Mediawan Thematics (formerly known as AB Groupe ) is a French business group in the field of broadcasting.
109-895: It was founded in 1977 by Jean-Luc Azoulay and Claude Berda as a music production company, and in 1987 went into the world of television . On 11 October 2018 AB Groupe was rebranded to Mediawan Thematics after the purchase by Mediawan in 2017. AB sold many channels, notably the free national channels TMC and NT1 taken over by TF1 when they were the main shareholder of AB Groupe. AB1 RTL9 Animaux Encyclo Escales Terranova Toute l'Histoire Trek Ultra Nature Science et Vie TV Mon Science & Vie Junior Action Ciné First Ciné Pop Ciné Fx Polar Musique classique 'Zik Clubbing TV AB Moteurs Chasse et Pêche Fit TV Mangas RTL9 AB3 ABXplore TMC Monte Carlo Vidéoclick XXL AB Disques AB Distribution AB Sat This French television-related article
218-481: A Grammy nomination, the Recording Academy defines a producer: The person who has overall creative and technical control of the entire recording project, and the individual recording sessions that are part of that project. He or she is present in the recording studio or at the location recording and works directly with the artist and engineer. The producer makes creative and aesthetic decisions that realize both
327-530: A mononymous stage name ( Eno ). In 1984, he (amongst others) composed and performed the "Prophecy Theme" for the David Lynch film Dune ; the rest of the soundtrack was composed and performed by the group Toto . Eno produced performance artist Laurie Anderson 's Bright Red album, and also composed for it. Eno played on David Byrne's musical score for The Catherine Wheel , a project commissioned by Twyla Tharp to accompany her Broadway dance project of
436-423: A broad project, the creation of a popular music recording may be split across three specialists: the executive producer , who oversees business partnerships and financing; the vocal producer or vocal arranger, who aids vocal performance via expert critique and coaching of vocal technique, and the record producer or music producer, who, often called simply the producer, directs the overall creative process of recording
545-726: A collaborative double A-side with Kevin Shields , for Record Store Day . In 2019, Eno participated in DAU , an immersive art and cultural installation in Paris by Russian film director Ilya Khrzhanovsky evoking life under Soviet authoritarian rule. Eno contributed six auditory ambiances. In March 2020, Eno and his brother, Roger Eno , released their collaborative album Mixing Colours . Eno provided original music for Ben Lawrence's 2021 documentary Ithaka about John Shipton 's battle to save his son, Julian Assange . In October 2022, he released
654-484: A collaborative album with long-time colleague and protege Fred again.. called Secret Life through Four Tet 's label Text Records . In June the same year, he released a collaborative single with The Leisure Society called 'Brave Are The Waves' on Willkommen Records . His work Enough was nominated for the Best Contemporary Song Ivor Novello Award on Thursday 23rd May 2024. From
763-419: A compilation album, No New York , with himself as a producer. Eno co-produced The Unforgettable Fire (1984), The Joshua Tree (1987), Achtung Baby (1991), and All That You Can't Leave Behind (2000) for U2 with his frequent collaborator Daniel Lanois , and produced 1993's Zooropa with Mark "Flood" Ellis . In 1995, U2 and Eno joined forces to create the album Original Soundtracks 1 under
872-471: A cylinder. By the 1930s, a gramophone etched it laterally across a disc. Constrained in tonal range, whether bass or treble, and in dynamic range , records made a grand, concert piano sound like a small, upright piano, and maximal duration was four and a half minutes. Selections and performance were often altered accordingly, and playing this disc—the wax master—destroyed it. The finality often caused anxiety that restrained performance to prevent error. In
981-530: A diary published in 1996. In 1996, Eno scored the six-part fantasy television series Neverwhere . In 2004, Fripp and Eno recorded another ambient music collaboration album, The Equatorial Stars . Eno returned in June 2005 with Another Day on Earth , his first major album since Wrong Way Up (with John Cale ) to prominently feature vocals (a trend he continued with Everything That Happens Will Happen Today ). The album differs from his 1970s solo work due to
1090-526: A diploma in Fine Arts at the Winchester School of Art , from which he graduated in 1969. At Winchester Eno once attended a lecture by future Who guitarist Pete Townshend , also a former student of Ascott's; he cites this as the moment when he realised he could make music without formal training. Whilst at school, Eno used a tape recorder as a musical instrument and in 1964 he joined his first group,
1199-528: A feature of the environment where I grew up. It's a very bleak place and most visitors find it quite miserable. I don't think it's miserable but it's definitely a sort of lost place in a lost time – nothing has changed in this part of England for many hundreds of years. In 1959, Eno attended St Joseph's College in Ipswich, a Catholic grammar school of the De La Salle Brothers order. His confirmation name
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#17330852075631308-513: A half-sister, Rita, from their mother's previous relationship. The surname Eno is derived from the French Huguenot surname Hennot. Along with the rest of the family, in particular the parents, he was raised in the Catholic faith. I like melancholy and have never found it to be the same thing as moroseness or sadness. I've always enjoyed being melancholy, perhaps because that mood is very much
1417-407: A leading A&R man of the 1950s. During the decade, A&R executives increasingly directed songs' sonic signatures, although many still simply teamed singers with musicians, while yet others exercised virtually no creative influence. The term record producer in its current meaning—the creative director of song production—appearing in a 1953 issue of Billboard magazine, became widespread in
1526-732: A mostly voice-based album called Foreverandevernomore . An instrumental version of the record, entitled the Forever Voiceless Edition , was released in April 2023. The single Making Gardens Out of Silence in the Uncanny Valley , which replaced the concluding track on the original release of Foreverandevernomore on the Japanese version of the CD, was released in February 2023. In May 2023, he released
1635-516: A musical element while playing a previously recorded record, Les Paul developed a recording technique called "sound on sound". By this, the final recording could be built piece by piece and tailored, effecting an editing process. In one case, Paul produced a song via 500 recorded discs. But, besides the tedium of this process, it serially degraded the sound quality of previously recorded elements, rerecorded as ambient sound. Yet in 1948, Paul adopted tape recording, enabling true multitrack recording by
1744-542: A new technique, " overdubbing ". To enable overdubbing, Paul revised the tape recorder itself by adding a second playback head, and terming it the preview head . Joining the preexisting recording head, erase head, and playback head, the preview head allows the artist to hear the extant recording over headphones playing it in synchrony, "in sync", with the present performance being recorded alone on an isolated track. This isolation of multiple tracks enables countless mixing possibilities. Producers began recording initially only
1853-572: A number of solo pop albums, beginning with Here Come the Warm Jets (1974), and explored minimal music with the influential recordings Discreet Music (1975) and Ambient 1: Music for Airports (1978), with the latter coining the term "ambient music". Alongside his solo work, Eno collaborated frequently with other musicians in the 1970s, including Robert Fripp (as part of the duo Fripp & Eno ), Harmonia , Cluster , Harold Budd , David Bowie , and David Byrne . He also established himself as
1962-465: A range of humanitarian causes, Eno writes on a variety of subjects and is a founding member of the Long Now Foundation . His modern political activism has also included Gazan tragedy awareness before and during the 2023-24 Gaza–Israel conflict , climate change awareness , anti- Toryism , and the freedom and release of Julian Assange . Brian Peter George Eno was born on 15 May 1948 in
2071-525: A set of recordings in Los Angeles. Later, folklorist Archie Green called this perhaps the earliest printed use of A&R man . Actually, it says neither "A&R man" nor even "A&R", an initialism perhaps coined by Billboard magazine in 1946, and entering wide use in the late 1940s. In the 1920s and 1930s, A&R executives, like Ben Selvin at Columbia Records , Nathaniel Shilkret at Victor Records, and Bob Haring at Brunswick Records became
2180-465: A single entitled Love Without Violins . As well as singing on the track, Eno co-wrote and produced it. The single was released on the band's own record label La Folie Records on 30 September. Eno's Reflection , an album of ambient, generative music, was released on Warp Records on 1 January. 2017. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for 2018's 60th Grammy awards ceremony. In April 2018, Eno released The Weight Of History / Only Once Away My Son ,
2289-469: A sonic experience, translating our feelings about it into music. In the past we saw the universe as a perfect, divine creation – logical, finite, deterministic – and our art reflected that. The discoveries of the Space age have revealed instead a chaotic, unstable and vibrant reality, constantly changing. This music tries to reflect that new understanding. The Ship , an album with music from Eno's installation of
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#17330852075632398-499: A sought-after producer , working on albums by John Cale , Jon Hassell , Laraaji , Talking Heads , Ultravox , and Devo , as well as the no wave compilation No New York (1978). In subsequent decades, Eno continued to record solo albums, and produce for other artists, most prominently U2 , Coldplay and Peter Gabriel , and including Daniel Lanois , Laurie Anderson , Grace Jones , Slowdive , Karl Hyde , James , Kevin Shields , and Damon Albarn . Dating back to his time as
2507-517: A student, Eno has also worked in other media, including sound installations , film and writing. In the mid-1970s, he co-developed Oblique Strategies , a deck of cards featuring aphorisms intended to spur creative thinking. From the 1970s onwards, his installations have included the sails of the Sydney Opera House in 2009 and the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank in 2016. An advocate of
2616-580: A theatrical persona on stage and later played the guitar. In 1969, after separating from his wife, Eno moved to London where his professional music career began. He became involved with the Scratch Orchestra and the Portsmouth Sinfonia ; Eno's first appearance on a commercially released recording is the Deutsche Grammophon edition of The Great Learning (1971) by Cornelius Cardew and
2725-465: A third solo studio album. Within this time, in January 1975, Eno was hit by a taxi cab while crossing the street and spent several weeks recuperating and room-ridden at home. During this time, one of Eno's closest friends and fellow artist Judy Nylon had brought him a record of 18th century harp music. After she had left, he put on the record and lay down. He then realised that he had set the amplifier to
2834-430: A track dedicated to Harold Budd . Before and After Science is perhaps best known for its heavily acclaimed electric-keyboard based track " By This River " and the coincidentally- anagrammed track " King's Lead Hat ", a homage to Talking Heads . In 1977 Eno assisted David Bowie and Tony Visconti for Bowie's album Low . It was during these sessions that he began work on his next solo project, released in 1978 as
2943-490: A very low volume, and one channel of the stereo was not working, but he lacked the energy to get up and correct it. Immediately following a full recovery, he began to experiment with several instruments and tools in Island Studios (now known as Basing Street Studios ). Between July and August 1975, he had recorded what would become Another Green World . The album was released on 14 November 1975 but did not chart in either
3052-448: A woman the reins of an immense, creative project like making a record." Ultimately, the reasons are multiple and not fully clear, although prominently proposed factors include types of sexism and scarcity of female role models in the profession. Women producers known for producing records not their own include Sonia Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and Carla Olson. In January 2018, a research team led by Stacy L. Smith, founder and director of
3161-421: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Music production (music industry) A record producer or music producer is a music creating project's overall supervisor whose responsibilities can involve a range of creative and technical leadership roles. Typically the job involves hands-on oversight of recording sessions; ensuring artists deliver acceptable and quality performances, supervising
3270-420: Is a possible combination of 77 million paintings where the viewer will see different combinations of video slides prepared by Eno each time the program is launched. Likewise, the accompanying music is generated by the program so that it's almost certain the listener will never hear the same arrangement twice. The second edition of "77 Million Paintings" featuring improved morphing and a further two layers of sound
3379-468: Is credited as " Eno ". On the records, Eno was noted as playing the VCS 3 synthesiser , whilst also being credited for tape effects, backing vocals, and production . Initially, Eno did not appear on stage at their live shows, but operated the group's mixing desk at the centre of the concert venue where he had a microphone to sing backup vocals. After the group secured a record deal, Eno joined them on stage playing
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3488-434: Is credited with 'Enossification'; on Robert Wyatt 's Ruth Is Stranger Than Richard with a Direct inject anti-jazz raygun and on John Cale 's Island albums as simply being "Eno". Eno has contributed to recordings by artists as varied as Nico , Robert Calvert , Genesis , David Bowie , and Zvuki Mu , in various capacities such as use of his studio and electronic treatments, vocals, guitar , bass guitar , and under
3597-438: Is hailed as being groundbreaking for future developments in experimental drone and ambient music, although the term "ambient music" wasn't coined yet and had been labelled as " electronic ". The pair followed their debut with a second album Evening Star (1975), and completed a European tour before splitting due to Fripp isolating himself from the public eye after the disbanding of King Crimson. Eno's first solo studio album
3706-660: Is more forgiving of overmodulation , whereby dynamic peaks exceed the maximal recordable signal level: tape's limitation, a physical property, is magnetic capacity, which tapers off, smoothing the overmodulated waveform even at a signal nearly 15 decibels too "hot", whereas a digital recording is ruined by harsh distortion of " clipping " at any overshoot. In digital recording, however, a recent advancement, 32-bit float , enables DAWs to undo clipping. Still, some criticize digital instruments and workflows for excess automation, allegedly impairing creative or sonic control. In any case, as production technology has drastically changed, so have
3815-430: Is often likened to that of a film director though there are important differences. It is distinct from the role of an executive producer , who is mostly involved in the recording project on an administrative level, and from the audio engineer who operates the recording technology. Varying by project, the producer may or may not choose all of the artists. If employing only synthesized or sampled instrumentation,
3924-590: Is taken from the founder of the De La Salle Brothers, Jean-Baptiste de La Salle , giving "Brian Peter George Jean-Baptiste de la Salle Eno". During this time, he had begun to listen to several records of American black R&B , blues and doo wop artists; he specifically cited the Lafayettes, Don and Juan , the Silhouettes and Little Richard as being key American musical figures within this period. He
4033-756: Is the first step in a broader effort to improve those numbers and increase diversity and inclusion for all in the music industry." Brian Eno Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno ( / ˈ iː n oʊ / ; born 15 May 1948), also mononymously known as Eno , is an English musician, songwriter, record producer and visual artist. He is best known for his pioneering contributions to ambient music and electronica , and for producing, recording, and writing works in rock and pop music . A self-described "non-musician", Eno has helped introduce unconventional concepts and approaches to contemporary music. He has been described as one of popular music 's most influential and innovative figures. In 2019, he
4142-736: The Annenberg Inclusion Initiative, based in the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism , issued a report, estimating that in the prior several years, about 2% of popular songs' producers were female. Also that month, Billboard magazine queried, "Where are all the female music producers?" Upon the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second annual report, released in February 2019, its department at USC reported, "2018 saw an outcry from artists, executives and other music industry professionals over
4251-708: The Fripp - collaborated Evening Star (1975) and the Roedelius - Moebius collaborated Cluster & Eno (1977). In December 1977 he released Before and After Science , which featured electronic and artistic rock compositions with vocals. It was touted, by Allmusic reviewer David Ross Smith, as "a study of "studio composition" whereby recordings are created by " deconstruction and elimination". Compared to Another Green World 's nine instrumental tracks, Before and After Science only features two instrumental tracks, " Energy Fools The Magician ", and " Through Hollow Lands ",
4360-524: The United States , along with sampled music recordings from around the world transposed over music predominantly inspired by African and Middle Eastern rhythms. In 1983, Eno collaborated with his brother, Roger , and noted accomplice and friend Daniel Lanois , on what would be Brian Eno's ninth full-length album Apollo: Atmospheres and Soundtracks . The album had been commissioned by Al Reinert for his film For All Mankind (1989). Tracks from
4469-422: The glam and art rock band Roxy Music . He had a chance meeting with saxophonist Andy Mackay at a train station, which led to him joining the band. Eno later said: "If I'd walked ten yards further on the platform, or missed that train, or been in the next carriage, I probably would have been an art teacher now". Eno played on their first two albums, Roxy Music (1972) and For Your Pleasure (1973), and
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4578-606: The minimalist - electronic record Discreet Music (1975), created with an elaborate tape-delay methodology which he diagrammed on the back cover of the LP. Considered to be a landmark of the ambient music genre and the first record of Eno's to feature his full name , the album only features four tracks, one of which is the 30-minute long " Discreet Music ", which features synthesised tape delays by Eno on an echo configuration. Gavin Bryars and The Cockpit Ensemble co-arranged and performed
4687-707: The "bed tracks"—the rhythm section , including the bassline , drums, and rhythm guitar—whereas vocals and instrument solos could be added later. A horn section , for example, could record a week later, and a string section another week later. A singer could perform her own backup vocals, or a guitarist could play 15 layers. Across the 1960s, popular music increasingly switched from acoustic instruments, like piano, upright bass , acoustic guitar , and brass instruments , to electronic instruments, like electric guitars , keyboards , and synthesizers , employing instrument amplifiers and speakers. These could mimic acoustic instruments or create utterly new sounds. Soon, by combining
4796-469: The 'spacious' quality I was after, and like Federico Fellini 's 1973 film Amarcord , it too became a touchstone to which I returned frequently." In 1980 to 1981, during which time Eno travelled to Ghana for a festival of West African music, he was collaborating with David Byrne of Talking Heads . Their album My Life in the Bush of Ghosts was built around radio broadcasts Eno collected while living in
4905-457: The 1940s, during World War II, the Germans refined audio recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping recording duration and allowing immediate playback, rerecording, and editing—a technology that premised emergence of record producers in their current roles. Early in the recording industry, a record was attained by simply having all of the artists perform together live in one take. In 1945, by recording
5014-574: The 1950s, on simply improving the record's sonic match to the artists' own live performance. Advances in recording technology, especially the 1940s advent of tape recording —which Les Paul promptly innovated further to develop multitrack recording —and the 1950s rise of electronic instruments, turned record production into a specialty. In popular music, then, producers like George Martin , Phil Spector and Brian Eno led its evolution into its present use of elaborate techniques and unrealistic sounds, creating songs impossible to originate live. After
5123-513: The 1960s. Still, a formal distinction was elusive for some time more. A&R managers might still be creative directors, like William "Mickey" Stevenson , hired by Berry Gordy , at the Motown record label. In 1947, the American market gained audio recording onto magnetic tape. At the record industry's 1880s dawn, rather, recording was done by phonograph , etching the sonic waveform vertically into
5232-501: The 1980s, production's move from analog to digital further expanded possibilities. By now, DAWs, or digital audio workstations , like Logic Pro , Pro Tools and Studio One , turn an ordinary computer into a production console, whereby a solitary novice can become a skilled producer in a thrifty home studio. In the 2010s, efforts began to increase the prevalence of producers and engineers who are women, heavily outnumbered by men and prominently accoladed only in classical music. As
5341-402: The 1986 album Measure for Measure by Australian band Icehouse . He remixed two tracks for Depeche Mode , " I Feel You " and " In Your Room ", both single releases from the album Songs of Faith and Devotion in 1993. In 1995, Eno provided one of several remixes of " Protection " by Massive Attack (originally from their Protection album) for release as a single. In 2007, Eno produced
5450-414: The 1990s, Eno worked increasingly with self-generating musical systems, the results of which he called generative music . This allows the listener to hear music that slowly unfolds in almost infinite non-repeating combinations of sound. In one instance of generative music, Eno calculated that it would take almost 10,000 years to hear the entire possibilities of one individual piece. Eno achieves this through
5559-490: The 1994 and 1996 BRIT Awards . Eno has consistently described himself as a "non-musician", using the term " treatments " to describe his modification of the sound of musical instruments, and to separate his role from that of the traditional instrumentalist. His skill in using the studio as a compositional tool led in part to his career as a producer. His methods were recognised at the time (mid-1970s) as unique, so much so that on Genesis's The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway , he
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#17330852075635668-705: The B-side of the record, which were three variations on Canon in D Major by Johann Pachelbel . The titles of the variations were of an inaccurate translation of the French cover notes for the “Erato” recording of the piece made by the orchestra of Jean Francois Paillard . The album was remarked as a favourite record of David Bowie and, as a result of the record and its recognition to Bowie, it had led to his collaboration with Eno on Bowie's Berlin Trilogy . After Discreet Music Eno released two other experimental-electronic albums:
5777-1004: The Bells , a collaboration with poet Rick Holland , on 4 July 2011. In November 2012, Eno released Lux , a 76-minute composition in four sections, through Warp. Eno worked with French–Algerian Raï singer Rachid Taha on Taha's Tékitoi (2004) and Zoom (2013) albums, contributing percussion, bass, brass and vocals. Eno also performed with Taha at the Stop the War Coalition concert in London in 2005. In April 2014, Eno sang on, co-wrote, and co-produced Damon Albarn's Heavy Seas of Love , from his solo debut album Everyday Robots . In May, Eno and Underworld's Karl Hyde released Someday World , featuring various guest musicians: from Coldplay's Will Champion and Roxy Music's Andy Mackay to newer names such as 22-year-old Fred Gibson , who helped produce
5886-652: The Black Aces, a four-piece with Eno on drums that he formed with three friends he met at the youth club he visited in Melton. In late 1967, Eno pursued music once more, forming the Merchant Taylor's Simultaneous Cabinet, an avant-garde music , art, and performance trio with two Winchester undergraduates. This was followed by short stints in multiple avant-garde and college groups, including The Maxwell Demon and Dandelion and The War Damage which featured Eno as frontman who adapted
5995-637: The Kinks produced some of their own songs, although many such songs are officially credited to specialist producers. Yet especially influential was the Beach Boys, whose band leader Brian Wilson took over from his father Murry within a couple of years after the band's commercial breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson had taken Spector's techniques to unseen sophistication. Wilson alone produced all Beach Boys recordings between 1963 and 1967. Using multiple studios and multiple attempts of instrumental and vocal tracks, Wilson selected
6104-636: The Marble Palace , and Music for Civic Recovery Centre . In 1993, Eno worked with the Manchester rock band James to produce two albums, Laid and Wah Wah . Laid was met with notable critical and commercial success both in the UK and the United States after its release in 1993. Wah Wah , in comparison, received a more lukewarm response after its release in 1994. One of Eno's better-known collaborations
6213-631: The Popular Classics and Hallelujah! The Portsmouth Sinfonia Live at the Royal Albert Hall , both of which feature Eno playing the clarinet . After recording it in September that year, Eno released his second solo studio album, Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy) , in November 1974. Featuring fellow artists and collaborators such as Phil Collins , Phil Manzanera , Robert Wyatt and Andy Mackay ,
6322-607: The Scratch Orchestra which features Eno as one of the voices on the track "Paragraph 7". Another early recording was the soundtrack to Berlin Horse (1970), a nine-minute avant-garde art film by Malcolm Le Grice . At one point, Eno had to earn money as paste-up assistant for the advertisement section of a local paper for three months. He quit and became an electronics dealer by buying old speakers and making new cabinets for them before selling them to friends. In 1971, Eno co-formed
6431-556: The United Kingdom or the United States. The album predominantly featured instrumental tracks, with notable fragments of minimalism and avant-garde tensing throughout the 40 minute record. Those that had featured vocals, such as " Everything Merges With The Night ", " St. Elmo's Fire " and " Golden Hours " were met with praise. The track " Zawinul / Lava " is a homage and tribute to Austrian jazz fusion keyboardist and composer Joe Zawinul . The only song to have any single release
6540-500: The album featured numerous efforts of artistic pop and rock , but distanced itself from the psychedelia and avant-pop qualities from Here Come the Warm Jets . Taking Tiger Mountain contains the track " Third Uncle ", which has been regarded as one of Eno's best-known songs of his pop and rock phase, owing in part to its later cover by Bauhaus and the Eno-collaborated cover with 801 . Critic Dave Thompson writes that
6649-572: The album were subsequently used in several other films, including Trainspotting . In September 1992, Eno released Nerve Net , an album utilising heavily syncopated rhythms with contributions from several former collaborators including Fripp, Benmont Tench , Robert Quine and John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin fame. This album was a last-minute substitution for My Squelchy Life , which contained more pop oriented material, with Eno on vocals. Several tracks from My Squelchy Life later appeared on 1993's retrospective box set Eno Box II: Vocals, and
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#17330852075636758-409: The artist's and label's goals in the creation of musical content. Other duties include, but are not limited to: keeping budgets and schedules; adhering to deadlines; hiring musicians, singers, studios, and engineers; overseeing other staffing needs; and editing (Classical projects). The producer often selects and collaborates with a mixing engineer, who focuses on the especially technological aspects of
6867-467: The beginning of his solo career in 1973, Eno was in demand as a record producer. The first album with Eno credited as producer was Lucky Leif and the Longships by Robert Calvert . Eno's lengthy string of producer credits includes albums for Talking Heads , U2 , Devo , Ultravox and James . He also produced part of the 1993 album When I Was a Boy by Jane Siberry . He won the best producer award at
6976-469: The best combinations of performance and audio quality, and used tape editing to assemble a composite performance. The 1980s advent of digital processes and formats rapidly replaced analog processes and formats, namely, tape and vinyl. Although recording onto quality tape, at least half an inch wide and traveling 15 inches per second, had limited "tape hiss" to silent sections, digital's higher signal-to-noise ratio , SNR, abolished it. Digital also imparted to
7085-427: The blending of several independent musical tracks of varying length. Each track features different musical elements and in some cases, silence. When each individual track concludes, it starts again re-configuring differently with the other tracks. He has presented this music in his own art and sound installations and those in collaboration with other artists, including I Dormienti (The Sleepers) , Lightness: Music for
7194-505: The capabilities of tape, multitrack recording, and electronic instruments, producers like Phil Spector , George Martin , and Joe Meek rendered sounds unattainable live. Similarly, in jazz fusion , Teo Macero , producing Miles Davis 's 1970 album Bitches Brew , spliced sections of extensive improvisation sessions. In the 1960s, rock acts like the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , and
7303-561: The entire album was eventually released in 2014 as part of an expanded re-release of Nerve Net. Eno released The Shutov Assembly in 1992, recorded between 1985 and 1990. This album embraces atonality and abandons most conventional concepts of modes , scales and pitch . Emancipated from the constant attraction towards the tonic that underpins the Western tonal tradition , the gradually shifting music originally eschewed any conventional instrumentation, save for treated keyboards. During
7412-437: The first of his Ambient series, Ambient 1: Music for Airports . He coined the term "ambient music", which is designed to modify the listener's perception of the surrounding environment. In the liner notes accompanying the record, he wrote: "Ambient music must be able to accommodate many levels of listening attention without enforcing one in particular, it must be as ignorable as it is interesting." The following records after
7521-451: The fourth studio album by Coldplay , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends , released in 2008 to acclaim. In 2008, he worked with Grace Jones on her album Hurricane , and was credited for "production consultation" and as a member of the band, playing keyboards, treatments and background vocals. He worked on the 12 studio album by U2 , again with Lanois, No Line on the Horizon . It
7630-472: The group name Passengers, songs from which included " Your Blue Room " and " Miss Sarajevo ". Even though films are listed and described for each song, all but three are bogus. Eno also produced Laid (1993), Wah Wah (1994), Millionaires (1999) and Pleased to Meet You (2001) for James , performing as an extra musician on all four. He is credited for "frequent interference and occasional co-production" on their 1997 album Whiplash . Eno played on
7739-423: The impact of technological advances on musical production, evident in its semi-electronic production. In early 2006, Eno collaborated with David Byrne again, for the reissue of My Life in the Bush of Ghosts in celebration of the influential album's 25th anniversary. Eight previously unreleased tracks recorded during the initial sessions in 1980/81, were added to the album. An unusual interactive marketing strategy
7848-460: The industry are Logic Pro and Pro Tools. Physical devices involved include the main mixer, MIDI controllers to communicate among equipment, the recording device itself, and perhaps effects gear that is outboard. Yet literal recording is sometimes still analog, onto tape, whereupon the raw recording is converted to a digital signal for processing and editing, as some producers still find audio advantages to recording onto tape. Conventionally, tape
7957-669: The knowledge demands, although DAWs enables novices, even teenagers at home, to learn production independently. Some have attained professional competence before ever working with an artist. Among female record producers, Sylvia Moy was the first at Motown , Gail Davies the first on Nashville's Music Row , and Ethel Gabriel , with RCA , the first at a major record label . Lillian McMurry , owning Trumpet Records , produced influential blues records. Meanwhile, Wilma Cozart Fine produced hundreds of records for Mercury Records ' classical division. For classical production, three women have won Grammy awards, and Judith Sherman 's 2015 win
8066-507: The lack of women in music" and "the plight of women in music", where women were allegedly being "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut out". Also in February 2019, the Recording Academy 's Task Force on Diversity and Inclusion announced an initiative whereby over 200 artists and producers—ranging from Cardi B and Taylor Swift to Maroon 5 and Quincy Jones —agreed to consider at least two women for each producer or engineer position. The academy's website, Grammy.com , announced, "This initiative
8175-655: The last album they had worked on together, "somewhere new", and expressed regret that they would not be able to pursue the project. In 1978, Eno discovered and promoted the no wave movement by attending a five night underground no wave music festival at Artists Space in New York City that featured ten local bands, including the Gynecologists , Communists, Theoretical Girls , Terminal, Chatham's Tone Death (performing his composition for electric guitars Guitar Trio ) and Branca's other band Daily Life. The final two days of
8284-540: The limited sound palette of monophonic ringtones, phones at this point primarily used audio files. Between 8 January 2007 and 12 February 2007, ten units of Nokia 8800 Sirocco Brian Eno Signature Edition mobile phones, individually numbered and engraved with Eno's signature, were auctioned off. All proceeds went to two charities chosen by Eno: the Keiskamma AIDS treatment program and the World Land Trust . Eno's music
8393-571: The manufacturing of record discs. After World War II , pioneering A&R managers who transitioned influentially to record production as now understood, while sometimes owning independent labels, include J. Mayo Williams and John Hammond . Upon moving from Columbia Records to Mercury Records , Hammond appointed Mitch Miller to lead Mercury's popular recordings in New York. Miller then produced country-pop crossover hits by Patti Page and by Frankie Laine , moved from Mercury to Columbia, and became
8502-770: The music a perceived "pristine" sound quality, if also a loss of analog recordings' perceived "warm" quality and better-rounded bass. Yet whereas editing tape media requires physically locating the target audio on the ribbon, cutting there, and splicing pieces, editing digital media offers inarguable advantages in ease, efficiency, and possibilities. In the 1990s, digital production reached affordable home computers via production software. By now, recording and mixing are often centralized in DAWs, digital audio workstations —for example, Pro Tools , Logic Pro , Ableton , Cubase , Reason , and FL Studio —for which plugins , by third parties, effect virtual studio technology . DAWs fairly standard in
8611-546: The music for Peter Jackson 's film adaptation of The Lovely Bones , released in December 2009. Eno released another solo album on Warp in late 2010. Small Craft on a Milk Sea , made in association with long-time collaborators Leo Abrahams and Jon Hopkins , was released on 2 November in the United States and 15 November in the UK. The album included five compositions that were adaptions of those tracks that Eno wrote for The Lovely Bones. He later released Drums Between
8720-413: The newly established Groundcourse foundation art degree established by new media artist Roy Ascott . Here, one of Eno's teachers was artist Tom Phillips , who became a lifelong friend and encouraged his musical ability. Phillips recalled the pair doing "piano tennis" in which, after collecting pianos, the two stripped and aligned them in a hall and struck them with tennis balls. In 1966, Eno studied for
8829-438: The precursors of record producers, supervising recording and often leading session orchestras. During the 1940s, major record labels increasingly opened official A&R departments, whose roles included supervision of recording. Meanwhile, independent recording studios opened, helping originate record producer as a specialty. But despite a tradition of some A&R men writing music, record production still referred to just
8938-438: The producer may be the sole artist. Conversely, some artists do their own production. Some producers are their own engineers, operating the technology across the project: preproduction, recording, mixing , and mastering . Record producers' precursors were "A&R men", who likewise could blend entrepreneurial, creative, and technical roles, but often exercised scant creative influence, as record production still focused, into
9047-460: The record as "timeless". No singles were released from the record. In March 1974, he released the single "Seven Deadly Finns" with the B-side "Later On", his only top 40 hit in the UK. Eno and Kevin Ayers contributed music for the experimental/ spoken word album Lady June's Linguistic Leprosy (1974) by poet June Campbell Cramer , whilst also producing The Portsmouth Sinfonia 's 1974 albums Plays
9156-718: The record with Eno. Within weeks of that release, a second full-length album was announced titled High Life . This was released on 30 June 2014. In January 2016, a new Eno ambient soundscape was premiered as part of Michael Benson 's planetary photography exhibition "Otherworlds" in the Jerwood Gallery of London's Natural History Museum. In a statement Eno commented on the unnamed half-hour piece: We can't experience space directly; those few who've been out there have done so inside precarious cocoons. They float in silence, for space has no air, nothing to vibrate – and therefore no sound. Nonetheless we can't resist imagining space as
9265-463: The recording process, namely, operating the electronic equipment and blending the raw, recorded tracks of the chosen performances, whether vocal or instrumental, into a mix , either stereo or surround sound. Then a mastering engineer further adjusts this recording for distribution on the chosen media. A producer may work on only one or two songs or on an artist's entire album, helping develop the album's overall vision. The record producers may also take on
9374-420: The release of Ambient 1 and the subsequent series inclusions were The Plateaux of Mirror (Ambient 2) featuring Harold Budd , Day of Radiance (Ambient 3) with American composer Laraaji , and On Land (Ambient 4) , a solo record. Eno provided a film score for Herbert Vesely 's Egon Schiele – Exzess und Bestrafung (1980), also known as Egon Schiele – Excess and Punishment . The ambient-style score
9483-438: The role of executive producer, managing the budget, schedules, contracts, and negotiations. (Artists and Repertoires) In the 1880s, the record industry began by simply having the artist perform at a phonograph . In 1924, the trade journal Talking Machine World , covering the phonography and record industry, reported that Eddie King, Victor Records ' manager of the "New York artist and repertoire department", had planned
9592-543: The same name was released on 29 April 2016 on Warp . The album notably features actor Peter Serafinowicz providing vocal credits on the third part of the " Fickle Sun " suite, which is a cover of the Velvet Underground 's " I'm Set Free ", from the group's 1969 album, The Velvet Underground ; the track was written by frontman Lou Reed . In September that same year, the Portuguese synthpop band The Gift , released
9701-491: The same name. He worked with Bowie as a writer and musician on Bowie's influential 1977–79 Berlin Trilogy of albums, Low , "Heroes" and Lodger , on Bowie's later album Outside , and on the song " I'm Afraid of Americans ". Playing a portable EMS Synthi A synthesiser, Eno created most of the spacey effects on Low . After Bowie died in January 2016, following the release of his Blackstar album , Eno said that he and Bowie had been talking about taking Outside ,
9810-509: The show featured DNA and the Contortions on Friday, followed by Mars and Teenage Jesus and the Jerks on Saturday. Eno, who had originally come to New York to produce the second Talking Heads album More Songs About Buildings and Food , was impressed by what he saw and heard, and advised by Diego Cortez to do so, was convinced that this movement should be documented and proposed the idea of
9919-431: The song in its final mix. The producer's roles can include gathering ideas, composing music, choosing session musicians , proposing changes to song arrangements, coaching the performers, controlling sessions, supervising the audio mixing , and, in some cases, supervising the audio mastering . A producer may give creative control to the artists themselves, taking a supervisory or advisory role instead. As to qualifying for
10028-488: The song is "a near punk attack of riffing guitars and clattering percussion" and that it "could, in other hands, be a heavy metal anthem, albeit one whose lyrical content would tongue-tie the most slavish air guitarist ." " Third Uncle " was released as a single in France that year, with the B-side of " The Fat Lady of Limbourg ", also from Taking Tiger Mountain . Between 1974 and 1975, Eno began to write new material for
10137-595: The sound for the video game Spore and wrote a chapter to Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture , edited by Paul D. Miller (a.k.a. DJ Spooky ). In June 2009, Eno curated the Luminous Festival at Sydney Opera House , culminating in his first live appearance in many years. "Pure Scenius" consisted of three live improvised performances on the same day, featuring Eno, Australian improvisation trio The Necks , Karl Hyde from Underworld , electronic artist Jon Hopkins and guitarist Leo Abrahams . Eno scored
10246-468: The synthesiser and became known for his flamboyant costumes and makeup , partly stealing the spotlight from lead singer Bryan Ferry . After touring For Your Pleasure ended in mid-1973, Eno quit the band, citing disagreements with Ferry and his insistence on being in command of the group, which affected Eno's ability to incorporate his own ideas. Almost immediately after his exit from Roxy Music, Eno embarked on his solo career. The first studio album that
10355-419: The technical engineering of the recording, and coordinating the production team and process. The producer's involvement in a musical project can vary in depth and scope. Sometimes in popular genres the producer may create the recording's entire sound and structure. However, in classical music recording, for example, the producer serves as more of a liaison between the conductor and the engineering team. The role
10464-481: The vast majority have been men. Early in the 2010s, asked for insights that she herself had gleaned as a woman who has specialized successfully in the industry, Wendy Page remarked, "The difficulties are usually very short-lived. Once people realize that you can do your job, sexism tends to lower its ugly head." Still, when tasked to explain her profession's sex disparity, Page partly reasoned that record labels, dominated by men, have been, she said, "mistrustful of giving
10573-442: The village of Melton, Suffolk , the son of William Arnold Eno (1916–1988), a postal worker and clock and watch repairer, and Maria Alphonsine ( née Buslot; 1922–2005), a Belgian national . His grandfather was a multi-instrumentalist who played the saxophone and bassoon whilst he built and repaired pianos and church organs . Eno is the eldest of their three children; he has a brother, Roger , and sister Arlette. They have
10682-429: Was Here Come the Warm Jets that same year, which was released with his mononymous name "Eno" still attached. The album notably features Fripp on several songs as a guitarist on the tracks " Baby's On Fire " and "Driving Me Backwards", and as a composer, corresponding to his guitar duties, on the song "Blank Frank". The album was critically acclaimed on initial reviews in the 1973-74 season, whilst later reviews touted
10791-517: Was " I'll Come Running ", which became the B-side to Eno's cover of " The Lion Sleeps Tonight (Wimoweh) ". The album has been recognised by critics as a "universally acknowledged masterpiece" and "breathtakingly ahead of its time". The acclaimed music journalist Robert Christgau rated the album as an "A+", stating that it was "the aural equivalent of a park on the Moon ; oneness with nature under conditions of artificial gravity ". In 1975 Eno released
10900-462: Was also inspired by Dutch painter Piet Mondrian , who Eno had first discovered whilst staying with Carl Otto Eno, his uncle, at his residence where he would collect pieces of art . By 1964, after earning four O-levels , including ones in art and maths, Eno had developed an interest in art and music and had no interest in a "conventional job". He enrolled at the Ipswich School of Art , taking on
11009-653: Was an early female record producer, having produced both of her Ivor Novello award-winning songs. Across the decades, many female artists have produced their own music. For instance, artists Kate Bush , Madonna , Mariah Carey , Janet Jackson , Beyoncé (even that of Destiny's Child and the Carters ), Lana Del Rey , Taylor Swift , and Lorde have produced or coproduced and Ariana Grande who produces and arranges her vocals as well as being an audio engineer. Still among specialists, despite some prominent women, including Missy Elliott in hip hop and Sylvia Massy in rock,
11118-404: Was an unusual choice for an historical piece, but it worked effectively with the film's themes of sexual obsession and death. Before Eno made Ambient 4: On Land (1982) , Robert Quine played him Miles Davis ' 32-minute long avant - fusion piece " He Loved Him Madly " (1974). Eno stated in the liner notes for On Land, "Teo Macero's revolutionary production on that piece seemed to me to have
11227-498: Was employed for its re-release, the album's promotional website features the ability for anyone to officially and legally download the multi-tracks of two songs from the album, "A Secret Life" and "Help Me Somebody". This allowed listeners to remix and upload new mixes of these tracks to the website for others to listen and rate them. In late 2006, Eno released 77 Million Paintings , a program of generative video and music specifically for home computers. As its title suggests, there
11336-560: Was featured in a movie adaption of Irvine Welsh 's best-selling collection Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance (2007). He also appeared playing keyboards in Voila , Belinda Carlisle 's solo album sung entirely in French. Eno also contributed a composition titled "Grafton Street" to Dido's third album, Safe Trip Home , released in November 2008. In 2008, he released Everything That Happens Will Happen Today with David Byrne, designed
11445-451: Was her fifth. Yet in nonclassical, no woman has won Producer of the Year , awarded since 1975 and only one even nominated for a record not her own, Linda Perry. After Lauren Christy 's 2004 nomination, Linda Perry 's 2019 nomination was the next for a woman. On why no woman had ever won it, Perry commented, "I just don't think there are that many women interested." In the U.K., Lynsey de Paul
11554-499: Was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Roxy Music . Born in Suffolk , Eno studied painting and experimental music at the art school of Ipswich Civic College in the mid-1960s, and then at Winchester School of Art . He joined the glam rock group Roxy Music as its synthesiser player in 1971 and recorded two albums with them before departing in 1973. He then released
11663-403: Was released after Eno left Roxy Music was a 1973 collaboration with then- King Crimson guitarist and founder Robert Fripp , which was entitled No Pussyfooting , stylised as " (No Pussyfooting) ". The album had been worked on for over a year in the lead up to its release, particularly with the use of tape looping and delay systems, which would later be known as " frippertronics ". The record
11772-588: Was released on 14 January 2008. In June 2007, when commissioned in the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts , San Francisco, California, Annabeth Robinson (AngryBeth Shortbread) recreated 77 Million Paintings in Second Life . The Nokia 8800 Sirocco Edition mobile phone, released in late 2006, features exclusive ringtones and sounds composed by Eno. Although he was previously uninterested in composing ringtones due to
11881-641: Was with the members of U2 , Luciano Pavarotti and several other artists in a group called Passengers. They produced the 1995 album Original Soundtracks 1 , which reached No. 76 on the US Billboard charts and No. 12 in the UK Albums Chart . It featured a single, " Miss Sarajevo ", which reached number 6 in the UK Singles Chart . This collaboration is chronicled in Eno's book A Year with Swollen Appendices ,
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