that "we are in the Socialist International , we share the same values". However, in endorsing Keïta he contradicted the official stance of ADEMA, which had backed Keïta's rival, Soumaïla Cissé , on the previous day. The party stressed that Dembélé was speaking only for himself and that

351-451: The embezzling of the equivalent of US$ 350,000 during his rule. President Alpha Oumar Konaré commuted these sentences to life imprisonment. Shortly before leaving office, on 29 May 2002, he further pardoned the couple, for the sake of national reconciliation, a stance which incoming president Amadou Toumani Touré championed. Traoré's once reviled legacy somewhat softened under Touré, with the former dictator recognised at least informally as

378-566: The establishment of an independent press and independent political associations, but insisted that Mali was not ready for democracy. On December 25, 1985 tensions rose between Mali led by Traoré and Burkina Faso led by Thomas Sankara . Traoré's regime struggled to manage social unrest. When officials in Burkina Faso conducted a census in disputed border communities, Malian forces launched an offensive on Christmas Day. Since Mali had more power than Burkina Faso they used guerrilla warfare as

405-675: The government approved plans for cereal marketing liberalization, reform in the state enterprise system, new incentives to private enterprise, and an agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, by 1990, there was growing dissatisfaction with the demands for austerity imposed by the IMF's economic reform programs and the perception that the president and his close associates were not themselves adhering to those demands. As in other African countries, demands for multi-party democracy increased. Traoré allowed some reforms, including

432-509: The government for the following decade, and Konaré was re-elected in 1997 following an opposition boycott of the polls. At the end of Konaré's second term, ADEMA-PASJ divided over the succession of the presidency, with Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta leaving the party in October 2000 to form the Rally for Mali ( Rassemblement pour le Mali , RPM). Former prime minister Mandé Sidibé also left in order to enter

459-589: The military junta stayed in power. In September 1976, they established the Democratic Union of the Malian People (UDPM), a new ruling political party organised according to a "non-ideological democratic centralism ". In June 1979, a single-party general election was held. As general secretary of the UPDM, Traoré was automatically elected to a six-year term as president, and he was confirmed in office with 99 percent of

486-590: The name Alliance for Democracy in Mali-African Party for Solidarity and Justice ( ADEMA-Parti Africain pour la Solidarité et la Justice , ADEMA-PASJ). In 1992, ADEMA-PASJ dominated the February and March legislative elections, claiming 76 of 116 seats in the Malian National Assembly. Its presidential candidate, Alpha Oumar Konaré, was elected President of the Republic . ADEMA-PASJ continued to dominate

513-515: The new state of Tanzania ) as military instructor to its liberation movements. He then became instructor at the École militaire interarmes in Kati. On 19 November 1968 he took part in the coup d'état which deposed President Modibo Keïta . He became president of the Comité militaire de libération nationale , which made him effective Head of state of Mali. All political activity was banned. A police state

540-519: The only candidate. Later that year, the UDPM-controlled legislature amended the constitution to exempt him from the two-term limit. The political situation stabilized during 1981 and 1982, and remained generally calm throughout the 1980s. The UDPM began attracting additional members as it demonstrated that it could counter an effective voice against the excesses of local administrative authorities. Shifting its attention to Mali's economic difficulties,

567-438: The party still supported Cissé. ADEMA-PASJ's motto is "Work-Solidarity-Justice"; its symbol is the bee. The current party president is Dioncounda Traoré . ADEMA-PASJ is a full member of the Socialist International . Moussa Traor%C3%A9 Moussa Traoré (25 September 1936 – 15 September 2020) was a Malian military officer, politician, and dictator who served as the second President of Mali from 1968 to 1991. As

SECTION 20

#1732873635470

594-438: The presidential race. In 2002, Soumaïla Cissé was the official presidential candidate of ADEMA-PASJ. He won 22.7% of the vote in the first round of the presidential election , held on 28 April, and was defeated by Amadou Toumani Touré in the second round, held on 12 May, receiving 35.7% of the vote. In the parliamentary election held on 14 July 2002, the party won 45 out of 160 seats. 6 additional seats were won by partners in

621-420: The setting for Malian author Massa Makan Diabaté 's "Kouta Trilogy" ( Le lieutenant de Kouta , Le coiffeur de Kouta , and Le boucher de Kouta ). Kita proper has been called with different names throughout history. One of its earliest names was "Guénou Kourou". However, a second name "Sediousaba" had been used for the small village, or rather an area in the town. Two major settlements have been considered

648-561: The socialist economic policies of his predecessor, Modibo Keita. He was twice condemned to death in the 1990s, but eventually pardoned on both occasions and freed in 2002. He retired from public life and died in 2020. Born in Kayes Region , Traoré studied at Kita and at the military academy in Fréjus , France . He returned to Mali in 1960, after its 1959 independence. He became second lieutenant in 1961, and lieutenant in 1963. He went to Tanganyika (which later together with Zanzibar formed

675-610: The vote. The UDPM was intended to be the main link between the government and the people. Among its auxiliaries were the Union Nationale des Femmes du Mali and Union Nationale des Jeunes du Mali , compulsory organisations for women and young people. In 1977 ex-president Modibo Keïta died in detention, in suspicious circumstances. The government reacted strongly, and made violent arrests. On 28 February 1978, Moussa Traoré had arrested both Tiécoro Bagayoko and Kissima Doukara , defense and security minister, on accusations of plotting

702-757: The war continued raids were conducted in both countries. Then in early 1986 a peace agreement was made and resulted in Thomas Sankara and Traoré to avoid each other. This would affect Mali negatively but it boosted his popularity. In 1990, the National Congress for Democratic Initiative ( Congrès National d’Initiative démocratique , CNID) was set up by the lawyer Mountaga Tall , and the Alliance for Democracy in Mali ( Alliance pour la démocratie au Mali , ADEMA) by Abdramane Baba and historian Alpha Oumar Konaré . These with

729-473: Was run by Captain Tiécoro Bagayoko . Informers monitored academics and teachers, mostly hostile to the military rule. The socialist economic policies of Modibo Keïta were partially dropped. In 1972–1973, a major drought hit Mali. In 1974, Traoré issued a changed constitution for a Malian Second Republic , which was inaugurated in 1978. The new constitution was purported to move Mali toward civilian rule,

#469530